Journal of NUCLEAR SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY, Vol. 35, No. 6, p.

454-461 (June 1998)

TECHNICAL

REPORT

Development and Its

of a Dynamic Application to

Food Korean

Chain

Model

DYNACON Conditions

Agricultural

WonTaeHWANG*,t, Gyuseong CHO*and MoonHeeHAN** * Department of Nuclear Engineering , KoreaAdvanced Instituteof Scienceand Technology ** Department of Environmental System Analysis , KoreaAtomic EnergyResearch Institute (Received October 20,1997), (Revised February 23,1998) A dynamic foodchainmodel DYNACON wasdeveloped to simulate the radionuclide transfer on agricultural ecosystems. DYNACON estimates theradioactivity in eachcompartment of foodchains forthree radionuclides, nineplantspecies andfiveanimal products as a function of the deposition date. A number of theparameter values usedin thisstudyarerepresentative ofKorean agricultural conditions. Themodel wasexpressed bycoupled differential equations and theradioactivity in eachcompartment wassolved as a function oftimefollowing an acute deposition. Although DYNACON isstructurally based onexisting models, it wasdesigned in orderto simulate morerealistic radionuclide behavior in Korean agricultural conditions andto savecomputation time.It was found that theradioactivity in foodstuffs depends strongly onthedate ofdeposition. Acomparative studybetween DYNACON and an equilibrium model showed goodagreement fordepositions that occur during thegrowing season of plants.DYNACON is goingto be implemented in a Korean real-time doseassessment system FADAS. KEYWORDS:dynamicfood chain model, DYNACON,acute deposition, agricultural ecosystems, Koreanagricultural conditions, compartments, equilibrium model

nobyl accident showed clearly the importance of seasonal I. Introduction influence on ingestion doses resulting from contaminated Following a deposition of radionuclides, a terrestrial foodstuffs in nuclear accidents(2)(3). Thereafter, several food chain is a significant pathway which leads to in- dynamic models have been developed to describe such ternal radiation exposure to humans. Deposition of ra- seasonal changes(4)-(7). dionuclides may occur as a result of routine or acciWe developed a dynamic food chain model DYNAdental releases from nuclear power plants, nuclear fuel- CON to support a Korean real-time dose assessment cycle facilities and nuclear weapons testing. Mathematsystem FADAS (Following Accident Dose Assessment ical models that simulate the transfer of radionuclides System)(8) which evaluates the radiological consequences in food chains have been developed for various pur- of a nuclear accident. The parameter values in food chain poses. In such models, the behavior of radionuclides is models are dependent on climatological, agricultural and described by transfers between compartments which rep- other characteristics of a considered region. The major resent different parts of food chains. Equilibrium models foodstuffs of Korea are significantly different from those describe steady-state radioactivity in compartments re- of other countries. In particular, rice is a main foodsulting from routine releases of radionuclides into the stuff, and rice fields differ from ordinary fields with reenvironment. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commis- gards to agricultural practices as well as soil characterission's Regulatory Guide 1.109 model(1), which we will tics. Although the parameter values in DYNACON are call the NRC model in this paper, is the most well- representative of Korean agricultural conditions , some known equilibrium model. However, equilibrium models values were taken from available foreign literature due are not appropriate in cases of accidental releases. In to the lack of site-specific data. DYNACON is structhese cases, the transfer of radionuclides between com- turally based on existing models such as RADFOOD(4) partments has to be considered dynamically since ra- and PATHWAY(5),and it was designed in order to simudioactivity in compartments does not reach steady-state late more realistic radionuclide behavior in Korean agriin a short time for long-lived radionuclides such as 137Cs cultural conditions and to save computation time . (T1/2=30 years) and 90Sr (T1/2=-29 years). The CherThis paper describes the methods of modeling, the * 371 -1 Kusong-dong transfer processes of radionuclides and the calculation , Yusong-gu, Taejon, KOREA 305-701. **150 D results of DYNACON. A comparative study between uckjin-dong, Yusong-gu , Taejon, KOREA 305-353.tC orresponding author, Tel. +82-42-868-2353 ,F DYNACON and the NRC model is also provided .
ax. +82-42-868-2370, E-mail: wthwang@nanum .lcaeri.re.kr
454

Development

of a Dynamic

Food

Chain

Model

455

II. General Description of DYNACON DANACONis written in FORTRAN 77 and operated on a personal computer. Currently, the model considers three critical radionuclides (137Cs, 90Sr, 131I) in an accident of nuclear power plants. Nine plant species and five animalproducts are considered. Table 1 shows the foodstuffsconsidered in the model. Soil is divided into four differentcompartments; surface soil (0-1cm), root zone soil(agricultural land: 1-25cm, pasture land : 1-15cm), fixedsoil (agricultural land: 1-25cm, pasture land: 115cm) and deep soil (agricultural land: >25cm, pasture land: >15cm). Figure 1 represents the transfer processesof radionuclides between different compartments. Inputs of the model are the initial radioactivity on the ground,F (Bq,m-2), and the date at which a deposition happens. Outputs of the model are the radioactivity of foodstuffsfollowing an acute deposition. III. Transfer Processes of Radionuclide 1. Deposition and Interception Radionuclides released into the atmosphere when a nuclear accident occurs are deposited onto plants and soil surfaces. The ratio of the amount deposited onto plants to the amount of total radionuclide deposition is definedas the interception fraction, f (9). Neglecting the interception by ears or the fruit surfaces of plants, the functionaldependence between the interception fraction and the biomass of plant leaves, Bf (dry-kg,m-2), is expressedas follows(10): f=1-e-aBf, (1) where a: Foliar interception constant (m2,dry-kg-1). The term a is estimated from measurements of the ratio of plant concentration (Bq,dry-kg-1) to the total deposition (Bq,m-2). It is found to range from 2.3 to 3.3m2,dry-kg-1 for forage crops(9). The value of 3m2,dry-kg-1 is assumed for all plant species except for fruits(11).A lower value of 0.3m2,dry-kg-1 is assumed for fruits(12). Logistic growth of plants is assumed to

Fig.

The transfer processes different compartments

of radionuclides between considered in DYNACON

estimate

dB/dt=kgB(Bmax-B/Bmax) (2) ,

the

time-dependent

biomass

of plants:

where kg: Growth rate constant (d-1, where d stands for day) B: Current biomass (dry-kg,m-2) Bmax: Maximum potential biomass (dry-kg,m-2). Equation (2) is applied to all parts of a plant. Therefore, the time-dependent biomass of plant leaves and that of edible parts are replaced by Bf and Be, respectively, instead of B. The value of kg is assumed to be 0.12 d-1 for all plants(5). Equation (2) may be analytically solved as follows:

Table

Foodstuffs

considered

in DYNACON

VOL. 35, NO.

6, JUNE

1998

W. T. HWANG
456

et al.

the

soil surface

to the

plant

surfaces

is expressed

as fol-

B(t)= BmaxB0/(Bmax-B0)e-kgt+B0,

(3)

lows:

where B0: Initial biomass of plants (dry-kg,m-2). The value of B0 is assumed to be 0.07 dry-kg,m-2 for pastures and 0.015 dry-kg,m-2 for other plants(5). Table 2 represents the growth characteristics of the plant species considered in DYNACON(13). 2. Weathering and Growth Dilution After the deposition of radionuclides on plant surfaces, environmental removal processes such as wind, washoff and volatilization, will reduce the quantity of contamination on plant surfaces. The weathering removal rate lw is assumed to be 2.77x10-2d-1 (T1/2=25d)(6). Also, the mass concentration of plants will be diluted with growth. The growth dilution rate lg is assumed to be 3.47x10-2d-1 (T1/2=20d)(14). 3. Resuspension Radionuclides on soil surfaces may be resuspended by the action of wind, rain or other disturbances, and subsequently deposited on plant surfaces where they are absorbed further into the inner parts of the plant. The resuspension factor RF (m-1) is defined as the ratio of air concentration (Bq,m-3) to the radioactivity on the ground (Bq,m-2). Different approaches to estimate the resuspension factor are applied to agricultural and pasture land. For agricultural land, a single value of 1x10-5m-1 is used(5). However, resuspension is not considered for rice fields because rice fields contain water at all times during the growing season. For pasture land, a time-dependent RF suggested by Linsley is used(15): RF(t in days)=10-6e-0.01t+10-9. (4) Deposition of resuspended particles onto plant surfaces is estimated with the deposition velocity Vd(m,d-1), which is measured as the ratio of deposition rate onto plants (Bq,m-2,d-1) to the air concentration (Bq,m-3). A value of 173m,d-1 is used in this study(5). The transfer rate of radioactivity by resuspension, lre (d-1), from

lre= RFVd.

(5)

4. Percolation This process describes the downward movement of radionuclides from the surface soil to root zone soil. A value of 1.98x10-2d-1 is assumed to be the transfer rate by percolation lpc, which effectively reduces the radioactivity of soil surface(5). 5. Translocation The inner tissues or edible parts of plants absorb radionuclides from plant surfaces. The absorbed radioactivity is assumed to remain within the inner tissues, except for the losses due to radioactive decay ld(d-1) and growth dilution. This process is a dominant process in the early phase following an acute deposition, while root uptake increases generally in accordance with time for long-lived radionuclides. The translocation rates tr of 137Cs,90Sr and 131I are assumed to be 5.5x10-3, l 1.0x10-3 and 8.5x10-3d-1, respectively(5). 6. Leaching This process describes the downward movement of radionuclides from root zone soil to deep soil where root uptake is unavailable. The leaching rate ll (d-1) is estimated as follows(16): =fcRp/tLr(1+rr/tKd), ll (6)

where Rp: fc: : Lr: r: Kd:

Percolation velocity of water in soil (m,d-1) Constant (1.0x103 L,m-3)t Volumetric water content of soil (L,m-3) Depth of root zone soil (m) Bulk density of root zone r soil (dry-kg,m-3) Soil-water distribution coefficient (L,drykg-i). For the soil condition of Korea, the values of t and rr

Table

Growth

characteristics

of plants

considered

in DYNACON(13)

JOURNAL

OF NUCLEAR

SCIENCE

AND

TECHNOLOGY

Development

of a Dynamic

Food

Chain

Model

457

are givenas 600 and 1,040, 270 and 1,180, and 270 L,m-3 and 1,180 dry-kg,m-3 for rice fields, ordinary fields and pasture land, respectively(13). The distribution coefficientKd is defined as the ratio of radioactivity in soil to that in water in a soil-water system at equilibrium. The values of Kd are assumed to be 1,000, 100 and 100L,drykg-1 for 137Cs,90Sr and 131I,respectively(6). The percolation velocity of water in soil Rp is given by Rp=fpP+I-E, (7) where fp: Available fraction of precipitation, which is total precipitation minus surface runoff P: Average precipitation rate (m,d-1) I: Average irrigation rate (m,d-1) E: Average evaporation rate (m,d-1). The values of fp are assumed to be 0.8, 1.0 and 1.0 for rice fields, ordinary fields and pasture land, respectively(13). The seasonal precipitation is 230.7, 604.3, 263.1and 103.3mm for spring, summer, fall and winter, respectively(13). The total irrigation for rice fields is assumedto be 1,050mm during the growing season of rice(13). The irrigation is neglected for plants growing in ordinaryfields or pasture land. Table 3 represents the daily average evaporation rate in each month according to the field types in Korean agricultural conditions(13). 7. Adsorption and Desorption Someradionuclides may be fixed and immobile in soil by their adsorption to clay particles which leads to a reduction in the effectiveness of root uptake by plants. To simulate the fixation of 137Csbetween the root zone soil and the fixed soil compartment, the values 1.9x10-3 and 2.1x10-4d-1 are assumed for the adsorption rate ad and desorption rate lds, respectively(5). l 8. Root Uptake The radioactivity in the edible parts of plants through root uptake is estimated by the plant-to-soil concentration ratio CR, which is defined as the ratio of radioactivity per unit mass of plant (Bq,kg-1-dry plant) to raTable 3 Daily average evaporation rate according to the

dioactivity per unit mass of soil (Bq,kg-1-dry soil). The rate of root uptake lup (d-1) is considered to be dependent on the growth rate of plants including the edible parts, which varies logistically(5): (dBt/dt)CR/rrLr, lvp= (8) where Bt: Total biomass including plant leaves and edible parts (dry-kg,m-2). The values of CR are selected from a reference(17)in consideration of the soil characteristics (clay, loam) of Korea. For rice, they are assumed to have the same values as cereals due to the lack of information. 9. Feedstuff Ingestion and Excretion of Animals The transfer of radionuclides from feedstuffs into animal products is described by the transfer factor TF (d,kg-1 or d,L-1), which is defined as the fraction of the amount transferred from an animal's daily intake of a radionuclide (Bq,d-1) to 1kg of animal product (Bq,kg-1) at equilibrium, and the biological excretion rate lb (d-1). These parameter values were adopted from EGOSYS-87(6), a dynamic food chain model developed at GSF-Forschungszentrum fur Umwelt and Gesundheit, Germany. A detailed description of the modeling approach is given in Eq. (18) of this paper. The feeding diets of animals vary greatly, but a single feedstuff for each animal is considered. It is assumed that cows ingest fresh pastures and soil during the grazing season, which is equivalent to the growing season of pastures, and stored pastures during the non-grazing season. It is assumed that pigs and poultry ingest cereals as a feedstuff. The feedstuff ingestion rates of animals, FV, are 16.1 dry-kg,d-1 for dairy cows, 7.2 dry-kg,d-1 for beef cows, 2.4 dry-kg,d-1 for pigs and 0.07 dry-kg,d-1 for poultry(17). The assumed values for soil ingestion, FS, are 0.5 and 0.01 dry-kg,d-1 for dairy and beef cows, respectively(5). IV. Mathematical Formulations The advantage of the compartmental approach for dynamic food chain modeling is that each compartment can be treated independently and described by a relatively simple mathematical model(18). The compartmental system consists of a series of interconnected compartments representing different parts of the food chain. The rate of change of the radioactivity in a particular compartment dXi/dt (Bq,m-2,d-1 or Bq,dry-kg-1,d-1),i, is described by the first-order differential equation as follows: dXi/dt=SKj=1j=/ilijXi-X iSKj=1j=/ilij, (

field types

applied

in DYNACON(13)

9)

where K: Number of compartments ij: Transfer rate l constant (d-1). A differential equation of this form is made for each compartment. Then, the numerical solutions of the coupled differential equations are obtained with daily time

VOL. 35, NO.

6, JUNE

1998

458

W. T. HWANG

et al .

steps (i.e. Dt=1d) using Gear's stiff methods, which is a good algorithm to solve the first-order differential equation system. DYNACON uses a FORTRAN subroutine called DGEAR, which is supplied by the International Mathematical and Statistical Libraries (IMSL)(19). The differential equations for different compartments with boundary conditions are given as follows: Radioactivity on plant surfaces (XA):

ble 2(13). Radioactivity after harvesting, Cveg(Bq,wetkg-1), decreases by radioactive decay with time: Cveg=C*velge-lat. (17) The contamination of animal products may be caused by the ingestion of feedstuffs and soil. Therefore, the radioactivity in animal products, Canim (Bq,fresh-kg-1 or Bq,L-1), can be expressed as follows:

(10) Radioactivity in the inner tissues (or edible parts) of plants (XB):

(18) where N: Number of biological excretion rates an: Fraction of biological excretion rate n s: Bulk density of surface soil (1.18x103 r dry-kg,m-3)(13) Ls: Depth of surface soil subject to ingestion (1.0x10-2m). The first term including biological excretion rates represents the contribution from previous feeding practices of animals, and the remaining terms represent the contamination of animal products resulting from present feeding practices. It is assumed that XA is zero for animal products which ingest cereals as a feedstuff. V. Results and Discussion Radioactivity in foodstuffs per unit deposition of radionuclides (1Bq,m-2) was estimated using a dynamic food chain model DYNACON. The 15th day of each month was chosen as the date of deposition for the corresponding month, except for November, where the 1st day was chosen to avoid overlap with the harvest of leafy vegetables. Figure 2 shows the integrated 137Cs concentration in foodstuffs over 50 years following an acute deposition as a function of the deposition month. It shows a distinct difference between the deposition in the growing and non-growing seasons of plants. This is because deposition-translocation is a primary process in the contamination of foodstuffs, while root uptake is a relatively negligible process. The largest difference in integrated radioactivity is observed in rice with 3 orders of magnitude. In general cases, the integrated radioactivity in foodstuffs increases steadily as the time of deposition is close to the sowing date of plants due to the effects of resuspension. However, the resuspension process is not considered in the case of rice, so the difference of integrated radioactivity in deposition during non-growing seasons can hardly be observed. Figure 3 shows the integrated 90Sr concentrations in foodstuffs over the 50 years following an acute deposition as a function of deposition month. It also shows a distinct seasonal dependence on the date of deposition. However, the seasonal dependence of 90Sr is less than that of 137Csbecause of the relatively low transloJOURNAL OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(11) Radioactivity in the surface soil (XC):

(12)
Radioactivity in the root zone soil (XD):

(13) Radioactivity in the fixed soil (XE):

(14) Radioactivity in the deep soil (XF):

(15) Radioactivity in vegetable foodstuffs at harvest,C*veg (Bq,wet-kg-1), is estimated as follows: where XA,h: XB,h: fw: fd: (16) Radioactivity on plant surfaces at harvest (Bq,dry-kg-1) Radioactivity in inner tissues at harvest Bq,dry-kg-1) ( Fraction of radioactivity remaining after washing Ratio of dry to wet weight.

It is assumed that XA,h is zero except for leafy vegetables. The value of fw is given as 0.5 for only leafy vegetables(5). The values of fd are summarized in Ta-

459

Development

of a Dynamic

Food

Chain

Model

Fig. 2

137Cs concentrations years as a function

in foodstuffs integrated of the deposition month

over 50

Fig. 4 Variation of 131Iconcentrations in milk and beef as a function of time following an acute deposition (date of deposition: Aug. 15th)

From tivity

these

results,

it has been depends

found on

that the

the date

radioacof de-

in foodstuffs

strongly

position. The difference in radioactivity of foodstuffs among radionuclides is attributable primarily to physical half-life The compared etables be the ity compared steady-state per unit acute for in the 100 NRC when results and and physiological and 90Sr The results to infinite those mobility. and the NRC NRC model in leafy model were vegmay rate concentrations of the per unit The input taken of DYNACON deposition time-dependent was values those the used default The was are ranot esparameter from of DYNACON milk.

for 137Cs directly to the

because radioactiv-

radioactivity deposition(20).

is equivalent radioactivity integrated required Fig. 3 90Sr concentrations in foodstuffs over integrated 50 years as a function of the deposition month Same remarks apply here as to Fig. 2.

time-integrated obtained The were

in foodstuffs years. model

by DYNACON

in DYNACON, parameter dionuclide considered. timated

available.

Otherwise,

values of the NRC model were used. removal by washing in DYNACON Since using the the that the input occur results of the NRC values the model parameter of DYNACON during

of the

growof

cation and high root uptake of 90Sr. Therefore, the variationof integrated 90Sr concentrations in most foodstuffs for deposition during non-growing seasons is hardly observed. Consequently, it is concluded that radioactivity in foodstuffs for 137Cs is generally higher than that for 90Srin depositions during the growing seasons of plants , whilethe opposite is true for depositions during the nongrowingseasons of plants. Figure 4 shows the variation of radioactivity in milk and beef as a function of time following131Ideposition on August 15th. Maximum radioactivity is reached within several days after initial deposition. Thereafter, the radioactivityin milk and beef rapidly decreases because of the short half-life of 131I (T1/2=8d) and the rapid excretion from animal products. Consequently, the short-lived 131I is only important for foodstuffs with continuous production and short storage periods such as milk and beef.
VOL. 35, NO. 6, JUNE 1998

ing season, for depositions

results

are only growing

compared season

plants. Figures 5(a) and (b) show the 137Cs and 90Sr concentrations in leafy vegetables estimated by two models, respectively. During the growing season of leafy vegetables, the results of DYNACON and those of the NRC model are within a factor of 5. Figures 6(a) and (b) are the 137Csand 90Sr concentrations in milk estimated by two models, respectively. During the growing season of pastures, the results of DYNACON and those of the NRC model are within a factor of 10. The difference of radioactivity in foodstuffs within an order of magnitude between DYNACON and the NRC model results is not so large, even though there are differences in the mathematical formulations and the considered transfer processes in complex food chain models. In addition to the consideration of site-specific data

W. T. HWANG
460

et al.

(a) Time-integrated

137Cs concentration

(a) Time-integrated 137Cs concentration

(b) Time-integrated

90Sr concentration

(b) Time-integrated

90Sr concentration

Fig. 5

Comparison of the results from DYNACON and an equilibrium model (NRC model) for time-integrated 137Csand 90Sr concentrations in leafy vegetables

Fig. 6

Comparison of the results from DYNACON and an equilibrium model (NRC model) for time-integrated 137Csand 90Sr concentrations in milk

in DYNACON, significant differences as compared with existing dynamic food chain models are summarized as follows: For the simulation of more realistic radionuclide transfer in Korean agricultural conditions, (1) radionuclide behavior in rice fields is considered to be different from that in ordinary fields. Resuspension is the important contamination process for foodstuffs growing in ordinary fields, but it is not considered for rice fields. Also, time-dependent leaching rate into deep soil is considered according to the characteristics of agricultural practice for different field types. (2) The resuspension factor of a single value is used for ordinary fields and timedependent value is used for pasture land. This is because a radionuclide is well mixed by tillage in ordinary fields, while it is not in pasture land. (3) The root uptake rate is assumed to be proportional to the total biomass including the edible parts of plants (see Eq. (8)), while the foliar interception fraction is assumed to be proportional only to the biomass of plant leaves (see Eq. (1)). To save computation time, (1) time-dependent plant biomass is

obtained from an analytic solution neglecting the losses of plant biomass resulting from the grazing of animals and senescence effects, which were considered in PATHWAY(5). (2) The radioactivity in animal products is also estimated by an analytic solution. Consequently, the number of coupled differential equations decreased. VI. Conclusions This paper newly presented DYNACON, a dynamic food chain model used to simulate the radionuclide transfer following an acute deposition on agricultural ecosystems. The parameter values in the model were adjusted to representative Korean agricultural conditions as much as possible. The radioactivity in foodstuffs was estimated as a function of the date of deposition. As a result, it was shown that the radioactivity in foodstuffs depends strongly on the date of deposition. For rice, the integrated 137Cs and 90Sr concentrations over 50 years showed a maximum difference of 3 orders and an order of magnitude, respectively, for the different dates of deJOURNAL OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Development

of a Dynamic

Food

Chain

Model

461

position. This underlines the fact the realistic growth characteristics in food chain according model predictions. the growth Korean In DYNACON, to the

that a consideration of of plants is important were of plant it simulates chains classified species. more followand both the

foodstuffs

characteristics model,

Since DYNACON realistic behavior ing an acute NRC model agreed ematical within A comparative

is a dynamic of radionuclides study that and between the

in food

deposition. DYNACON results of showed an order models mathprocesses a Korean the may It

of magnitude, considered

although transfer into accidents. measures

formulations is going consequences

are different. DYNACON real-time radiological be used against to be implemented system the FADAS of nuclear protective dose assessment to determine radioactive to evaluate

required foodstuffs.

contamination

of soil and

[NOMENCLATURE]
an: Fraction of biological excretion rate a, dimensionless B: Biomass of plants (dry-kg,m-2) B0: Initial biomass of plants (dry-kg,m-2) Be: Biomass of edible parts (dry-kg,m-2) Bf: Biomass of plant leaves (dry-kg,m-2) Bmax:Maximum potential biomass (dry-kg,m-2) Bt: Total biomass including plant leaves and edible parts (dry-kg,m-2) Canim: Radioactivity in animal products (Bq,fresh-kg-1) Radioactivity in vegetable foodstuffs Cveg: (Bq,wet-kg-1) C*veg: Radioactivity in vegetable foodstuffs at harvest (Bq,wet-kg-1) CR: Plant-to-soil concentration ratio E: Average evaporation rate (m,d-1) F: Initial radioactivity on the ground (Bq,m-2) FS: Soil ingestion rate of animals (dry-kg,d-1) FV: Feedstuff ingestion rate of animals (dry-kg,d-1) f: Interception fraction of radionuclide to plants d: Ratio of dry to wet weight f fp: Available fraction of precipitation fw: Fraction of radioactivity remaining after washing I: Average irrigation rate (m,d-1) K: Number of compartments Kd: Soil-water distribution coefficient (L,dry-kg-1) kg: Growth rate constant of plants (d-1) Lr: Depth of root zone soil (m) Ls: Depth of surface soil (m) N: Number of biological excretion rates P: Average precipitation rate (m,d-1) p: Percolation velocity of water R in soil (m,d-1) RF: Resuspension factor (m-1) TF: Transfer factor into animal products (d,kg-1) Vd: Deposition velocity of resuspended particles (m,d-1) XA: Radioactivity on plant surfaces (Bq,dry-kg-1) XD: Radioactivity in the inner tissues of plant (Bq,dry-kg-1) XC: Radioactivity in the surface soil (Bq,m-2) XD: Radioactivity in the root zone soil (Bq,m-2) XE: Radioactivity in the fixed soil (Bq,m-2) XF: Radioactivity in the deep soil (Bq,m-2) XA.h: Radioactivity on plant surfaces at harvest
VOL. 35, NO . 6, JUNE 1998

(Bq,dry-kg-1) XB,h: Radioactivity in inner tissues at harvest (Bq,dry-kg-1) Xi: Radioactivity in compartment i (Bq,m-2 or Bq,dry-kg-1)a : Foliar interception constant (m2,dry-kg-1)t : Volumetric water content of soil (L,m-3) ad: Adsorption rate (root zone soil to l fixed soil) (d-1)lb : Biological excretion rate from animal products (d-1) d: Radioactive decay rate (d-1) l ds: Desorption rate (fixed soil l to root zone soil) (d-1)lg : Dilution rate for plant growth (d-1) : Leaching rate (root zone soil tolldeep soil) (d-1) : Percolation rate (surface soil to root zone soil) lpc (d-1) Resuspension rate (surface soil to plant surfaces) lre: (d-1)ltr : Translocation rate (plant surfaces to edible parts) (d-1)lup : Root uptake rate (root zone soil to edible parts) (d-1)lw : Weathering removal rate (plant surfaces to surface soil) (d-1) r: Bulk r density of root zone soil (dry-kg,m-3) s: Bulk density of surface soil (dry-kg,m-3) r

REFERENCES(1) (2) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission: Regulatory Guide 1.109, (1977). Muller, H., Prohl, G.: Proc. NEA Workshop on the Influence of Seasonal Conditions Radiological Consequences of a Nuclear Accident, p. 139 (1989). Nuclear Energy Agency/OECD, reported by a Group of Consultants: Influence of Seasonal and Meteorological Factors on Nuclear Emergency Planning, (1991). Koch, J., Tadmor, J.: Health Phys., 50, 721 (1986). Whicker, F. W., Kirchner, T. B.: Health Phys., 52, 717 (1987). Muller, H., Prohl, G.: Health Phys., 64, 232 (1993). Abbott, M. L., Rood, A. S.: Health Phys., 66, 17 (1994). Han, M. H., et al., KAERI/RR-1737/96, (1996), [in Korean]. Charles, W. M.: NUREG/CR-1004, ORNL/NUREG/ TM-282, (1979). Chamberlain, A. C.: Atmos. Environ., 4, 57 (1970). Miller, C. W.: Health Phys., 38, 705 (1980). Pinder, J. E., III: Health Phys., 52, 707 (1987). Lee, J. H., et al., KAERI/RR-998/90, (1990), [in Korean]. Peterson, H. T., Jr.: NUREG/CR-3332, ORNL-5968, (1983). Linsley, G. S.: NRPB-R75, (1978). Baes, C. F., III, et al.: ORNL-5785, (1984). International Atomic Energy Agency: Technical Rep. Ser. No. 364, (1994). Faw, R. E., Shultis, J. K.: "Radiological AssessmentSource and Exposures", PTR Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 523 (1993). International Mathematical and Statistical Libraries: IMSL Library", Manual Vol. 1, IMSL Inc., (1984). " Whicker, F. W., et al.: Health Phys., 59, 645 (1990).

(3)

(4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18)

(19) (20)