Week5 RadiometricSurveys y

Midterm CLOSEDBOOK
Date:October24th Time:9AM,50minutes Place:MP505

Residualizing gmethods Part1

ResidualizingMethods Part2
a) Graphicalsmoothingofmapcontours.Thedifferencebetweensmoothedand

actualcontourslocalizesananomaly. b) Graphicalsmoothingofaprofile.Theprofileshouldbedrawnwherethe contoursarecontrolled ll dby b the h data d and ddifferent diff profiles fil mustbe b consistent i withthesmoothedregional. c) Readingvaluesonaregulargridandconvolvingwithatemplate.Marginsare lostintheprocesssotheresidualcoversasmallerareathanthedata. data Template andweightingcanbevariedtoyieldsecondderivativeandothertypesofmaps. d) Templateusedtomakethemapshownin(c)above.

Background

Radioactive
Thespontaneoustransformationofanucleusinto

anotherspeciesbyemittinganelectronorhelium atom usuallyaccompaniedbygammaradiation. atom, radiation

NaturalRadioactiveDecay

Relative Abundance

VariationofNaturalRadioactivity

TakenfromtheSeismicExploration p PHYSICALPROPERTIESOFROCKS:Fundamentalsand PrinciplesofPetrophysics:Generaltendenciesofvariationofnaturalradioactivity

RadioactiveMinerals

RockPhysics

hand dKcontentsand dheat h generation MeanU,Th rateAofselectedpartsofthecrust

Th/Kratio

TakenfromtheSeismicExploration PHYSICALPROPERTIESOFROCKS:

FundamentalsandPrinciplesofPetrophysics:Th/Kratioinpotassiumrich feldspars(KF),glauconite(G),muscovite(M),illite(J),mixedlayer(ML), kaolinite(K),chlorite(Chl),andbauxite(B)minerals;afterHassan1976,as quotedbyFertl1979.

Gammarayenergies

TakenfromtheSeismicExploration PHYSICALPROPERTIESOFROCKS: FundamentalsandPrinciplesof Petrophysics:Prominentgammaray energiesfromtheuranium and thoriumseriesandforpotassium monoenergeticradiation.Theheight oftheverticallinesisproportionalto therelativeintensity(after InternationalAtomicEnergy Agency1976;fromHearst,Nelson 1985)

DistributionofGammaRayCounts

TakenfromtheSeismicExploration PHYSICALPROPERTIESOFROCKS:FundamentalsandPrinciplesof Petrophysics: p y Normalfrequency q ydistributionofthegamma g ray ycounting grateofdrillcoresforthedepth p intervalof0 3900m;afterBckeretal.1990;n numberofsamples;
1. metabasites 2. gneisses

NaturalGammaRaySpectrum

MeanU,ThandKcontentofigneousrocks

GammarayAPIValues

Uraniumconcentrationinseveralcrudeoils

RadioactiveSurvey
Measurementsofvariationsinnaturalgamma

radiationwiththeobjectiveofmappingthe distributionofradioactiveelementsusuallyK, K U, U and Th.Observationsarealsoaffectedbyradionuclides, nuclearfallout, ,radonintheair, ,andcosmicradiation.

Radiometricsurvey
Asurveyoftheamountofelectromagneticradiation

emitted,usuallyinvolvinggammarayspectrometry.

Energy Spectraof K40, ,U238 232 andTh

Gammarayspectrometer
Aninstrumentthatmeasurestheabundanceof

gammarayswithdifferentenergyvalues.

GammaRaySurveying
Measurementofnaturallyoccurringgammaraysinthesearchforradioactive

materials.Portablegammarayspectrometersincorporateenergy discriminationabilitythatpermitsdistinguishingbetweenradiomaterials. Thusonemightmeasureallgammarays, rays onlythoseabove1.3 1 3MeVfor potassiumuraniumthorium,onlythoseabove1.6MeVforuraniumthorium,or onlythoseabove2.5MeVthorium.

Scintillometer
Adevicefordetectingandmeasuringscintillations

causedbyradiation.Agammarayspectrometer measurestheabundanceofgammarayswithdifferent energyvalues.

An incident gamma ray on a scintillation crystal of NaI causes the crystal to emit a photon photon, which then causes the photo electrode to emit electrons. The number of electrons is multiplied as each strikes a series of electrodes, finally being collected by an anode where the consequent current is proportional to the energy of the incident gamma ray. (From Sheriff, 1989, 154.)

GammaRayspectroscopylog
1.Alogofnaturalgammaradiationintensitywithindiscreteenergybandsthat

arecharacteristicofspecificradioactiveseries.Differsfromtheconventional gammaraylogthatmeasuresbroadspectrum,undifferentiatedgamma energy Usefulforcorrelationwhereothermethodsfail, energy. fail andalsousefulfor uraniumexplorationwherepotassiumormineralsinthethoriumseries contributesignificantlytototalgammaradiation.Thenaturalgammaray spectroscopyloglooksatseveralenergywindowstoidentifythenatural radiationfrompotassium(40K),uranium(238U),andthorium(232Th).Itis usefulinidentifyingclaycontentwhereotherradioactivemineralsarepresent. Alsocalledspectralgammaraylog.
2.Theinducedgammarayspectroscopyloginvolvesbombardmentbyhigh

energy14MeVneutronsthatcauseselementstoemitgammaraysof gy Alsocalledneutronactivationlog. g characteristicenergy.

Examples

Alphacard radiationdetection

R di t i and dM ti P fil Radiometric Magnetic Profile

Gammaraylog(GR)
Awelllogthatrecordsnaturalradioactivity.Alsoagenerictermforanylogging

systembasedongammairradiationandmeasurementofresultingreactions.1. Insediments,thelogmainlyreflectsshalecontentbecauseminerals containingradioactiveisotopesthemostcommonofwhichispotassiumtend toconcentrateinclaysandshales.Volcanicash,granitewash,somesalt deposits,andsomesedimentaryuraniumalsogivesignificantgammaray readings.Thelogoftenfunctionsforcorrelationpurposes,especiallyincased holes.Usedinexplorationforradioactivemineralssuchastheuranium minerals.

Example EnvironmentalCleanupSite

Example NoiseContamination

Example Radiometrics

GeologyandTernaryMaps SudburyStructure

Geology + DEM

Th only

K only

TernaryMap Sudbury
K/Th Ratio

Magnetics

Gravity