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OVERVIEW OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY

Intercellular signal Receptor protein in membrane

Outside of cell

1. Signal is received.

Inside of cell

2. Signal is transduced.
Intracellular signal

3. Signal is amplified.

Cell activity changes For example, specific genes or proteins are activated or deactivated.

4. Cell responds.

Examples of second messengers

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HOW DO G PROTEINS WORK?

Signal Receptor Enzyme Enzyme

GTP GTP

GDP

Substrate Second messenger G protein in on conformation Triggers response

G protein in off conformation

1. G protein binds GDP. Signal

arrives and binds to receptor.

2. Signal-receptor complex changes

conformation. G protein binds GTP and splits into two parts.

3. In response to binding of activated

G protein, enzyme catalyzes a reaction that produces a second messenger.

Epinephrine signaling leads to immediate release from glycogen. How? Modification of glycogen phosphorylase (breaks down glycogen) already present in the cell.

Effector

Second messenger

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Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase inhibits glycogen synthesis

Epinephrine excitatory hormone Glucagon signals low blood sugar

Phospholipase C is another effector

DAG and IP3 are second messengers produced by PLC

They lead to an increase in Ca2+ ions, also a second messenger

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Will cause blood vessel dilation by causing relaxation of muscle cell.

And another example The signaling to endothelial cells by acetylcholine

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqrLc6T KtNk

http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/ 0470003790/animations/signal_transductio n/signal_transduction.htm

HOW DO ENZYME-LINKED RECEPTORS WORK?

Signal

GDP GDP Ras protein Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)

ATP ADP

1. Signal arrives and binds to

receptor.

2. Signal-receptor complex
changes conformation and is phosphorylated.

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HOW DO ENZYME-LINKED RECEPTORS WORK?

GDP

ATP ADP

GTP Ras protein Bridging proteins

2. Signal-receptor complex
changes conformation and is phosphorylated.

3. Proteins form a bridge to Ras.

Ras exchanges its GDP for a GTP.

HOW DO ENZYME-LINKED RECEPTORS WORK?

4. Ras catalyzes the

GTP P ATP ADP Inactive protein 1 P Active protein 1 ATP ADP P Active protein 2 ATP ADP Triggers response phosphorylation of an intracellular protein, activating it.

5. Phosphorylation cascade
results, each protein phosphorylating another until a response is triggered in the cell.

Inactive protein 2

Inactive protein 3

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EGF binds to an RTK and initiates the MAPK phosphorylation cascade