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Super-Compact Multilayered Left-Handed Transmission Line and Diplexer Application

Yasushi Horii, Member, IEEE, Christophe Caloz, Member, IEEE, and Tatsuo Itoh, Fellow, IEEE
AbstractA novel super-compact multilayered (ML) composite-right/left-handed (CRLH) transmission line (TL) is proposed. This ML architecture consists of the periodic repetition of pairs of U-shaped parallel plates connected to a ground enclosure by meander lines. The parallel plates provide the left-handed (LH) series capacitance, and the meander lines provide the LH shunt inductance, while the right-handed parasitic series inductance and shunt capacitance are generated by the metallic connections in the direction of propagation and by the voltage gradient from the TL to the ground enclosure, respectively. In contrast to previously reported planar LH or CRLH TLs, the ML TL has its direction of propagation along the vertical direction, perpendicular to the plane of the substrates. This presents the distinct advantage that large electrical length can be achieved over an extremely short TL length and small transverse footprint. The LH-range characteristics of the multilayer CRLH TL are analyzed by the nite-element method and nite-difference time-domain (FDTD) full-wave simulations. In addition, the CRLH equivalent-circuit model is applied to gain simple insight into the behavior of the structure. Finally, the theoretical results are conrmed by experiments using the initial prototype with the very small length (thickness) of 0 016 and footprint of 0 06 0 08 ( = 0 = 235 mm at the center of the LH band, 0.4 GHz). The proposed miniaturized ML line can nd applications in bandpass lters, delay lines, and numerous phase-advance components. As an example of application, a 1-GHz/2-GHz diplexer, composed of two ML CRLH TLs, is demonstrated. The ML CRLH TL proposed here presents a great potential for the development of novel microwave components taking prot of new multilayer technologies such as low-temperature co-red ceramic technology. Index TermsComposite right/left-handed (CRLH) transmission lines (TLs), delay/advance lines, diplexers, multilayered (ML) structures.

I. INTRODUCTION

VER THE last decade, left-handed (LH) materials, characterized by antiparallel phase and group velocity, have drawn considerable interest in the microwave community due to their potential for novel types of devices and components. The concept of left-handedness was initially introduced by Veselago in 1968, who theorized that a material having simultaneously negative permittivity and permeability would support

backward-wave propagation and exhibit negative refractive index [1]. Recently, Smith et al. succeeded in experimentally demonstrating an LH structure made of negative- thin wires [2] and negative- split-ring resonators [3]. An equivalent circuit approach was developed by Caloz and Itoh [4] and Eleftheriades et al. [5][7] and this approach has lead to the extended concept of composite right/left-handed (CRLH) materials, which fully take into account the parasitic right-handed (RH) effects naturally occurring in a practical LH structure [8], [9]. Several practical applications of CRLH structures have been demonstrated such as backre-to-endre leaky-wave antennas [10], zeroth-order resonators and antennas [11], broadband 03-dB directional couplers [12], branch-line couplers [13], and compact hybrid rings [14]. These applications are basically implemented in a microstrip technology and do not exhibit particularly small dimensions compared with the latest miniaturized components used in mobile communication systems. In order to reduce the dimensions of these microwave devices toward miniaturization, a novel multilayered (ML) CRLH transmission line (TL) with vertically stacked LH unit cells, perpendicular to the plane of the substrates, was theoretically proposed in [15]. In this paper, this structure is fully characterized and demonstrated experimentally, and a super-compact diplexer application of it is presented. The ML TL also presents the advantage of providing a broader LH bandwidth due to the very large series capacitance of the parallel-plate capacitors. Moreover, such ML structures can be easily implemented using modern low-temperature co-red ceramic (LTCC) processes. This paper is organized as follows. Section II describes the ML CRLH architecture and its fundamental characteristics based on a TL model. A practical ML CRLH TL is demonstrated in Section III by nite-element method (FEM)/nite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, circuit analysis, and measurements. In Section IV, a compact 1-GHz/2-GHz diplexer, integrating two ML CRLH bandpass lters, is presented as an application. II. ML CRLH TL ARCHITECTURE A. Motivation Achieving a small-size LH structure seems a priori a challenging task. An LH structure requires a series capacitance and a shunt inductance , whereas natural materials provide a and a shunt capacitance , which globseries inductance ally corresponds to the CRLH equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 1. and must be produced As a consequence, the reactances articially under the form of structured components such as interdigital capacitors and stub inductors [8]. Unfortunately, attempts to reduce the size of such planar components unavoid-

Manuscript received June 26, 2004. Editorial process for this paper has been carried out by Prof. M. Steer, Editor-in-Chief, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES. Y. Horii is with the Faculty of Informatics, Kansai University, Osaka 569-1095 Japan (e-mail: horii@res.kutc.kansai-u.ac.jp). C. Caloz is with the Microwave Research Group, Poly-Grames, cole Polytechnique Montral, Montral, QC, Canada H3T 2B1. T. Itoh is with the Electrical Engineering Department and Microwave Electronics Laboratory, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TMTT.2005.845189

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Fig. 1. Equivalent circuit of an ML CRLH TL composed of four circuit parameters: LH-shunt inductance L , LH-series capacitance C , RH-series inductance L , and RH-shunt capacitance C .

ably results into reduction of the desired LH contributions, es. Eventually, left-handpecially that of the series capacitance edness can completely disappear if the size of the unit cell becomes too small. by parallel-plate caBy replacing the planar capacitor pacitors perpendicular to the direction of propagation, large series capacitance values can be obtained over a very small physical length, and miniaturized LH structures can thereby be obtained. The LH shunt inductance can then still be generated by a stub inductor. In addition, the RH series- /shunt- can be reduced to extremely small values if necessary, which improves the design exibility of the TL. An immediate benet of such an architecture for metamaterials is that the reduced size of the unit cell provides improved homogeneity in comparison with that achieved in planar congurations. These considerations suggest an ML CRLH TL structure of the type shown in Fig. 2. Such a structure can be easily fabricated by todays LTCC processes, where distance between the plates can be accurately controlled with the resolution of up to 1 m. B. Description of the Structure The ML CRLH TL is constituted of periodically stacked LH unit cells, each of which is constituted by a pairs of U-shaped parallel plates connected to a ground enclosure by meander lines. The ports of this TL are located on either side of the structure, one at the top of it and the other one at the bottom of it. The gap between the U-shaped metallizations provides the , while the meander line provides the LH series capacitance LH shunt inductance . The vertical conductors linking to two plates of the U-shaped structure introduce a small RH series and the spacing between these conductors and inductance the metallic enclosure introduce an RH shunt capacitance , which can be made extremely small with a large spacing. The 50- termination strip lines, lying at the top or bottom of the ground enclosure, are connected to the output/input patches, which couple to the body of LH unit cells with the capacitance value of for matching, according to Fig. 1. Fig. 2 also shows the design parameters of the TL, which will be demonstrated in Section III, where the overall structure and strip-line ports will be embedded in a substrate with a permittivity and where total dimension of the TL will be ( mm at the center of the LH band, 0.4 GHz).

Fig. 2. Geometry of the ML CRLH TL. (a) Three-dimensional (3-D) view. (b) yz -plane cross section aa at x = 400 mil, and locations of equivalent-circuit parameters. (c) xy -plane cross section bb at z = 80 mil. The dimensions are in mil.

C. Equivalent Circuit and Useful Relations [9], [12] The equivalent circuit of a CRLH unit cell, as shown in Fig. 1, , an LH shunt inis composed of an LH series capacitance , an RH series inductance , and an RH shunt ductance . The matrix of this unit cell is given capacitance by

(1)

where (2) (3)

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The matrix of a nite-size -cell TL is simply obtained by taking the th power of the unit cell matrix (4) and the corresponding scattering parameters are then computed by the usual formulas (5)

(6)

On the other hand, the dispersion relation of an innitely periodic CRLH TL can be derived by applying BlochFloquet thematrix of the unit cell (1) [9] orem to the

Fig. 3. Simulated frequency characteristics of the transmission parameter jS j and the reection parameter jS j for the ML CRLH TL of Fig. 2. For the equivalent-circuit model, the extracted parameters corresponding to the circuit model of Fig. 1 are C = 0:1 pF, L = 4:7 nH, C = 9:6 pF, and = 9:2 nH. L

(7) where , , and represent the propagation constant of the TL, the period or size of the unit cell, and the angular frequency, respectively. This relation has two branches. The lower frequency branch exhibits antiparallel phase and group velocities (LH branch) and the higher frequency branch exhibits parallel phase and group velocities (RH branch). The eigenfrequenin (7) as cies at the spectral origin are obtained by setting (8) (9) and are correspond to the higher edge of the where LH branch and the lower edge of the RH branch, respectively, delimiting a frequency bandgap, in which propagation is prohibited. On the other hand, the lower edge of the LH branch is determined by (10) We should note, however, that in the balanced condition , these frequencies become identical, so that the gap closes up, yielding a seamless LH to RH transition. Finally, the phase velocity , group velocity , and group delay can be derived from (7) as (12)

and (13)

III. DEMONSTRATION OF THE ML CRLH TL Fig. 3 shows the simulation results for the magnitude of the and refraction coefcient of the transmission coefcient ML CRLH TL. These curves are calculated by both Ansofts FEM commercial software HFSS 9.0 and an in-house FDTD code. All the metallizations are treated as a perfect electric conductor with zero thickness. These results show good agreement with each other, and show that the CRLH TL exhibits a 10-dB passband from 0.26 to 0.66 GHz. Though the passband includes large ripples, it will be improved by choosing appropriate structural parameters. To better characterize the behavior of the TL, the equivalent-circuit parameters of Fig. 1 are extracted. The extraction is estimated approximately procedure is the following. First, , where by the classical electrostatic expression is the permittivity of free space F/m , is the relative permittivity of the medium, is the area of each metal plate, and is the spacing between the plates. Next, and are estimated from the simulated the frequencies , and a rst estimate of and is obtained magnitude of by (8) and (10). If can be read from the simulation, it will be by (9). Finally, these parameters are easier to decide and obtained by (5) adjusted by curve tting between and (6) and their full-wave simulated counterparts. The paramepF, nH, ters extracted by this procedure are

(11)

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Fig. 4. Dispersion diagram of the ML CRLH TL of Fig. 2 obtained by FEM simulation and circuit analysis.

Fig. 6. Time variation of the electric-eld distribution in the ML CRLH TL observed at xy -plane cross section cc at y = 315 mil in Fig. 2(a). Calculation is carried out at 0.4 GHz (period T = 2:5 10 s) by FDTD. The solid arrow shows the direction of power ow, and the dashed arrow shows the direction of the eld variation in the LH section. (a) t = 0. (b) t = 1=4 T. (c) t = 1=2 T. (d) t = 3=4 T. (e) t = T .

Fig. 5. (a) Phase velocity v and group velocity v . (b) Group delay t of the ML CRLH TL obtained by FEM simulation and circuit analysis.

pF, and nH. and calculated by the circuit model are also shown in Fig. 3. Excellent agreement between circuit model theory and the full-wave analysis can be observed. The dispersion diagram is shown in Fig. 4. The equivalent-circuit curve is obtained by closed-form expression (7). The FEM curve is obtained by applying the periodic boundary conditions to the edges of the unit cell, and by solving the relation between the phase difference at these edges and the eigenfrequency of the structure. These results verify that this structure operates as an LH TL.

Fig. 7. Prototype of the ML CRLH TL depicted in Fig. 2. (a) Assembled prototype. (b) Layer parts before assembling. Parts #1 and #12: patch with a port. Parts #2 and #11: separator for generation of 2C (h = 10 mil). Parts #3 and #4, #6 and #7, and #9 and #10: assembled U-shaped metallization. The meander line is sandwiched inside the U-shape, Parts #5 and #8: separator for generation of C (h = 20 mil).

Fig. 5(a) shows the phase velocity and group velocity , and Fig. 5(b) shows the group delay computed with (11)(13) for the circuit model and from the computed dispersion relation for the FEM. In both results, the phase velocity is negative and has a resonance pole corresponding to the cutoff around 0.8 GHz. The group velocity is zero in the stopbands (LH high-pass stopband from 0 to 0.26 GHz and unbalanced CRLH stopband above 0.8 GHz). The group delay, although strongly varying at the edge of the passband, becomes relatively

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Fig. 8. Experimental results for the ML CRLH TL compared with full-wave FEM results. In the lossless model, all of conductors are treated as perfect 10 S/m electric conductors. In the lossy model, a conductivity of 5.8 (copper) is introduced for all the metals. The frequency shift between the simulation and the measurement is explained by the presence of unavoidable air gaps between the layers in the handmade prototype fabrication.

Fig. 9. Block diagram of the diplexer.

at around the center frequency of the LH passband, which means that group-delay dispersion is moderate and that a modulated signal can, therefore, be transmitted along this line without signicant distortion. In order to illustrate the backward-wave propagation phenomenon along the structure, Fig. 6 shows FDTD-simulated eld distributions at different times along the structure, computed at the center of the LH band (0.4 GHz). The electric eld is observed at the cross section of the plane in Fig. 2(a). It can be read from the results that the wave comes in from the left side of the bottom and goes out from the top of the structure with the time progression, while the eld in the stacked LH section goes down from the top to the bottom. This result clearly validates the backward wave propagation. To conrm the theoretical predictions, experiments have been carried out. Due to the unavailability of LTCC technology to the authors, the handmade prototype was built for the proof of concept. This prototype is shown in Fig. 7. The measured scattering parameters of this prototype are shown in Fig. 8 in comparison with the FEM results in the case of lossless metals (reported from Fig. 3) and of lossy metals with a conductivity of 5.8 10 S/m. The measured characteristics are shifted to higher frequency as a consequence of the presence of unavoidable thin air gaps in the prototype, which decrease the effective permittivity of the structure. The

Fig. 10. Geometry of the diplexer composed of two ML CRLH TLs. (a) 3-D view. (b) yz -plane cross section aa at x = 275 mil. (c) xy -plane cross section bb at z = 80 mil. The dimensions are in mil.

Fig. 11. Prototype of the diplexer. Port 1 is the common input. Port 2 is the output of structure A. Port 3 is the output of structure B.

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Fig. 12. FEM-simulated and measured scattering characteristics of the diplexer. (a) Reection coefcient jS j observed at input port 1. (b) Transmission coefcient jS j from port 1 to port 2. (c) Transmission coefcient jS j from port 1 to port 3. (d) Isolation jS j between port 2 and port 3.

measured minimum insertion loss is 2.2 dB at 0.63 GHz and the maximum ripple is nearly 10 dB in the LH passband (evaluated from 0.38 to 0.69 GHz). This error is probably due to misalignment in the different 12 layers of the prototype and should be avoidable by using the modern LTCC fabrication technology. Even though the errors between theory and experiment are not negligible, the concept of the ML CRLH TL is demonstrated by this experiment. IV. DIPLEXER Conventional diplexers [17], [18] often use a low-pass and a high-pass lters for design simplicity, low insertion loss, and low cost. However, in applications where higher selectivity is required, the utilization of two narrow bandpass lters is necessary. This is typically done at the expense of increased size in a monopackaged device to avoid spurious coupling effects between the integrated capacitors and inductors of the two channels. Thus, there is a tradeoff between the size of a diplexer and its isolation in conventional RH implementations. The miniature ML CRLH TL presented in Section III presents an obvious potential interest in highly selective compact diplexers. This TL can be designed as a narrow-band lter by setting the frequencies and , given by (8) and (10), respectively, close to each other. Very high selectivity with a very small footprint is achievable in this structure by increasing the number of the vertically stacked unit cells. In addition, by using opposite directions of propagation through the two lters, excellent isolation can be obtained due to cancellation of mutual coupling. For the proof of concept, here we present a CRLH diplexer for 1 GHz/2 GHz. Fig. 9 shows a simple block diagram of the diplexer, consisting of two bandpass lters tuned for 1 GHz (called structure A) and 2 GHz (called structure B), respectively. Structures A and B are both ML CRLH TLs

differing only by their parameters to provide the two desired distinct passbands. The dimensions of A are larger than those of B since A is operating at a lower frequency than B. As shown in Fig. 10, A and B are arranged back-to-back with an inter-spacing of 80 mil. Vertical metals connected to the ground enclosure are added at the center of A and B to provide some and RH series inductance amount of RH shunt capacitance . The lines sections interconnecting structures A and B are much shorter than the guided wavelength at the designed frequencies of 1 and 2 GHz and, therefore, they exhibit negligible distributed effects. The 1-GHz wave originating from the input port is guided mostly to A through the three-port connection because B is designed to block the 1-GHz wave and, therefore, the line to B is seen as an open circuit at this frequency, while the 2-GHz wave is guided to B for the same reason. The overall , and the structure is embedded in a substrate with total dimension of the diplexer is ( mm at 1.0 GHz). Fig. 11 shows a picture of the corresponding fabricated prototype. In the prototype, the strip line connected to structure B is bent by 90 in order to avoid conicting with the strip line connected to structure A in the xation of the two subminiature A (SMA) connectors. The FEM-simulated and measured scattering characteristics are shown in Fig. 12. In the FEM results, the bandpass centered and at around 1 GHz in the transmission coefcient the bandpass centered at around 2 GHz in the transmission are clearly apparent. The excellent isolation coefcient of 38.8 dB at 1 GHz and 48.9 dB at 2 GHz is obtained between . As in the case of the simple TL, the two output ports prototype characteristics are shifted to higher frequencies, but otherwise good agreement with simulation can be observed, which demonstrates the validity of this miniaturized ML CRLH diplexer.

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V. CONCLUSION A novel super-compact ML CRLH TL architecture, consisting of the periodic repetition of pairs of U-shaped parallel plates connected to a ground enclosure by meander lines, has been proposed. This architecture, which supports propagation in the vertical direction perpendicular to the planes of the substrates, presents the advantage of providing large electrical length over an extremely short TL length and small transverse footprint, which can be exploited in diverse miniaturized components. An ML CRLH TL has been characterized by FEM and FDTD full-wave simulations, compared with the results of the CRLH equivalent circuit model and conrmed by measurements, using the initial prototype with the very small and footprint of length (thickness) of ( mm at the center of the LH band, 0.4 GHz). A 1-GHz/2-GHz diplexer, composed of two ML CRLH TLs, has been demonstrated as an example of application. The proposed ML architecture, in addition to reduced size, offers increased exibility in the design of CRLH TLs. Whereas in previously reported structures, the parasitic RH contributions are difcult to control, they can be easily reduced if necessary in ML congurations. Moreover, by replacing the vertical metallizations to the metallic posts, as demonstrated in the diplexer application, the design exibility can be highly extended. Furthermore, by engaging in the latest LTCC technology, much better performances can be obtained than those shown in this paper with handmade prototypes. For instance, signicantly enhanced selectivity and isolation can be achieved in the diplexer by using more layers with suppressed air gaps. The proposed miniaturized ML structure may be applied to bandpass lters, couplers, delay/advance lines, and several other CRLH devices where miniaturization is a concern. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thank Dr. S.-M. Han, University of California at Los Angeles, for his assistance with prototype fabrication. REFERENCES
[1] V. G. Veselago, The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of " and , Sov. Phys.Usp., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 509514, Jan.Feb. 1968. [2] D. R. Smith, D. C. Vier, W. Padilla, S. C. Nemat-Nasser, and S. Schultz, Loop-wire for investigating plasmons at microwave frequencies, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 75, no. 10, pp. 14251427, Sep. 1999. [3] D. R. Smith, W. Padilla, D. C. Vier, S. C. Nemat-Nasser, and S. Schultz, Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 84, no. 18, pp. 41844187, May 2000. [4] C. Caloz and T. Itoh, Application of the transmission line theory of lefthanded (LH) materials to the realization of a microstrip LH line, in IEEE AP-S Int. Symp., vol. 2, San Antonio, TX, Jun. 2002, pp. 412415. [5] G. V. Eleftheriades, A. K. Iyer, and P. C. Kremer, Planar negative refractive index media using periodically LC loaded transmission lines, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 27022712, Dec. 2002. [6] A. Grbic and G. V. Eleftheriades, Periodic analysis of a 2-D negative refractive index transmission line structure, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 26042611, Oct. 2003. [7] O. F. Siddiqui, M. Mojahedi, and G. V. Eleftheriades, Periodically loaded transmission line with effective negative refractive index and negative group velocity, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 26192625, Oct. 2003. [8] C. Caloz and T. Itoh, Novel microwave devices and structures based on the transmission line approach of meta-materials, in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., vol. 1, Philadelphia, PA, Jun. 2003, pp. 195198.

[9] A. Sanada, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, Characteristics of the composite right/left-handed transmission lines, IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 6870, Feb. 2004. [10] L. Liu, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, Dominant mode leaky-wave antenna with backre-to-endre scanning capability, Electron. Lett., vol. 38, no. 23, pp. 14141416, Nov. 2002. [11] A. Sanada, M. Kimura, I. Awai, H. Kubo, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, A planar zeroth-order resonator antenna using a left-handed transmission line, in Eur. Microwave Conf., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Oct. 2004, pp. 13411344. [12] C. Caloz, A. Sanada, and T. Itoh, A novel composite right-/left-handed coupled-line directional coupler with arbitrary coupling level and broad bandwidth, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 980992, Mar. 2004. [13] H. Lin, M. De Vincentis, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, Arbitrary dual band components using composite right/left-handed transmission lines, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 11421149, Apr. 2004. [14] H. Okabe, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, A compact enhanced-bandwidth hybrid ring using a left-handed transmission line, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 798804, Mar. 2004. [15] Y. Horii, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, Vertical multi-layered implementation of a purely left-handed transmission line for super-compact and dualband devices, in Eur. Microwave Conf., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Oct. 2004, pp. 471474. [16] D. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 3rd ed. New York: Wiley, 2003. [17] A. R. Brown and G. M. Rebeiz, A high-performance integrated K -band diplexer, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 47, no. 8, pp. 14771481, Aug. 1999. [18] K. L. Wu, Y. J. Zhao, J. Wang, and M. K. K. Cheng, An effective dynamic coarse model for optimization design of LTCC RF circuits with aggressive space mapping, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 393402, Jan. 2004.

Yasushi Horii (M95) received the B.E., M.E., and D.Eng. degrees in communication engineering from Osaka University, Osaka, Japan, in 1988, 1990, and 1994, respectively. In April 1994, he joined the Faculty of Informatics, Kansai University, Osaka, Japan, as a Research Associate, and became a Lecturer in 1997 and an Associate Professor in 2000. From September 2003 to January 2004 and April 2004 to September 2004, he was a Visiting Research Scientist with the University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. From February 2004 to Match 2004, he was a Visiting Research Associate with the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). He is currently with Kansai University, Osaka, Japan. His research interests include design of microwave devices and circuits, ML fabrication technology, photonic-bandgap (PBG) structures and LH metamaterials. Dr. Horii is a member of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers (IEICE), Japan.

Christophe Caloz (S99M03) was born in Sierre, Switzerland, in 1969. He received the Diplme dIngnieur en lectricit and Ph.D. degree from the cole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. From 2001 to 2004, he was a Research Engineer with the Microwave Electronics Laboratory, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), where he conducted research on PBG structures and microwave applications on metamaterials. In June 2004, he joined the cole Polytechnique of Montral, Montral, QC, Canada, where he is currently an Associate Professor and a member of the Microwave Research Group, Poly-Grames. He has authored and coauthored over 90 technical conference, letter, and journal papers. He is currently authoring Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave ApplicationsThe Engineering Approach. He has led several patents. His current interests include electromagnetic theory, numerical methods, planar circuits and antennas, nonlinear and active devices, monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) technology, ferroelectrics, nanoferrites, ultrawide-band systems, and LH metamaterials. Dr. Caloz was the recipient of the 2004 UCLA Chancellors Award for postdoctoral research.

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Tatsuo Itoh (S69M69SM74F82) received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, in 1969. From September 1966 to April 1976, he was with the Electrical Engineering Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. From April 1976 to August 1977, he was a Senior Research Engineer with the Radio Physics Laboratory, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. From August 1977 to June 1978, he was an Associate Professor with the University of Kentucky, Lexington. In July 1978, he joined the faculty at The University of Texas at Austin, where he became a Professor of Electrical Engineering in 1981 and Director of the Electrical Engineering Research Laboratory in 1984. During the summer of 1979, he was a Guest Researcher with AEG-Telefunken, Ulm, Germany. In September 1983, he was selected to hold the Hayden Head Centennial Professorship of Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin. In September 1984, he was appointed Associate Chairman for Research and Planning of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, The University of Texas at Austin. In January 1991, he joined the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) as Professor of Electrical Engineering and Holder of the TRW Endowed Chair in Microwave and Millimeter Wave Electronics. He was an Honorary Visiting Professor with the Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China, and with the Japan Defense Academy. In April 1994, he was appointed an Adjunct Research Ofcer with the Communications Research Laboratory, Ministry of Post and Telecommunication, Japan. He currently holds a Visiting Professorship with The University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K. He has authored or coauthored 350 journal publications, 650 refereed conference presentations, and has written 30 books/book chapters in the area of microwaves, millimeter waves, antennas, and numerical electromagnetics. He has generated 64 Ph.D. students. Dr. Itoh is a member of the Institute of Electronics and Communication Engineers of Japan, and Commissions B and D of USNC/URSI. He served as the editor of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES (19831985). He serves on the Administrative Committee of the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society (IEEE MTT-S). He was vice president of the IEEE MTT-S in 1989 and president in 1990. He was the editor-in-chief of IEEE MICROWAVE AND GUIDED WAVE LETTERS (19911994). He was elected an Honorary Life Member of the IEEE MTT-S in 1994. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2003. He was the chairman of the USNC/URSI Commission D (19881990) and chairman of Commission D of the International URSI (19931996). He is chair of the Long Range Planning Committee of the URSI. He serves on advisory boards and committees for numerous organizations. He has been the recipient of numerous awards including the 1998 Shida Award presented by the Japanese Ministry of Post and Telecommunications, the 1998 Japan Microwave Prize, the 2000 IEEE Third Millennium Medal, and the 2000 IEEE MTT-S Distinguished Educator Award.