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Origins of Jazz and Rock & Roll

Vctor Ramrez Mario Espinosa Nathaniel Cano Marco Alvarado

Jazz
Development 19th century. It somehow evolved from African and black origin to the improvisation technique inside the music world.

Characteristics Just like African-American work songs have harmonic, rhythmic, and melodic characteristics, jazz has also a spontaneous, emotional, and improvisational character.

Jazz spread in the U.S. Jazz is generally thought to have begun in New Orleans, spreading to Chicago, Kansas City, New York City, and the West Coast.

Blues The blues, vocal and instrumental, was and is a vital component of jazz, which includes, roughly in order of appearance: ragtime; New Orleans or Dixieland jazz; swing; bop, or bebop; progressive, or cool, jazz; neo-bop, or hard-bop; third stream; mainstream modern; Latin-jazz; jazz-rock; and avant-garde or free jazz.

Looking very general at the theme, jazz was slow to win acceptance by the general public, not only because of its cultural origin, but also because it tended to suggest loose morals and low social status. However, jazz gained a wide audience when white orchestras adapted or imitated it, and became legitimate entertainment in the late 1930s when Benny Goodman led racially mixed groups in concerts, joining society as just one with a common taste in good music.

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Rock & Roll:

It is derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music. And since the mid-1960s, has been generally known as rock music. The etymology of rocking and rolling was originally used by mariners, to describe the combined rocking (fore and aft) and rolling (side to side) motion of a ship on the ocean, but it acquired sexual connotations on XIX century due to society stereotype of rock & and roll. "The first rock and roll record" Rock and roll emerged gradually from many artists' work over a number of years. It is claimed that many artists were the ones who recorded the first song. But still, no one is sure who was the first one. * Sister Rosetta Tharpe's "Strange Things Happening Every Day" (1944) * "Good Rockin' Tonight" by Roy Brown (1947) * "The Fat Man" by Fats Domino (1949) * Goree Carter's "Rock Awhile" (1949) * "Rock the Joint" by Jimmy Preston (1949) * "Rocket 88" either Jackie Brenston's original, recorded on March 5, 1951 * "Crazy Man, Crazy" by Bill Haley & His Comets (1953) * Bill Haley's "Rock Around the Clock" (recorded on April 12, 1954) * Elvis Presley's "That's All Right" (recorded in July 1954) The 1992 book What Was the First Rock'n'Roll Record by Jim Dawson and Steve Propes discusses 50 contenders, from Illinois Jacquet's "Blues, Part 2" (1944) to Elvis Presley's "Heartbreak Hotel" (1956), without reaching a definitive conclusion. Rock and roll music emerged from the wide variety of musical genres that existed in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century, among different ethnic and social groups. Each genre developed over time through changing fashion and innovation, and each one exchanged ideas and stylistic elements with all the others.

25/04/2013 The greatest contribution came from the musical traditions of America's black population, with an ancient heritage of oral storytelling through music of African origin, usually with strong rhythmic elements, with frequent use of "blue notes" and often using a "call and response" vocal pattern. African music was modified through the experience of slavery, and through contact with white musical styles such as the folk ballad, and instruments, such as the Spanish guitar. New styles of secular music emerged among black Americans in the early twentieth century, in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music. The music also benefited from the development of new amplification and electronic recording techniques from the 1930s onwards, including the invention of the electric guitar, first recorded as a virtuoso instrument by Charlie Christian. In 1938, promoter and record producer John H. Hammond staged the first "From Spirituals to Swing" concert in New York City, to highlight black musical styles. It featured pianist Pete Johnson and singer Big Joe Turner.

Common Genres (styles) of Jazz:

Classic Jazz: Small band music (4 members) named quartets. Swing: 1930s, big bands, characterized by the use of trumpets. Big image: Frank Sinatra. Chicago Style: Mainly recognized by the improvisation and originality. Big image: Benny Goodman. Cool: Influenced by surf rock, it has the Los Angeles influence, also called west coast jazz. Bossa Nova (Latin Jazz): Mainly known by the mixture between Brazilian samba and fast jazz. Big image: Antonio Carlos Jobim Soul Jazz: Combination of folk, blues and jazz. Acid Jazz: Focuses on instrumental, not on lyrics, with a strong combination of funk, hip hop and jazz. Smooth jazz: Leaves behind the energetic solos, and brings calm to the pace rhythm. Jazz rap: A successful attempt of combining African- American music with the New Orleans style.

Not as Common as Before:

Ragtime: Huge improvisation, fast pace rhythm and African influence. New Orleans Style: One of the first jazz styles, later on overshadowed bye other styles and subgenres. Big image: Louis Armstrong. Hot jazz: Gypsy Jazz: Spanish influence, not such an acceptance in the jazz community.

25/04/2013 Bebop: Mainly was the se of saxophone improvisation, with a marked beat. Big image: Charlie Parker Vocalese: Today known as acapella, but was sometimes followed by a rhythm. Nina Simone Hard bop: An extension of bebop that combined fast, marked pace with the west coast style. M-Base: Was the black movement in jazz, giving a strong pace rhythm to the songs and marking saxo-solos. John Coltrane. Fusion: Combined jazz with some rock rhythms, was not well accepted by either of the two sides. Groove: Played in order for people to dance, expressing emotions.

John Coltrane
John William Coltrane, also known as "Trane", (September 23, 1926 July 17, 1967[1]) was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. Coltrane helped pioneer the use of modes in jazz and later was at the forefront of free jazz. He organized at least fifty recording sessions as a leader during his recording career, and appeared as a sideman on many other albums, notably with trumpeter Miles Davis and pianist Thelonious Monk. Coltrane and his music took on an increasingly spiritual dimension. His second wife was pianist Alice Coltrane and their son Ravi Coltrane is also a saxophonist. Coltrane influenced innumerable musicians, and remains one of the most significant saxophonists in jazz history. He received many posthumous awards and recognitions, including canonization by the African Orthodox Church as Saint John William Coltrane. In 2007, Coltrane was awarded the Pulitzer Prize Special Citation for his "masterful improvisation, supreme musicianship and iconic centrality to the history of jazz."

Frank Sinatra
Francis Albert "Frank" Sinatra, (December 12, 1915 May 14, 1998) was an American singer and film actor. Beginning his musical career in the swing era with Harry James and Tommy Dorsey, Sinatra found unprecedented success as a solo artist from the early to mid-1940s after being signed to Columbia Records in 1943. Being the idol of the "bobby soxers", he released his first album, The Voice of Frank Sinatra in 1946. His professional career had stalled by the 1950s, but it was reborn in 1953 after he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in From Here to Eternity. He signed with Capitol Records in 1953 and released

25/04/2013 several critically lauded albums (such as In the Wee Small Hours, Songs for Swingin' Lovers!, Come Fly with Me, Only the Lonely and Nice 'n' Easy). Sinatra left Capitol to found his own record label, Reprise Records in 1961 (finding success with albums such as Ring-a-Ding-Ding!, Sinatra at the Sands and Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim), toured internationally, was a founding member of the Rat Pack and fraternized with celebrities and statesmen, including John F. Kennedy. Sinatra turned 50 in 1965, recorded the retrospective September of My Years, starred in the Emmy-winning television special Frank Sinatra: A Man and His Music, and scored hits with "Strangers in the Night" and "My Way".With sales of his music dwindling and after appearing in several poorly received films, Sinatra retired for the first time in 1971. Two years later, however, he came out of retirement and in 1973 recorded several albums, scoring a Top 40 hit with "(Theme From) New York, New York" in 1980. Using his Las Vegas shows as a home base, he toured both within the United States and internationally, until a short time before his death in 1998. Sinatra also forged a highly successful career as a film actor. After winning Best Supporting Actor in 1953, he also garnered a nomination for Best Actor for The Man with the Golden Arm, and critical acclaim for his performance in The Manchurian Candidate.

Miles Davis
Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26, 1926 September 28, 1991) was an American jazz musician, trumpeter, bandleader, and composer. Widely considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century, Miles Davis was, with his musical groups, at the forefront of several major developments in jazz music, including bebop, cool jazz, hard bop, modal jazz, and jazz fusion. Miles Davis was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2006.[4] Davis was noted as "one of the key figures in the history of jazz".[4] On October 7, 2008, his 1959 album Kind of Blue received its fourth platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for shipments of at least four million copies in the United States.[5] On December 15, 2009, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a symbolic resolution recognizing and commemorating the album Kind of Blue on its 50th anniversary, "honoring the masterpiece and reaffirming jazz as a national treasure."

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Billie Holiday
Billie Holiday (born Eleanora Fagan April 7, 1915 July 17, 1959) was an American jazz singer and songwriter. Nicknamed "Lady Day" by her friend and musical partner Lester Young, Holiday had a seminal influence on jazz and pop singing. Her vocal style, strongly inspired by jazz instrumentalists, pioneered a new way of manipulating phrasing and tempo. Critic John Bush wrote that Holiday "changed the art of American pop vocals forever." She co-wrote only a few songs, but several of them have become jazz standards, notably "God Bless the Child", "Don't Explain", "Fine and Mellow", and "Lady Sings the Blues". She also became famous for singing "Easy Living", "Good Morning Heartache", and "Strange Fruit", a protest song which became one of her standards and was made famous with her 1939 recording. Music critic Robert Christgau called her "uncoverable, possibly the greatest singer of the century".

Benny Goodman
Benjamin David Goodman (Chicago, May 30, 1909 - New York, June 13, 1986), known as Benny Goodman, was a clarinetist and an American bandleader of jazz. Known as the King of Swing, is, along with Glenn Miller and Count Basie, the most popular representative of this style jazz and initiator of the called swing era. One of his most famous songs is "Sing, Sing, Sing (with a swing)" as used in multiple soundtracks, plays and musicals.

Nina Simone
Eunice Kathleen Waymon (February 21, 1933 April 21, 2003), better known by her stage name Nina Simone, was an American singer, songwriter, pianist, arranger, and civil rights activist widely associated with jazz music. Simone aspired to become a classical pianist while working in a broad range of styles including classical, jazz, blues, folk, R&B, gospel, and pop. Born the sixth child of a

25/04/2013 preacher's family in North Carolina, Simone aspired to be a concert pianist. Her musical path changed direction after she was denied a scholarship to the prestigious Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, despite a wellreceived audition. Simone was later told by someone working at Curtis that she was rejected because she was black. When she began playing in a small club in Philadelphia to fund her continuing musical education and become a classical pianist she was required to sing as well. She was approached for a recording by Bethlehem Records, and her rendering of "I Loves You, Porgy" was a hit in the United States in 1958. Over the length of her career Simone recorded more than 40 albums, mostly between 1958 when she made her debut with Little Girl Blue and 1974.

Ella Fitzgerald
Ella Fitzgerald (April 25, 1917 June 15, 1996), also known as the "First Lady of Song", "Queen of Jazz", and "Lady Ella", was an American jazz vocalist with a vocal range spanning three octaves (D3 to D6). She was noted for her purity of tone, impeccable diction, phrasing and intonation, and a "horn-like" improvisational ability, particularly in her scat singing.Fitzgerald was a notable interpreter of the Great American Songbook. Over the course of her 59-year recording career, she sold 40 million copies of her 70 plus albums, won 13 Grammy Awards and was awarded the National Medal of Arts by Ronald Reagan and the Presidential Medal of Freedom by George H. W. Bush.

Louis Armstrong
Louis Armstrong (August 4, 1901 July 6, 1971), nicknamed Satchmo or Pops, was an American jazz trumpeter and singer from New Orleans, Louisiana. Coming to prominence in the 1920s as an "inventive" trumpet and cornet player, Armstrong was a foundational influence in jazz, shifting the focus of the music from collective improvisation to solo performance. With his instantly-recognizable gravelly voice, Armstrong was also an influential singer, demonstrating great dexterity as an improviser, bending the lyrics and melody of a song for expressive purposes. He was also skilled at

25/04/2013 scat singing (vocalizing using sounds and syllables instead of actual lyrics).Renowned for his charismatic stage presence and voice almost as much as for his trumpet-playing, Armstrong's influence extends well beyond jazz music, and by the end of his career in the 1960s, he was widely regarded as a profound influence on popular music in general. Armstrong was one of the first truly popular African-American entertainers to "cross over", whose skin-color was secondary to his music in an America that was severely racially divided. He rarely publicly politicized his race, often to the dismay of fellow African-Americans, but took a well-publicized stand for desegregation during the Little Rock Crisis. His artistry and personality allowed him socially acceptable access to the upper echelons of American society that were highly restricted for a black man.

Charlie Parker
Charles "Charlie" Parker, Jr. (August 29, 1920 March 12, 1955), also known as "Yardbird" and "Bird", was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. Miles Davis once said, "You can tell the history of jazz in four words: Louis Armstrong. Charlie Parker." Parker acquired the nickname "Yardbird" early in his career and the shortened form, "Bird", which continued to be used for the rest of his life, inspired the titles of a number of Parker compositions, such as "Yardbird Suite", "Ornithology", "Bird Gets the Worm", and "Bird of Paradise." Parker was a highly influential jazz soloist and a leading figure in the development of bebop, a form of jazz characterized by fast tempos, virtuosic technique, and improvisation. Parker introduced revolutionary harmonic ideas, including rapid passing chords, new variants of altered chords, and chord substitutions. His tone ranged from clean and penetrating to sweet and somber. Many Parker recordings demonstrate his virtuoso playing style and complex melodic lines, sometimes combining jazz with other musical genres, including blues, Latin, and classical. Parker was an icon for the hipster subculture and later the Beat Generation, personifying the jazz musician as an uncompromising artist and intellectual, rather than an entertainer.

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Rock Legends

Jimi Hendrix (1942 1970)

James Marshall Hendrix was born in Seattle. There is not much to say about Jimi Hendrix apart from the fact that he is widely considered to be the greatest guitarist in musical history. He popularized the wah-wah pedal and he used high bends, legato, stereophonic phasing effects and complex guitar playing. He was inducted into the US Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. Jimi Hendrix has a dedicated star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Jimi owned and used many guitars but his personal favorite was a Fender Stratocaster. Hendrix occasionally used right-handed guitars, turned upside down and restrung for left-hand playing. Jimi Hendrix died in 1970 due to consumption of pills. However, James Wright, a roadie of the Animals rock band, published a book in 2009 claiming that his manager Mike Jeffery had killed Hendrix due to contractual disagreements.

Brian May
Brian Harold May was born in London in 1947 and he is the founder of the rock band Queen. Funnily enough he is also a well-known astrophysicist (he is appointed Chancellor of Liverpool John Moores University). Brian May has also been made Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his contribution to music. His flamboyant guitar playing made him being globally noticed even though he was performing next to one of the most gifted front men, Freddie Mercury. Brian mostly performed with his custom made guitar Red Special but also favored Gibson Les Paul Deluxe, Fender Stratocaster Pre-CBS and Ovation Pacemaker 12-string. Brian currently owns a company that manufactures guitars that are modeled after his very own Red Special.

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Jimmy Page
The dark lord James Patrick Page was born in Middlesex in 1944. He began his career as a session musician (for the Kinks, the Everly Brothers and more) and became a member of the Yardbirds from 1966 to 1968. Following the Yardbirds, Jimmy Page formed Led Zeppelin, the most famous hard rock band of the 70s. The technical authority and exotic reach of Jimmys playing together with his iron riffs made Led Zeppelin one of the most successful rock bands ever. Jimmy Page is also famous for his interest in the occult, especially in the works of Aleister Crowley. In the early 70's, Page owned an occult bookshop and small publishing house. Jimmy Page recorded most of Led Zeppelins LPs playing his Gibson Les Paul. However, he was occasionally using Fender Telecasters, Stratocasters, a Danelectro, a Vox 12string and a Harmony Sovereign. Jimmy Page has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, one in 1992 (The Yardbirds) and one in 1995 (Led Zeppelin).

Jack White
Jack White (born John Anthony Gillis, 9 July 1975), often credited as Jack White III, is an American musician, singer-songwriter, record producer, multiinstrumentalist and occasional actor. He was best known as the vocalist, guitarist and pianist of The White Stripes until they split in February 2011, as well as a vocalist and guitarist for The Raconteurs and the drummer of The Dead Weather. White released his debut solo album,Blunderbuss, on April 24, 2012. He is ranked No. 70 on Rolling Stone's list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". White's popular and critical success with The White Stripes enabled him to collaborate as a solo artist with other renowned musicians, such as Beck, The Rolling Stones, Jeff Beck, Alicia Keys, Bob Dylan, Electric Six, Insane Clown Posse, and Loretta Lynn, whose 2004 album Van Lear Rose he produced and performed on. In 2006, White became a founding member of the rock band The Raconteurs. In 2009, he

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became a founding member and drummer of his third commercially successful group, The Dead Weather. He was awarded the title of "Nashville Music City Ambassador" by the Nashville mayor Karl Dean in 2011.