SEV353 Group Project Report

Deakin University
This project report provides analysis of a Continuous Beam and a Concrete Mix Design for a beam.

Salehadin Abdella Busiku Silenga Joshua Fary Danny Lolicato

211338205 210037589 211297747 210663403

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table Of Figures ................................................................................................................................................................ 2 1. 2. Scope of Project ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 Properties and Critical Design Components ................................................................................................ 4 2.1 2.2 2.3 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4 4.1 4.2 5 6 General Properties ........................................................................................................................................ 4 Material Properties........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Exposure Class & Cover .............................................................................................................................. 6 General............................................................................................................................................................... 7 Dead Loads ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 Live Loads......................................................................................................................................................... 7 Load Combinations ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Beam Analysis.................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Floor Plan ......................................................................................................................................................... 8

Loads & Combination Load Cases .................................................................................................................... 6

Beam Sections and Floor Plan ........................................................................................................................... 7

Concrete Mix Design ........................................................................................................................................... 10 Beam Analysis ....................................................................................................................................................... 13 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 General............................................................................................................................................................ 13 Loads & Load Summary Sketch ............................................................................................................ 13 Shear Force Diagram ................................................................................................................................ 14 Bending Moment Force Diagram ......................................................................................................... 14 Torsion Force Diagram ............................................................................................................................ 16

References............................................................................................................................................................... 17

TABLE OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2.1-1 AUSTRALIAN CLIMATIC CLASSES ............................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. FIGURE 2.2-1 TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF NORMAL STRENGTH PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE ........................... 4 FIGURE 2.2-2 - COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES BETWEEN CONCRETE AND REINFORCING STEEL .......................... 5 FIGURE 2.2-3 - PROPERTIES OF 32MPA STANDARD GRADE CONCRETE ................................................................. 5 FIGURE 2.2-4 - CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF 500N STANDARD GRADE REBAR .............................................. 6 FIGURE 3.4-1 LOAD COMBINATION CALCULATIONS ................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
FIGURE 2.1-1- DETAILED FLOOR PLAN FOR OFFICE BUILDING...........................................................................8

FIGURE 4.1-2 Floor Plans with columns shown. 8

FIGURE 4.1-3 CROSS SECTION OF BEAM....................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. FIGURE 4.2-1- DETAILED FLOOR PLAN FOR OFFICE BUILDING ............................................................................... 8 FIGURE 5-1- FINE AGGREGATE TABLE............................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. FIGURE 5-2- REQUIRED MATERIALS FOR CUBIC METER BATCH OF CONCRETE ................................................... 12 FIGURE 6.1-1 SELECTED CONTINUOUS BEAM ................................................................................................... 13 FIGURE 6.2-1 FREE BODY DIAGRAM OF WORST CASE LOAD COMBINATION ON BEAM ................................... 13 FIGURE 6.3-1 SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM .............................................................................................................. 14 FIGURE 6.4-1 AS3600 SECTION 6.10.2.2 ............................................................................................................ 14 FIGURE 6.4-2- AS3600 SECTION 6.10.2.3 .............................................................................................................. 15 FIGURE 6.4-3 BENDING MOMENT CALCULATIONS ............................................................................................ 15 FIGURE 6.4-4 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM .................................................................................................... 15

1. SCOPE OF PROJECT

The design team is required to analyse and create a reinforced concrete design package which includes a detailed beam analysis and a concrete mix design for a beam inside an office tower on the 11th floor to be incorporated into a multi-storey twin tower building as part of a new development. The design team will deliver a comprehensive analysis for a continuous beam and slab panel as part of an office tower design along with a suitable concrete mix design. The individuals as part of the design team will then design and detail a two-way reinforced concrete slab element and a continuous reinforced concrete beam element. All designs delivered to the client will meet all relevant Australian Standards for Reinforced Concrete Design. Also factors such as safety, strength, ductility, cost and aesthetics are all considered during the design. We have provided detailed engineering drawings showing the dimensions of the floor, beam, column and wall placement with details of spacings, gridlines, and the selected beam(s) for simplistic analysis. Also we assume the construction location as Geelong city (temperate climatic zone refer to figure 1) and a design life of 50 years (Buildings and other common structures).

Figure 1; Australian Climatic Classes

2. PROPERTIES AND CRITICAL DESIGN COMPONENTS

2.1 GENERAL PROPERTIES
Construction material choice is almost entirely governed by the properties of the material. The properties of concrete which govern the design of a concrete mix include its strength, durability, workability and economy. Some of concretes most important properties include its strength and durability. It has the ability to gain strength over time; its structure is not weakened due to moisture or mould and if properly designed it has the ability to withstand natural disasters like earthquakes. Another important property of concrete is its versatility, being able to be used for nearly any type of construction work possible, for example buildings, bridges etc. Perhaps one of its most important properties is its affordability and easy accessibility. In an age where environmental sustainability plays a vital role in the construction industry concrete is a choice material because of its low life-cycle CO2 emissions, 80% of buildings CO2 emissions are generated not by the production of the materials used in its construction, but in the electric utilities of the building over its life-cycle [1.world business council for sustainable development]. Another key property of concrete is the fact that it is low maintenance and does not lose its key properties over time. Concrete is fire resistant, this is an effective barrier in the spread of fire in buildings and finally the thermal mass property of concrete slows passage of heat moving through, reducing the need for heating or air conditioning [1.world business council for sustainable development].The following table gives a general summary of concretes material strength properties [2.engineering toolbox].

Density Compressive Strength Flexural Strength Tensile Strength Modulus of elasticity Permeability Coefficient of thermal expansion Drying Shrinkage Drying shrinkage of reinforced concrete Poissons ratio Shear Strength Specific Heat Capacity

2240 - 2400 kg/m3 20 - 40 MPa 3 - 5 MPa 2 - 5 MPa 14000 - 41000 MPa 1 x 10-10 cm/sec 10-5 oC-1 (5.5 x 10-6 oF-1) 4 - 8 x 10-4 2 - 3 x 10-4 0.20 - 0.21 6 - 17 MPa 0.75 kJ/kg

FIGURE 2.1-1 TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF NORMAL STRENGTH PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

Property Strength in Tension Strength in Compression Strength Shear Durability

Concrete Poor Good Fair Good

Steel Good Good, but slender bars buckle Good Corrodes if unprotected.

Fire Resistance

Good

Poor - rapid loss of strength at high temperatures when unprotected.

FIGURE 2.1-2 - COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES BETWEEN CONCRETE AND REINFORCING STEEL

2.2 MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF DESIGN COMPONENTS

Based on 28 days of curing the material properties of our designed reinforced concrete specified according to the AS 3600 standards are summarised in table 3 and 4 below, noting also that the value of imposed floor actions namely uniformly distributed actions and concentrated actions is 3.0KPa and 2.7KN respectively [refer Table 3.1 AS/NZS 1170.0,1:2002] and weight of concrete per cubic meter is 24KN/m3 [refer to table A1 AS/NZS 1170.1:2002 Unit weights of materials and construction]. Minimum Compressive strength fc (MPa) 25 MPa Based on A2 Exposure classification [Refer table 4.4 AS3600-2009 Minimum strength and curing requirements for concrete] [refer to table 3.1.2 AS 36002009 Concrete properties at 28 days] [refer to table 3.1.2 AS 36002009 Concrete properties at 28 days] [refer Table A.1 Design of Concrete Structure Design Aids] [refer Table A.1 Design of Concrete Structure Design Aids]

Mean in-situ compressive strength fc mi(MPa) Modulus of Elasticity Ec(MPa) Ec=0.043wc1.5 Flexural Tensile Strength fct.f (MPa) fct.f=0.6 Uniaxial Tensile Strength fct (MPa) fct.f=0.36 Coefficient of thermal expansion

28 MPa 26700 MPa 3.0 MPa 1.8 MPa 10x10^(-6)/oc

FIGURE 0-1 - PROPERTIES OF 32MPA STANDARD GRADE CONCRETE

Note: fc=25 (MPa) selected in the table is the minimum value, we will be able to nominate a greater grade value such as fc =32MPa for our concrete mix design, taking into account strength considerations. Note-D500N Deformed Bar is selected for reinforcement.

Min. Yield Strength fsy (MPa)

500 MPa

[Refer Table 9.1 Notation for commonly-Available reinforcement-Reinforcement 5

detailing handbook] Shear Modulus(MPa) Youngs Modulus(MPa) Min. Tensile Strength(MPa) Elongation at maximum force Coefficient of thermal expansion Poisons ratio 77000MPa 200000MPa 675 (MPa) 5% 12 x 10^-6 oC. 0.3 General for all reinforcement steels AS4671:2001 AS4671:2001

FIGURE 0-2 - CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF 500N STANDARD GRADE REBAR

1.1 EXPOSURE CLASS & COVER

Cover and exposure class (minimum standards set by the AS 3600) are important in durability and fire resistance design. Cover is particularly important to ensure that the stresses in steel and concrete can be transferred to one another by bond [Reinforcement Detailing Handbook].In our design case, based on our assumed location we select an exposure classification of A2 (nonresidential, temperate climate) [refer to table 4.3 AS3600-2009-Exposure classifications].Based on the selected characteristic strength of our concrete(fc) which is 32MPa [refer to table 4.4 AS3600-2009- Minimum Strength and Curing Requirements for Concrete). fc was chosen as 32MPa and not 25MPa which is the minimum strength is due to constraints outlined in the design brief. The exposure classification of A2 the required cover is 25mm[refer table 4.10.3.2 AS36002009 Required Cover Where Standard Formwork and Compaction are Used] but in this case we have chosen a cover of 30mm.

2. LOADS & COMBINATION LOAD CASES

2.1 GENERAL
Determination of loads on a structure can be a complex task. Loads are mostly classified into dead loads (Dead Loads=Self weight + imposed dead load) and live loads (Imposed). The magnitudes of these loads are hard to determine and design values are dependent on intended use of the structure, for analysis we generally use concentrated loads, line loads and distributed loads.

2.2 DEAD LOADS

The bulk density of concrete used for calculating self-weight of elements of structures and stored materials is 24KN/m3 [refer to table A1 AS/NZS 1170.0, 1:2002 Unit Weight of Materials and construction].Dead Loads= Self weight + imposed dead load (Ceilings [Portland cement plaster]

+ floors [Cinder-concrete filling]) Dead Load(Gk) =24 + 0.29 + 0.43 =24.72 KN/m2 2.3 LIVE LOADS
Live Loads that are applicable to the beams the design team are analysing in this project are calculated using Table 3.1 in AS/NZS 1170 Reference Value of Imposed Floor Actions; which states that the standard load for a General Use Office Tower is 3kPa for uniformly distributed loads and 2.7KN for concentrated actions[refer Table 3.1 AS/NZS 1170.0,1:2002].. We multiply this standard load by the support area calculated for each beam section and this gives us the Live Load. Live Load = Support Area (m2 From AutoCAD) * 3kPa (from table) and then divided by the length of the beam to find the load per metre.

2.4 LOAD COMBINATION

From Section 4.2.2 in AS/NZS 1170 the load combination is determined by the equation 1.2G+1.5Q (where G is Dead Loads and Q is Live Loads) Section of Beam 3 Length (m)
(from AutoCAD)

Support Area (m2)

(from AutoCAD)

Live Loads (kN/m) (Q)

(support area*3)/Length

Dead Loads (kN/m) (G)

(24*(Volume of Beam + Volume of Slab))

Total Load (kN/m)

(1.2G + 1.5Q)

B3.1 B3.2 B3.3 B3.4 B3.5 B3.6

5.97 4.02 4.59 4.53 4.5 5.5

10.95 8.1 13.1 12.81 10.17 11.27

5.50 6.04 8.56 8.48 6.78 6.15

43.74 33.48 51.48 50.436 40.932 44.892

60.74 49.24 74.62 73.25 59.29 63.09

4 BEAM SECTIONS AND FLOOR PLAN

4.1

FLOOR PLAN

FIGURE 4.1-1- DETAILED FLOOR PLAN FOR OFFICE BUILDING

FIGURE 4.1-2 Selected Continuous Beam 8

FIGURE 4.1-2 Floor Plans with columns shown

FIGURE 4.1-3 Floor Plans with beams and dimensions shown 9

5 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

Concrete Mix Design Step 1; Strength Requirements Required average compressive strength fcr is determined as the larger value obtained from equations; fcr = fc + 1.34s = 35.22 fcr = fc + 2.33s 3.45 = 34.14 Therefore choosing the larger value; fcr =35.22 Step 2; Water-Cement Ratio Requirements For our non-air-entrained concrete (strength above 31MPa) with compressive strength at 28days having a value of 35MPa, we select a water-cement ratio (w/c) by weight value of 0.48 (refer to table 7.1 Design of concrete structure design aids/tables & charts for concrete mix design). Note: Table 7.1 is used to determine the water-cement ration because no historical records are present for use in our project. Step 3; Coarse aggregate requirements 25mm < 1/5 (300mm) minimum dimensions 25 mm <3/4 (40 mm) rebar spacing 25 mm <3/4 (40mm) rebar cover 25mm aggregate size corresponds to a nominal maximum aggregate size of 19mm. 1/5*300 = 60 > 19 *40 = 30 > 19 *40 = 30 > 19 Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable

Sizes satisfy dimension requirements, however 25mm aggregate is more suitable as it provides a more suitable mix. Assuming fineness modulus of 2.60 for the fine aggregate and the nominated nominal size of 19mm, the volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete is 0.64m3/m3 (refer to table 7.5 Design of concrete structure design aids/tables & charts for concrete mix design) Therefore; Dry unit weight of coarse aggregate = (1652) (0.64) = 1160 kg/ m 3 Coarse aggregate = 1057.28kg/ m 3 Step 4; Air content

10

Since we are analysing an office space on the 11th floor we expect moderate exposure, that is some freezing occurs, but concrete is not exposed to moisture or free water for long periods prior to freezing and concrete is not exposed to deicing salts. Therefore using our nominal aggregate size of 19mm and moderate exposure ,our target air content will be 5% and our job range=4% to 7% base (Job specifications should be specified for moderate exposure).therefore we will design using 6%. Step 5; Workability Slump range is 25mm to 100mm (refer to table 7.7 Design of concrete structure design aids/tables & charts for concrete mix design).We will use 75mm in our design. Step 6; Water Content Based on our project specifications, 19mm aggregate with air entrainment and 75 mm slump, water= 184kg/m3 for angular aggregates. Since we have gravel with crushed particles, we reduce water by 21 kg/m3. Therefore required water = 184-21=163kg/m3. Step 7; Cementing Materials Content We assume Water cement ratio=0.48, Water=163kg/m3, Cement=Water/water-cement ratio Cement= 163/0.48 = 340kg/m3 <320kg/m3 (therefore design is OK)(minimum requirements of cementing materials, table 7.9 Design of concrete structure design aids/tables & charts for concrete mix design). Step 8; Admixture requirements No admixture is required for this design. STEP 9; Fine Aggregates Requirements V fine aggregate= 1- V water - V cement - V coarse aggregate - V air Therefore; V water =163/ (1 x 1000) = 0.163 m3/m3 (Water specific gravity=1) V cement= 340/ (3.15 x 10000) = 0.108 m3/m3 (Water specific gravity=3.15) V coarse aggregate=1057.28/ (2.63 x 1000) = 0.402m3/m3 V air = 6% =0.06m3/m3 Subtotal volume = 0.733m3/m3 V fine aggregate=1-0.733 = 0.267m3/m3 Fine aggregate dry weight = 0.267 x 2.572 x 1000 = 686.724Kg/m3

Step 10; Moisture Corrections 11

Coarse aggregate: Need 1057.28kg/m3 in dry condition, therefore we increase by 1.5% for moisture content. Moist coarse aggregate =1057.28 x 1.015 =1073.14kg/m3 Fine aggregate needed is 686.724kg/m3 in dry condition, therefore we increase by 4% for moisture content Moist fine aggregate = 686.72 x 1.04 = 714.19kg/m3 Water: Reduce for free water on aggregates =163 1057.28 (0.015-0.004) - 686.72(0.04-0.008) =130Kg/m3 Summary Batch Ingredients Required (1m3 PCC) Water Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate Admixture 130Kg 340Kg 714.19Kg 1073.14Kg N/A

FIGURE 5-1- REQUIRED MATERIALS FOR CUBIC METER BATCH OF CONCRETE

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6 BEAM ANALYSIS
6.1 GENERAL

FIGURE 6.1-1 SELECTED CONTINUOUS BEAM

6.2

LOADS & LOAD SUMMARY SKETCH

FIGURE 6.2-1 FREE BODY DIAGRAM OF WORST CASE LOAD COMBINATION ON BEAM

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6.3

SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

FIGURE 6.3-1 SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

6.4

BENDING MOMENT FORCE DIAGRAM

FIGURE 6.4-1 AS3600 SECTION 6.10.2.2

Negative Design Moment is calculated using the formulas above extracted from AS 3600 section 6.10.2.2. The formula that is suited to our design project is (c)(i):For beams where the support is a column. FdLn2/16 (where Fd is the uniformly distributed design load per unit length of the beam and Ln is the length of the beam). 14

FIGURE 6.4-2- AS3600 SECTION 6.10.2.3

Positive Design Moment is calculated using the formulas above extracted from AS 3600 section 6.10.2.3. The formula that is suited to our design project is (b) interior spans for Ductility Class N. FdLn2/16 (where Fd is the uniformly distributed design load per unit length of the beam and Ln is the length of the beam). Section of Beam 3 Uniform distributed Load (kN/m)
Fd Ln

Length of Beam (m)

Negative Design Moment (kNm) (FdLn2/16)

Positive Design Moment (kNm) (FdLn2/16) 135.31 49.74 98.26 93.95 75.04 119.28

Transverse Design Shear Force (kNm) (FdLn/2) 181.31 98.98 171.25 165.91 133.40 173.50

B3.1 B3.2 B3.3 B3.4 B3.5 B3.6

60.74 49.24 74.62 73.25 59.29 63.09

5.97 4.02 4.59 4.53 4.50 5.50

-135.31 -49.74 -98.26 -93.95 -75.04 -119.28

FIGURE 6.4-3 BENDING MOMENT CALCULATIONS

FIGURE 6.4-4 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

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6.5

TORSION FORCE DIAGRAM

16

7 REFERENCES
Al-Ameri, 2013, Lectures WK1 WK5, Deakin University, retrieved 26th July 2013< https://d2l.deakin.edu.au/d2l/le/content/171176/Home?itemIdentifier=TOC> Foster, Kilpatrick & Warner, 2010, Reinforced Concrete Basics: 2nd Edition, Pearson Education Australia, Australia Mamlouk & Zaniewski, 2010, Material for Civil and Construction Engineers: 3rd Edition, Pearson Education Inc., New Jersey Neville, 2010, Concrete Technology:2nd Edition, Pearson Education Limited, United Kingdom Standards Australia, 2013, AS 3600-2009(Incorporating Amendment Nos 1 and 2) Concrete Structures, Standards Australia, retrieved 24th July 2013 <http://www.saiglobal.com/online/autologin.asp> Standards Australia, 2011, AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 (Incorporating Amendments Nos 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) Structural Design Actions Part 0: General Principles, Standards Australia, retrieved 24th July 2013< http://www.saiglobal.com/online/autologin.asp> Standards Australia, 2009, AS/NZS 1170.1:2002 (Incorporating Amendment Nos 1 and 2) Structural Design Actions Part 1: Permanent, Impose and Other Actions, Standards Australia, retrieved 24th July 2013 <http://www.saiglobal.com/online/autologin.asp> Steel Reinforcement Institute of Australia (SIRA), 2012, Recommended Practice: Reinforcement Detailing Handbook for Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete, Concrete Institute of Australia, Sydney

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