Calvin EJ R. Bautista 1D-PH I.

SN 6

2) Stems of the first land plants functioned primarily as transport and support structures. Modern stems have these functions also, plus several more. Describe the additional functions. Stems of modern flowering plants have additional roles. They produce leaves and hold them in sunlight, and during winter, they store sugars and other nutrients, such as the sugary sap of maples. Stems also serve for survival: Underground bulbs and corms remain alive when above-ground leaves die. Stems of many species are means of dispersal. They spread as runner or vines, or pieces break off and are carried by animals or water to new areas were the sprout roots and grow into new plants.

4) Early angiosperms diversified into several groups that are known as _________ ________ , _____, and _____. Name three examples of plants within each line of evolution. Basal angiosperms, eudicots, and monocots ; Basal angiosperms: Waterlilies, Magnolias, and Laurels; Eudicots: Roses, Asters, Maples; Monocots:Cattails, palms, philodendrons

6) The body of an herb contains just three basic parts. What are they? It is covered with what? Root, stems and leaves; Trichomes

8) What are the important differences between Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma cells based on its cell wall. Parenchyma: Thin primary walls. Typically alive at maturity and has many functions Collenchyma: Unevenly thickened primary walls. Typically alive at maturity. Provide plastic support. Sclerenchyma: Primary walls plus secondary walls. Many dead at maturity. Provides elastic support and some (Tracheary elements) are involved in water transport.

10) It is said that parenchyma cells are relatively inexpensive to build. What does this mean? How does this relate to most leaves being soft? Parenchyma cells are relatively inexpensive to build because little glucose is expended in constructing the cellulose and hemicelluloses of such thin walls. Most parenchyma cell walls are only 80 to 100 nm thick, with just 5 to 10 layers of cellulose microfibrils, thus, making the leaves soft.

12) Like clay, walls of collenchymas exhibit plasticity? Does that mean it can or cannot be stretched? If a tissue is supported by collenchymas, can it still grow? It can be stretched. Yes, it can still grow.

14) What are the two types of mechanical, nonconducting sclerenchyma? Which tends to be flexible and useful in wood? Which tends to be brittle and inflexible, useful in pits and stones that protect seeds? There are two types of mechanical sclerenchyma namely: Sclereids and Fibers. Fibers tend to be more useful in wood. Sclereids tend to be brittle and inflexible but useful in pits and stones that protect seeds.

16) The point where a leaf is attached to a stem is called __________. Just above this point is a __________. Nodes; Leaf axil

18) The bud is covered by small, corky, waxy _______ that protects the delicate organs inside. At the extreme tip of each stem is a __________. Bud scales; Terminal bud

20) What is a Phyllotaxy? Why is it important? Corn and irises have two rows of leaves. This is known as __________ phyllotaxy. Phyllotaxy is the arrangement of leaves and auxiliary buds on the stem. It is important in positioning the leaves so that they do not shade each other.

22) When you look at a head of a cabbage or lettuce, what are you seeing? Where is the stem? All you can see is a spherical or elongated shaped that is wrapped with its leaves. When you cut it, you will be able to see the stem which is located at the bottom part of the vegetable. It is a bit dense and hard.

24) What are the two types of mechanical, nonconducting sclerenchyma? Which tends to be flexible and useful in wood? Which tends to be brittle and inflexible, useful in pits and stones that protect seeds? There are two types of mechanical sclerenchyma namely: Sclereids and Fibers. Fibers tend to be more useful in wood. Sclereids tend to be brittle and inflexible but useful in pits and stones that protect seeds.

26) A stoma allows carbon dioxide to pass through the epidermis. What is the name of the two cells that control the opening and closing of a stoma? What is the name of the hole itself that carbon dioxide passes through? Guard cells; Stomatal pore

28) What is the technical term for a plant hair? What is the advantage for having a hairy leaf? Trichomes; Having a hairy leaf if advantageous since some of the hairs are irritating to the skin or mouth when swallowed or touched, thus, avoided by the animals to be eaten. It can be said that its for survival purpose.

30) As a young xylem cell matures into a tracheary element, it first must enter ___________ and stop _________. It is initially a small _______ cell, but after it reaches its full size and shape, it deposits a __________ wall. The xylem cell _____ and its protoplasm _______, leaving a ________ wall. Cell cycle, dividing, parenchyma, secondary, dies, hollow tubular

32) When you look at a head of a cabbage or lettuce, what are you seeing? Where is the stem? All you can see is a spherical or elongated shaped that is wrapped with its leaves. When you cut it, you will be able to see the stem which is located at the bottom part of the vegetable. It is a bit dense and hard.

34) It is said that parenchyma cells are relatively inexpensive to build. What does this mean? How does this relate to most leaves being soft? Parenchyma cells are relatively inexpensive to build because little glucose is expended in constructing the cellulose and hemicelluloses of such thin walls. Most parenchyma cell walls are only 80 to 100 nm thick, with just 5 to 10 layers of cellulose microfibrils, thus, making the leaves soft. 36) Like xylem, phloem has two types of conducting cells, ________ and _____ _____. The term _______ _______ refers to either one. Do these die like tracheary elements or do they need to remain alive in order to conduct? Sieve cells; Sieve tube members; Sieve element; They must remain alive in order to conduct.

38) What is the name of the holes that interconnect conducting cells in phloem, and what are groups of these holes called? Sieve pores; Sieve areas

40) Sieve elements lose their nuclei during development, but they must remain alive. What is the name of the cell associated with sieve cells? The one associated with sieve tube members? Sieve cells are associated with albuminous cells, and sieve tube members are controlled by companion cells

42) All vascular bundles are ______. That is, each contains both xylem and phloem. The xylem vascular bundle is ____xylem because it is part of the primary plant body. Collateral; primary

44) Describe plasmodesmata, pits, perforations, and sieve pores. Plasmodesmata Narrow holes in a primary wall, conataining some cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and a desmotubule. Pits In a sclerenchyma cell, an area where there is no secondary wall over the primary wall and material can pass into or out of the cell Perforations In a vessel element, the hole(s) where both primary and secondary walls are missing Sieve pores In sieve elements, the holes in the primary walls; sieve pores permit movement of phloem sap from one sieve element to another.

46) It is said that parenchyma cells are relatively inexpensive to build. What does this mean? How does this relate to most leaves being soft? Parenchyma cells are relatively inexpensive to build because little glucose is expended in constructing the cellulose and hemicelluloses of such thin walls. Most parenchyma cell walls are only 80 to 100 nm thick, with just 5 to 10 layers of cellulose microfibrils, thus, making the leaves soft.

48) Stems grow longer by creating new cells at their tips, in regions known as _______. Below this region, in the subapical meristem, the very first primary xylem to appear is called ______,

and cells that differentiate into xylem a little later, after they have grown larger, are called ________. Apical meristems; Protoxylem; Metaxylem