CHAPTER II REGIONAL GEOLOGY

1. General Conditions Sub Bayat Bayat location is approximately 25 km to the east of the city of Yogyakarta. In general physiographic Bayat is divided into two regions namely north campus area particularly Field on the north side netting highway called Wedi Jiwo Hills area (Jiwo Hills), and the area to the south of Campus Field which is the South Mountain region (Southern Mountains) . 2 Geomorphology Conditions 2.1 Hills Jiwo Hills Jiwo an inlier of Pre-Tertiary rocks and Tertiary sediments quartenary around, mainly composed of fluvio-volcanic sediments derived from G. Merapi. Highest elevation of the peaks there are not more than 400 m above sea level, so that the hills is a low hills. Jiwo hills divided into two regions, namely Jiwo West and East Jiwo both separated by the River Dengkeng the antecedent. Dengkeng river itself flows around complex Jiwo West, initially flows towards South-Southwest, turn toward the East and then to the North cut off the hills and then flows towards the Northeast. Dengkeng river is the main newspaper of the lowlands around the hills Jiwo.Gambar 4.2. Bayat physiographic division where the East and West Hills Jiwo separated by the River Dengkeng Lowlands was originally a large swamp with water flowing from the valley G. Merapi held by the South Mountains. This puddles, in the north hills Jiwo precipitate derived from the lava sand. While in the south or in the grooves between the hill in hills Jiwo calm water is precipitated in the form of black clay, a sediment Merapi's fertile dried (reclaimed) by the Dutch colonial government to serve the plantation. Reclamation is done degan how to create channels in the levees high enough so that the water coming from the direction of G. Merapi will be accommodated in the river while the low-lying areas were originally a swamp turned into dry land used for plantations. Vast majority of the original rawayang spared in an area surrounded Puncak Sari, Tugu, and Jiwo ax in the West, known as the Swamp Mount Wilson. Swamp is left it serves as a tendon blood for irrigation purposes plantations on the plains north of East Hills Jiwo. To drain the water from the marshes, made artificial channels of the Southwest corner of the swamp through the hills metamorphic rocks in G. Pegat flows eastward through the village of Sedan and the river cut through the aqueduct Dengkeng next seatan Jotangan constantly eastward. Hilly terrain composed of limestone hills extending to the backs showed a blunted appearance of stem-tops are not so obvious. Foothill cliffs not too terbiku so groove4

groove is not prevalent (Bawak-Temas hills in East Jiwo and monument-ax in the West Jiwo). For regional metamorphic rock composed of foothill show more tangible relief with cliffs terbiku strong. Incising the strong results produced the results of accumulated sediment erosion at the foot of the hills known as the colluvial. The tops of the hills are composed of metamorphic rocks stand out and some of them tend to be shaped like a cone peak and peak Semanggu Jabalkat. Degan strong regional relief is found from eastern Jiwo area Konang peak towards the east up to the peak and Jokotuo Semanggu. The area around the peak pendul is the only body which is entirely composed of hills of igneous rocks. Morphologic quite rugged hills of metamorphic similar relief but not as strong as indicated peak metamorphic hills. 2.2 Jiwo West Regional West Jiwo consists of a row of hills G. Ax, G. Monument, G. Sari, G. Kebo, G. Peacock, G. Scratches, and G. Jabalkat. G. Ax and G. Monument has a layered limestone lithology, yellowish white, compact, thick layer of 20-40 cm. In area G. The limestone ax most of a massive body, suggesting an association with a complex reef (reef). Between G. Monument and G. The limestones juice into direct contact with metamorphic rocks (mica schist). West Jiwo area has hilltops north-south trending, represented by peaks Jabalkat, Kebo, Peacock, Scratches, Budo, Sari, and the monument in the northern part of veering to the west that is G. Ax. Metamorphic rocks in the area include the area around G. Sari, G. Kebo, G. Peacock, G. Scratches, and G. Jabalkat the general form of mica schist, filit, contains many minerals and quartz. Around the region G. Sari, G. Kebo, and G. Peacock on the mica schist blocks of andesite found and mikrodiorit. Her lapukan zones form spheroidal weathering is often found at the edge of the village. The igneous rock is a rock breakthrough of the mica schist body. outcrops are found at the base of both small rivers that shows muscular columns (columnar joint). Metamorphic rocks are found also in the form filit chlorite schists, talc schists, there mieral garnet, quartzite and marble around G. Scratches, and G. Jabalkat. While at the peak of the second hill itumasih found chunks of quartz conglomerate. While in the west G. Scratches on the rural area on the edge of Swamp Jombor can still be found the remains of quartz conglomerates and sandstones. Until now interpreted as the metamorphic rocks from Pre-Tertiary rocks, sandstones and conglomerates sedagkan put in Wungkal Formation. In this area found two inlier (isolated hill), respectively in the hills and hills Wungkal Salam. Bukit Wungkal increasingly low due to excavation residents to take a sharpening stone (stone Wungkal) contained in the hills.

2.3 Regions East Jiwo This area covers the east of the Dengkeng which is a row of hills consisting of Konang Mount, Mount pendul, Mount Semangu, at the southern slopes of Mount pendul to reach the peak, especially starting from the north village Dowo layered sandstone found, sometimes there are ragmen mica schist in it. While in the eastern part of Mount pendul exposed stone gray clay-coated, hard, strong local deformation to indestructible. The relationship between rock units still provide a variety of possibilities for contact between units is sometimes covered by koluvial in the plains. Certainty stratigraphic rock units between the barn can be believed if it has no absolute age measurements. Despite this variety of approaches and reconstruction stratigraphic investigations have been carried out by experts. East Jiwo hilly areas have hilltops east-west trending represented by peaks Konang, pendul and Temas, Mount J okotuo and Mount T gold. Konang mountain and Mount Semangu a body-mica schist rocks, berfoliasi quite well, while Mount pendul an intrusion mikrodiorit body. Metasedimen Jokotuo mountain is a rock (marble) in places where signs are present structure pense advice. While Mount Temas a layered limestone body. To the north of Mount pendul encountered outcrops gampmg Nummulites, gray and very compact, around the Nummulites limestones are layered sandstone. Nummulites limestones spread locally-found chiefly around the local village Padasan, with branching to the north, represented by peaks and Bawak Jopkotuo. In the north east and southeast hills Jiwo are prominent isolated hill and alluvial plains that exist around him. Inlier (isolited hill) is a hill in the north and the hills Jeto Lanang in the southeast. Bukit Jeto generally composed of Neogene limestone that rests is not aligned in the metamorphic rocks, while the overall Lanang hill composed by Neogene limestone. 2.4 Mountains area south In the south Campus Field Baturagung Mountains to reach the top, the stratigraphic already including such South Mountain region. Structurally, the mountain range, on the north-south cross-section, is a fault block mountain that stretches east-west. For the area around the campus grounds, lithology encountered is part of Fonnasi Kebo, Butak and breezy. Some important locations antard other important outcrops around Lanang and villages encountered Tegalrejo "tuffaceous sandstone with shale inserts. Banyuuripan south of the village, the village Kalisogo, discovered breccia autoclastic with radial fracture pattern is interpreted as a product of submarine breccia. Farther south, around the village of Dike, Needles and Pendem, there are outcrops of sediments as alluvial kip. In the southwest, around the village Tegalrejo, layered sandstone found by

weathering excoriate the onion. In its eastern part there is a gray limestone with muscular zone. Rise to the peak Baturagung, perlapisan-Iperlapisan sedimentary rocks will be found well, can be sandstone, limestone, sandstone Krikilan, sandstone and tuff breccia inserts. Pengamtan along the way is very important to keep track of keaadaan strtigrafis and geological structure in the southern area Campus Field. 3 Regional statigrafi Conditions The oldest rocks exposed in the area Bayat composed of metamorphic rocks form filtit, schist, slate and marble. Determination of the appropriate age for metamorphic rocks is still not there. The only indirect data for the estimation of age is based Orbitolina single fossil which is found by Bothe (1927) in the conglomerate fragments indicating Cretaceous age. Due to the age of the oldest sedimentary rocks that cover the metamorphic rocks from the early Tertiary (Eocene limestone sandstone), the age of the metamorphic rock called Pre-Tertiary rocks Rocks. By not aligned ride above metamorphic rocks are not calcareous sandstone to slightly calcareous clay and stone, and then on top of it covered by limestone containing abundant fossil Nummulites and uppers topped by limestone Discocyc1ina, shows dalarn marine environment. The existence of this large forminifera bersarna with plangtonik foraminifera are very rarely found in the calcareous clay stone, age menunjukna Middle Eocene to Upper Eisen. Officially, the Eocene rocks called Wungkal-Limestone Formation. Both metamorphic rocks and Wungkal-Limestone Formation intruded by dioritic igneous-type medium. Jiwo diorite in the area is Mount pendul utam constituent, which is located in the eastern hills bagann Jiwo. The possibility of type diorite dike. Igneous outcrops in Watuprahu (north side of Mount pendul) stratigraphically above the Eocene rocks are tilted to the south. The igneous rocks located stratigraphically below the sandstone and are still garnping layer sloped to the south. Determination of the age of the dike! pendul intrusion by Soeria Atmadja and colleagues (1991) to produce about 34 million years, in which the results are more or less consistent with the theory Bemmelen (1949), which menfsirkan that the igneous rock is a neck / neck of Oligocene volcanic. Regarding genetic and generation of diorite magmatism in the Hills Jiwo still require a more careful study of the liver-. Before the hands of the Eocene epoch, Jiwo area began to erode. The erosion caused by the removal or lowering of sea level during the late Oligocene peri ode. Erosion process terse but has lowered the existing land surface, followed by a period of transgression and deposition produces stone garnping began in the Middle Miocene epoch. Jiwo hills in the area have to the same lithological characteristics with Oyo Formation exposed in the Southern Alps lenih lot (area Sambipitu Nglipar and vicinity).

In Bayat no marine sediments exposed in the Formation Wungkal-Gampingan and Oyo Formation. This situation is different at the Baturagung Mountains to the south. Here the thickness of rock that characterized volkaniklastik-marin turbidite deposition and sediment gravity flow more properly exposed. These differences are likely caused by a complex fault system that separates areas with hills Jiwo Baturagung Mountains that has been active since the Middle Tertiary. During the Quaternary era, the deposition of limestone has ended. Followed by removal of the erosion process caused Jiwo Hills area turned into a regional terrestrial environments. Volcanic sand from Merapi volcano which is still active in influencing the process of sedimentation in alluvial deposits, especially north and northwest of the Hills Jiwo. The state of South highlands stratigraphy, from the young to the old, namely: 1. Kebo Formation, a volcanic sandstone, tuff, shale with lava inserts, Oligocene age (N2-N3), the formation thickness of about 800 meters. 2. Butak formation, with a thickness of 750 meters lower early Miocene (N4), consisting of polomik breccia, sandstone and shale. 3. Breezy formations, such as tuff, lapilli, pyroclastic breccia, sometimes there are inserts volcanic clay and sandstone. Age N5-N9. The middle of the lineups Nglanggran meJ1iari. 4. Nglanggran Formation, a volcanic breccia, volcanic sandstone, lava flows and breccias. 5. Of peak Baturagung to the south, which will be found towards the plains Wonosari Sambipitu Formation, Oyo Formation, Formation Wonosari and 6. Kepek formation. Bayat is located approximately 45 kilometers southeast of Yogyakarta. Bayat batuandasar in Pre-Tertiary groups exposed consists of filit, mica schist, and marble. Age batuandasar complex is not yet known. Distribution of Pre-Tertiary rocks in Bayat contained in Jiwo hills divided by the flow of K. Dengkeng, area east K. Dengkeng Jiwo called the East and to the west called Western Jiwo as shown by Bayat geological map (Figure-1). Stratigraphy Bayat and surrounding areas can be seen in Figure-2 (strat Bayat dskt). Figure 1. Regional Geological Map Bayat (Prasetyadi 2007)

Figure-2: Kronostratigrafi southern Central Java (including Bayat) (Prasetyadi & Indranadi, 2007).
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In general, the region has a freshman lithologies: 1. Pre-Tertiary rock units 2. Paleogene rock units (Eocene) 3. Contact with other rock units

Source: IAGEOUPN. 2010. Field Trip Guide Book Bayat-Karangsambung IAGEOUPN. Yogyakarta: Geology Alumni Association UPN