OFFSHORE TECBNOLOGY CO:NFERENCE

6200 North Central Expressway

Dallas, Texas 75206
THIS IS A PREPRINT --- SUBJECT TO
PAPER
NUMBER OTC 1355
The Effect of Axial Tension on Moment Carrying
Capacity of Line Pipe stressed
Beyond the Elastic Limit
By
J. C. Wilhoit, Jr. and J. E. Merwin, Rice U.
Copyright 1971
Offshore Technology Conference on behalf of American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and
Petrolaum EngineerB, Inc., The American Association of Petroleum Geologists, American Institute of
Chemical Engineers, American Societyof Civil Engineers, The American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc., Marine Technology Society,
Society Exploration Geophysicists, and Society of Naval Architects &Marine Engineers.
This paper was for presentation at the Third Annual Offshore Technology Conference
to be held in Houston, Tex., April 19-21, 1971. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract
of not more than 300 may not be copied. Such use of an abstract should
contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented.
INTRODUCTION
The question of pipe ovalization and its
effect on relationships in the
elastic case have been treated by Brazier
1
and
others.
2
-
4
The effect ofovalization in the
nonlinear (strain hardening) case has been
treated numerically by Ades.
5
Ades' analysis
employs the principle of least W9rk for the
cylindrical tube under pure bending when part
of the tube is beyond the elastic limit. The
tube "is allowed to assume that elliptical
cross-section which minimizes the strain energy.
Ades' analysis has been successfUlly employed
to predict resUlts which were obtained "
experimentally in pipe bending tests at Rice U.
Since tension is generally employed in
offshore pipeline laying operations, the
importance of this. effect on Ades' analysis is
worth investigating. The relationship between
the reduction inJTIaximum moment carrying
capacity as the axial tension is increased is
desired. The pipe is allowed to deform beyond
the elastic limit and the effect of pipe
ovalization is included. -
Review of Ades' Analysis
Consider the cylindrical pipe loaded as
shown in Fig. 1. Ahollow tube subjected to
pure bending is known to flatten and take on an
ovalled shape. The ovalled shape is assumed to
be elliptical (Fig. 2), and it is assumed that
References and illustrations at end of paper.
the circumferential deformation is inextentional
insofar as relating the elliptical cross-section
to the initial circUlar cross-section. Other
assumptions made by Ades are that the tube is
subjected to pure bending, it is long enollgh
that end effects may be ignored, and the
material is isotropic with the same stress-
strain curve in tension and compression.
Referring to Fig. 2, the work per unit length in
the elastic range is
1 1
dW s [ 2 cr
L
E
L
+ 2 crT E
T
] ,
where 01, SL and O"T' E.r are longitudinal and
transverse stress and strain. Written in terms
of strains,
dW = [Ei
2
+ E
T
2
+ ELE
T
]
This may be written in terms of stress and
strain intensities O"i and ei as
where
and O"i = Eei for the elastic range. Adesshows
that, also in the plastic range, the work per
unit volume is still given by the area under the
stress intensity-strain intensity curve and,
hence, that the theory is continuous in the
1-294
THE EFFECT OF AXIAL TENSION ON MCMENT CARRYING CAPACITY OF
... .. LINE PIPE STRESSED BEYOND 'IHE ELASTIC LIMIT OTC 135':>
elastic and plastic 'ranges. It should be noted
that the conventional stress-strain curve in a
uniaxial tension test is the stress intensity-
strain intensity curve for that case. Thus,
the standard stress-strain curve from a simple
tension test is used in both elastic and
plastic ranges.
Ades implies the use of the principle of
least work, but the procedure he follows is to
first bend the tube and then let it oval to
that elliptical cross-section for which the
strain energy is a minimum. Since the
externally applied moment does no work during
the ovalization, this procedure actually finds
that value of a/r (a being the semimajor axis
of the ellipse and r the original average
radius of the undeformed tUbe) which minimizes
the strain energy.
The appropriate expressions needed for the
calculation of the strain W, for a
given ovalization parameter, alb, are repeated
from Ades' paper,
E: = l. = (y + 1; cos a.)
L p m
1
2 ,y 2 Y 2 --
coso. {l+ 2
1 1 ' 1 1 Ym
E:
T
1;[(-) - -] -1lE: =1;[(-) - -] - \l(-p )
PT r LM 'P
T
r
3
....L = 2 2 a
2
2 2'
ab [b - Ym + ( 1)2") Ym ]
P
T
Poisson's ratio" l{, is taken a function of ei
and is given bY'"
.1
\l {l- [(1+0) / (1+e. )l2:} /e
i
and J{ = .<pL for ei So PL. The O'i - ei curve is
approximated.using the Ramberg-osgood relation
7
where
17
log 7"
n = 1 + -----:--
a
1
0.7
og---
a
O

8S
where 0'0.7 and eTO.85 are stresses having secant
moduli of 0.7 and 0.85, respectively, of the
elastic modulus. The procedure to find the
proper air for minimum strain energy is to
assume a radius of curvature, p, and for this p
to investigate successive values of air. To
describe the ellipse, the condition that
circumferential deformation is inextensional is
employed, namely,
21Tr = 4aE(k) ,
where E(k) is the complete elliptic integral of
the second kind. Thus, for a given value of
air, the eccentricity, k, of the ellipse can be
found. Fig. 3 shOWS how one-half of the .
ellipse is broken up into equal arc lengths and
points numbered. It is noted that the y axis
is an axis of symmetry. At each division point
along the arc length, the wall is divided into
four equal parts. The work per unit volume is
computed at each point, and the integration
across the wall carried out using Simpson's
rule. For a given P, the strain energy, W, is
determined as a function of air. The proper
air is that ratio which minimizes W. For this
value of air, the longitudinal stress is
computed from
The differential moment, ()L y de ds, is ob-
tained at each point; the total moment for the
section is obtained by the same numerical
integration process used for the determination
of the total work.
By repeating this procedure for various
values of P, the moment-curvature relationship
may be obtained.
Extension of Ades' Procedure to
Include Axial Tension
The following steps were employed to
extend the to include an axial
tensile force.
1. An axial force, FAr is selected, and
axial strain A = FAIE is calculated.
2. As before, for a given p, an air is
picked and a k calculated. The strains for
this case are determined and SA is added to the
expression for 6L, and eA is added to the
expression for ET for all points in the cross-
section.
3. From the Ramberg-Osgood relation,
corresponding stresses are calculated at each
point.
4. As previously discussed, the value of
air for which the strain energy is a minimum is
determined. The actual axial force, F, is
determined by integrating eTLdl;;ds over the
cross-section. If the resulting F = FA 1 kip,
the computation is completed for that value of
p and FA. If F ,;. FA 1 kip, 8A is adjusted
and the process is repeated, using the value of
air previously determined.
OTC 1355
J. C. WIIlIOIT, JR. and J. E. MERWIN
1-295
5. The entire process is repeated for
different p'S to obtain the moment Mas a
function of p for a fixed value of FA. The
maximum value of Mas a function of p is used
as a point on the M-vs-FA curve
Calculations were made for four different
cases. Two different stress-strain diagrams
were used: one with n = 20 corresponding to a
large degree of strain hardening, and the
other with n = 200 corresponding to a nearly
elastic-perfectly plastic material (Fig. 4).
For both cases, aO.7 was taken to be 55,000
psi. These stress-strain relationships are
consistent with stress-strain curves obtafnea-
for steel pipe used in the pipe bending tests
at Rice U.
Pipes with two different diameter-to-
thickness ratios were used: a 10-3/4 in. x
0.233 in. (D/t = 45) and 16 in. x 0.255 in.
(D/t = 62).
The maximum bending moment was determined
for various axial loads. The results of these
computations are plotted in a nondimensional
form (Fig. 5). M
o
is the maximum moment that
can be applied with no axial force. While
ordinarily for strain-hardening material there
would be no theoretical maximum moment, there
will be a maximum moment when ovalling of the
cross-section is considered. F
o
was arbitrar-
ily taken to be the force which would cause an
axial stress of (JO.7. For an ideal elastic-
peri'ectly plastic material (i.e., n approaching
ini'inity in the R8mberg-osgood -relat:Lon) .
would be the maximum axial force that could be
applied. An exact for the .elastic-
perfectly plastic case with no ovaIHng is .
included in the Appendix and gives the result
MIM
o
= cos [( This curve is also
included in Fig. 5.
Results
An examination of the moment-force
interaction diagrams indicates that there is
little dependence on the diameter-to-thickness
ratios considered. For a rather flat stress-
strain diagram, the results do not differ
significantly from the ideal elastic-perfectly
plastic relationship which did not include
ovalling. However, for a material with a large
degree of strain-hardening, the ideal moment-
force relationship does not adequately describe
the behavior.
Although axial tension is sometimes
employed to decrease the external moment applied
to a pipe during laying operations, this same
axial force also decreases the moment carrying
capability of the pipe.
REFERENCES
1. Brazier, L. G.: "On the Flexure of Thin
Cylindrical Shells and Other Thin
Proc., Royal Society of London (1927) 116,
Series A, 104-114. -
2. Chwalla, E.: "Reine Biegung schlanker,
dllimwandiger Rohre mit gerader Achse", ZAMM
(1933) il, 4S-53. -
3. Wood, J. D.: "The Flexure of a Uniformly
Pressurized, Circular, Cylindrical Shell",
J. Appl. Mech., Trans., ASME (195S) SO,
453-458.
4. Reissner, E.: "On Finite Bending of
Pressurized Tubes", J. Appl. Mech., 26,
Trans., ASME (1959) 81, Series'E, 3S6=392.
5. Ades, Clifford S.: "Bending Strength of '
Tubing in the Plastic Range", J. Aeronauti-
cal Sciences (Aug., 1957) 605-610.
6. Stang, A. H., Greenspan, M. and Newman,
S. B.: "Poisson's Ratio of Some structural
Alloys for Large Strains", J. Res.,
National Bureau of Standards, (Oct., 1946)
21, 211-221.
7. Ramberg, W. and Osgood, W. R.: "Descrip-
tion of Stress-strain Curves by Three
Parameters., NACA TN 902 (July, 1943).
APPENDIX
Elastic-Perfectly Plastic Bending of a
Tube Under Axial Force With No Ovalling
Consider the tube shown in Fig. 6'in the
.fully plastic state, so that the maximum moment,
M, is being transmitted with an axial i'orce, F.
Defining M
o
as the maximum moment transmitted
with no axial force and Fa the maximum axial
force transmitted with no bending moment,
M 4r
2
tcr
0 y
F 2rt'ITcr
0 y
and
-a
.!.
ry
F ..
2f trde + 2 trda
'IT y
-2"
' -a
4 cr tr a
y
-a
M= 2
i-
atr r sin ada
-.!. y
2
'IT
+ 2
j\
tr r sin a d a
-a
THE EWCT OF AxIAL _W~SION ON MOMENT CARRYING CAPACIZY OF
I-296
LINE PIPE SmSED BEYOND TdE ELASTIC LIMIT
OTC 1355
I
. I
=4crytrLcosa.
Therefore,
F w. mF
To m c=~FFo
and hence,
M ITF
10
=Cosa=cos( ).
2F
o
I
(1
---
t) ___________
1. 0
s
\o.5
z
o.
(
Fig. 1
Y
I
60
40
x
.
:
b
20
Fig. 3
0-
\\
\
\ \.
~=COS(~F/ h ) \
. \
\
\
\ \
4.
0!5
F/F.
I!0
Y
Fig. 2
J
.x___
t 1 1 1
I
1 r 1 I 1 1 , ,
.000
I I
.005
I
.010 .015
n=20
n=200
v =0.3
E=30,000,000psi
n=20
n=200
a7s55,000 psi 55,000ps
55249
54,755
6PL=0.0015 0.0018
k
A rI =2(3
e
d/t=45
+ I- I.20
d/t=62
Fig. 4 - Idealized work-hardening
0 n. 20c) dl f =gs
stress-strain diagrams.
x n=200 dlf=62
&#
I
5
r
--
-a
I
t J-B-J
Fig. 5 - Moment force interaction diagram.
Fig.
I Y
6