Tutorial-4 13. Calculate the terminal settling velocity of a quartz (sp. Gravity =1.20) sphere 0.

0089 cm in diameter, in air at 500C and 1 atm. Determine the diameter of a sphere with sp gravity 4.0 having same terminal settling velocity. Assume ideal gas law for air. 14.Find out the Stokes dia in terms of dv and ds. Find the svStk/6 of a cuboid particle of dimension 1:1:k. 15. Urea pellets are made by spraying drops of molten urea into cold gas at the top of a tall tower and allowing the material to solidify as it falls. Pellets 6 m in diameter are to be made in a tower 25 m high containing air at 20oC. The density of urea is 1.330 kg/m3. Viscocity of air is 105 PaS. (a) What would be terminal velocity of the pellets, assuming free settling conditions? (b) Would the pellets attain 99 percent of this velocity before they reached the bottom of the tower? 16. A steel ball, with diameter Dp = 3m and density p = 7.6 x 103 kg/m3 is dropped in a liquid with density = 1.2 x 103 kg/m3. The average time for the ball to drop a distance of 0.5 m is 10.0s. What is the viscosity? 17. Separation of particles in free settling based (a) on their diameter (b) on their sp. Gravity. Particles of different sizes (0.01mm and .2mm in dia ) of same material (sp. gravity 2) are to be separated. How will you separate them into two fraction one upto 0.1cm and another fraction from 0.1-0.2 mm? Particles of same sizes (0.01mm and 0.2mm in dia) of two different materials (sp gravity 2 and 1.5 ) are to be separated by flow. How will you separate them? Can you separate them completely?

Tutoral-5:

5.1 A sphere of density 1500 kg/m3 falls freely under gravity in a fluid of density 700 kg/m3 and viscosity 0.5x10-3 Pas. Given that the terminal velocity of the sphere is 0.15m/s, calculate its diameter. What would be the edge length of a cube of the same material falling in the same fluid at the same velocity?

5.2 A cricket ball is thrown with a Reynolds number such that the drag coefficient is 0.4. (a) Find the percentage change in velocity of the ball after 100m horizontal flight in air (b) With a higher Reynolds number and a new ball, the drag coefficient falls to 0.1. What is now the % change in velocity over 100m horizontal flight? (In both cases take the mass and diameter of the ball as 0.15 kg and 6.7 cm, respectively, and the density of air as 1.2kg/m3.) (State assumptions clearly)
5.3. Slurry solution of particles density 1100kg/m3 and in the size range 20-100m is fed into a settling tank as shown in the figure at a velocity of 1m/s. Find the distance and height of the barrier in the tank to separate the particles into two fractions-one 20-50m and another 51-100m. Assume the slurry is dilute. Density of liquid is 1gm/cc, viscosity =1cp.

4m 3 m
10

10

m 5.4. How does viscosity and surface tension affect the rise of liquid droplet through liquids? 5.5. From the following data calculate the drag coefficients for benzene drops rising through water. Compare results against the drag coefficients for the solid spheres.

dp(mm) ut(mm/s)

3.12 82.2

4.27 105

4.76 107

5.4 117

8.2 121

9.61 113

5.6. Calculate the rate at which a bubble of air of following diameter 0.1mm, 0.5mm will rise through water at 150C. Note any assumptions. Refer to class notes

Tutoral-6: Refer book by MaCabe Smith for the problems 6.3-6.5

6.1. Calculate the permeability (in darcy and cm2) of a cylindrical (D=2cm) vertically placed packed bed of length 1m, where pressure drop across the bed found to be 10cm of water and volumetric flow rate to be 2 cm3/s. Assume liquid viscosity to be 1cp. 6.2. A packed column, 1.2 m in diameter and 9 m tall, is packed with 25 mm Raschig rings, and used for the vacuum distillation of a mixture of isomers of molecular weight 155 kg/kmol. The mean temperature is 373 K, the pressure at the top of the column is maintained at 0.13 kN/m2 and the still pressure is 1.33.3 kN/m2. Obtain an expression for the pressure drop on the assumption that this is not appreciably affected by the liquid flow and may be calculated using a modified form of Carmans equation. Show that, over the range of operating pressures used, the pressure drop is approximately directly proportional to the mass rate of flow of vapour, and calculate the pressure drop at a vapour rate of 0.125 kg/m2. The specific surface of packing, Sv = 190 m2/m3, the mean voidage of bed, = 0.71, the viscosity of vapour, = 0.018 mN s/m2 and the molecular volume = 22.4 m3/kmol. 6.3. A partial oxidation is carried out by passing air with 1.2 mole percent hydrocarbon through 40-mm tubes packed with 2 m of 3-by-3-mm cylindrical catalyst pellets. The air enters at 350C and 2.0 atm with superficial velocity of 1 m/s. what is the pressure drop through the packed tubes? How much would the pressure drop be reduced by using 4-mm pellets? Assume = 0.40. 6.4 A catalyst tower 12.192 m high and 5.486m in diameter is packed with 0.0254 m diameter spheres. Gas enters the top of the bed at temperature of 232C and leaves at the same temperature. The pressure at the bottom of catalyst bed is 206.84 KPa abs. The bed porosity is 0.40. If the gas has average properties similar to propane and the time of contact (based on flow in void space) between the gas and the catalyst is 8 s. What is the inlet pressure? 6.5 The pressure drop for air flow(temp 150c, =0.018cp) through a column filled with 1-in ceramic Rasching rings ( = 0.4 for solid cylinders) is 0.0833 cm water per m when Go = 0.1085 kg/m2-s and 7.5 cm water per m when Go = 1.08 kg/m2-s, all for mass velocity of the liquid flowing counter-currently of 0.87075 kg/m2 s. Since the change in pressure drop with liquid rate is slight in the range of liquid mass velocities between 0.87075 and 2.673 kg/m2s, ignore the liquid holdup and estimate the void fraction if the rings have a wall thickness of 0.00317 m. Use this void fraction and the Ergun equation to predict the pressure drop and discuss the difference between predicted and experimental values.

6.6 The following data are reported for the flow of air through beds of granular activated carbon. Compare the pressure drops with values predicted using the Ergun equation and predict the pressure drops for both sizes at air velocities of 0.508 and 1.016 m/s.
Vo , m/s 0.0508 0.2032 4 X 6 mesh P cm. H2O/m 2.08 11.67 4 X 8 mesh P cm. H2O/m 2.67 15

The pressure drop through a particle bed can be used to determine the external surface area and the average particle size. Data for a bed of crushed ore particles show P/L = 1900.13 KPa/m for airflow at superficial velocity of 0.00457 m/s. the measured void fraction is 0.47, and the estimated sphericity s=0.7. Calculate the average particle size and the surface area per unit mass if solid has a density of 4100 kg/m3. How sensitive is the answer to an error of 0.01 in ?