MOTIVATION OF SELER ICON IN REAL ESTATE IN KANCHAL GROUP

Master Trust Submitted by: Students Name: Nishant Pandey Enrolment no: A7002211015 Specialization: Marketing and sales Under guidance of: Mr. R.M Sharma Industry Guides name: Mr. R.M Sharma Designation: Manager-Marketing Organization: Master trust Faculty Guide:Fatima Beena ABS, Lucknow

AMITY BUSINESS SCHOOL AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH LUCKNOW

Acknowledgement
The project title Motivation of Seler Icon In Real Estate In Kanchal Group has been conducted by me during 14th may and 9th July 2012 at Ansal Properties & Infrastructure Ltd. I have completed this project, based on the primary research under the guidance of Mr. Alok Agnihotri (General Manager, Marketing) and Mr. Vipin Sheoran (Assistant Manager, Marketing). I owe enormous intellectual debt towards my guides Mr. Alok Agnihotri (General Manager, Marketing) and Mr. Vipin Sheoran (Assistant Manager, Marketing), who have augmented my knowledge in the field of Marketing. They have helped me learn about the process and giving me valuable insight to understand how I can suggest new and innovative ways. They have provided me a true learning platform, and have been the perfect mentors, in giving me the necessary guidance regarding my project. I would like to thank them in enriching my thoughts in this field from different perspectives. I would like to thank all the respondents without whose co-operation my project would not have been complete. I feel indebted to all those persons and organizations that have provided help directly or indirectly in successful completion of this study. At the end, KANCHAL GROUP, was a great experience to work in, where I feel, the dedication of its employees is one of the vital factors of its success.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Summary
Kanchhal Group has earned a strong reputation in the real estate industry as we strongly work for the Best Services and satisfaction of our customers. Its our efficient and effective solution that has given us domestic and global satisfied CLIENTS. As REAL Estate Company we have been redefining the standards of real estate and with our years of EXPERIENCE, we offer a wide range of services to fulfill our clients NEEDS. Just living is not enough. As we move with the changing times, the quality of life becomes more and more important. The concept of buying space, be it for residential or commercial purposes, has changed to include much more than just the land or building. It now includes pre and post sales service and the need for simplification of the entire process of buying a property. The entire experience of a real estate transaction, therefore, has become the deciding factor for the discerning, intelligent customer for the selection of a real estate consultant and company. We make it our business to understand your financial REQUIREMENT. We have more than 4 years of collective experience in this industry. OUR EXPERTISE is to make your money work for you and manage your investment PORTFOLIO. Our motto is customer satisfaction at any cost. The reason behind our success is our huge bouquet of options that you can choose from, along with purchases customised to each individuals need and hassle-free home loan solutions with multiple banks. Our single-window, end-to-end solutions ensure that your every need is taken care of and the entire process made smooth and transparent. Also, our passion for real estate makes us one of the leading managers of real estate portfolios for high value investors.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Company Profile 2. Product Portfolio 3. Introduction to Real Estate 4. Real Estate as an Investment Option 5. Research Methodology 6. Findings & Analysis 7. Conclusions & Suggestions Bibliography Questionnaire

CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION TO REAL ESTATE

Real estate is a 12$ billion (revenue) industry in India. There has been a rapid growth in the industry in the past few years.100% FDI is allowed in real estate development subject to minimum scale norms of either: 25 acres in case of serviced plots or integrated townships; or 50,000 sq. mtrs. of built-up area for construction development projects.

Commercial and office complexes mushrooming in major Indian metros present a minefield of opportunities. Over 20 million new housing units required in the next 5 years. The real estate market is projected to grow to $50 billion by 2010 CAGR of over 30% p.a. is expected over the next five years. Increasing demand for commercial and office space especially from the rapidly growing Retail, IT and Hospitality sectors and the Urban Infrastructure Renewal mission is expected to give a boost to the sector.

Other factors include:

$11.5 billion earmarked over the next five years for 60 cities. Investment opportunities exist in almost every segment business ; About 20 million new units expected to be built in five years in office space for IT and five-fold increase in office space requirement over the next 3 years. Commercial space for organized retailing: 200 million sq. ft. by 2010.

 Hotels and hospitality: Over 50,000 new rooms in the next 5 years; Investment opportunity of over $50 billion in the next five years.

Various Real Investment Options are:

Real Estate Investment Options

Agriculture Land

Residential/Plotted development

Apartments/Villas

Commercial Spaces

Farm Houses

Real Estate Mutual Funds

AGRICULTURE LAND

Agriculture Land in India is the most protected area by the State and Central Govt. Identification of Agricultural Land requires a bit of analysis about the rate and assessment of future development in the nearby area. Due to fast growing urbanization and development of infrastructure the price of agriculture land zooms quickly. Agricultural land can be given on contract to cultivators with sharing of crop model, to make small but regular tax-free earnings. Rural agriculture land is completely free from capital gains tax and income from lease out or sale of crop is also exempt as per the provision of IT Act, 1961.

RESIDENTIAL PLOTTED DEVELOPMENT

Most state governments have loosened their fists and have implemented land reforms that make the conversion of agricultural land into residential land much easier. The process of township development takes a period of about 5 to 10 years. Initially, the prices of plotted development are quite low which rapidly increases with the pace of development and with the rise in inflation factor.

APARTMENTS/VILLAS

As per the assessment made in the Indian Habitat Policy 1998, the demand for houses in urban area is to the tune of 22 million houses. The gap in demand and supply in housing stock has thrown big investment opportunities. Booking at the launching stage and getting the exit at the completion stage ca offer shining returns on investments. In this process the stamp duty and other taxes can be legally avoided.

COMMERCIAL/RETAIL SPACES The retail boom in India has fueled huge demand for commercial/shopping spaces. Many MNCs and big corporate retailers prefer to take prime commercial properties on long-term lease basis. The option offers regular returns besides appreciation in capital value, taking both the returns together gives handsome return and a wonderful combination of regular and a wonderful combination of regular and long-term returns.

FARM HOUSES/SECOND HOMES

Many developers are offering lifestyle with smart returns through farm houses/second homes. The offer comprises of sale of farm houses at affordable rates with professional property management giving lifestyle and capital appreciation together.

REAL ESTATE MUTUAL FUNDS

Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has recently allowed the launch of mutual funds which can invest in physical property. Many corporates such as HDFC and IDBI are in the process of launching real estate mutual funds.

FACTS AND FIGURES

In India Construction is the second largest economic activity after Agriculture. Investment in construction accounts for 11 percent of Indias Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and nearly 50 percent of Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF). Construction accounts for nearly 65 percent of total investment in infrastructure and is expected to be the biggest beneficiary of the surge in Infrastructure Investment over the next five years. According to the Economic Survey, India has the potential to absorb US$ 150 Billion of Foreign Direct Investment in the next five years in the Infrastructure sector. The sector is expected to grow at a CAGR of 15 percent over the next few years.

The sustained growth and positive outlook for the future has increased focus on Infrastructure development. Opening of the Infrastructure development to private players, FDI and increased investment commitments from the govt. has thrown a host of opportunities for companies in the infrastructure development sector, innovative projects like the metro Rail and Sky Bus, along with the proposed SEZ projects have provided additional opportunities for the SMEs in the sector. While majority of the infrastructure development projects are given out by the government Agencies, the private sector is also actively participating through development projects like SEZs and commercial construction.

Along with the government bodies and funding agency, various infrastructure development companies, machinery and materials suppliers, ancillary suppliers and allied support industries would play an important role in meeting in demand the for infrastructure development.

The Indian Infrastructure Sector is currently going through a vast transformation. The Governments decision to throw open the construction of roads, Bridges Airports and ports to the private sector and allowing 100 percent Foreign Investment in real Estate Projects has provided a boost to the construction Industry as well as generate demand for construction machinery. Housing and Infrastructure Projects like Roads, Bridges and Ports are expected to grow about 20 percent per annum for the next 15 years.

The new and expanding housing and infrastructure construction ventures have generated substantial demand for construction machinery manufacturing and servicing, including erection, commissioning and maintenance. Several multi national firms are already present in the country.

REAL ESTATE AS AN INVESTMENT OPTION

Is Real Estate A Good Investment Option?

Are you fatigued by the diminishing income and risk-factors associated with main-stream investment avenues fixed deposits, stocks, mutual funds, etc.? Think `real estate': a lesser explored investment option.

Why real estate investment stands out?

Quantum of investment required is high Investment horizon is long Dual returns are available in form of rental income and capital Appreciation

What are the promising avenues of real estate investment?

Offices Shopping malls Retail outlets Industrial warehouses

What is the current Indian real estate scenario?

Periodic returns on commercial property ranges from 10 to 13 percent Per year The Indian real estate industry has a growth rate of 35 to 40 percent Annually The demand for real estate is picking up as the IT industries set up their Base in India or look for expansion in these cities.

 Top financial companies have recognized the advantage of India as a Business process outsourcing destination and had started expanding their business. Companies are increasingly switching over to renting office premises. This offers flexibility in operations and avoids locking capital. Companies operating in automobile design, auto components Manufacturing, computer aided design and drawing are also entering India in search of acquisition of space preferably as ready-to-occupy premises. Real estate developers are offering premises on long lease to the companies. Individual investors are benefiting from the developing commercial real Estate market in India by investing in pre-leased properties. Norris / Pies are investing in real estate as the rental income and capital Used to purchase the property is easily reparable .

What are funding sources supporting investment in real estate?

Banks Financial institutions High net worth individuals Real Estate Mutual Funds

hat are the procedures to be followed before investing in real estate?

Find out credibility of the developer. Check out the attractiveness of property to tenants/ buyers Weigh future value potential Get to know the chances of project completion (in case its under Construction) Investigate the quality of project Explore the availability of financing option Take advice from a reputed and a credible real estate consultant. Consult a reputed financial institution

Selecting a right option to invest hard earned-money is always a matter of big confusion. The decision making process requires in depth analysis of available options which suits the needs of a particular person or organization. A complete analysis and overview of investment decision making with innovative solutions are given hereafter.

INVESTMENT NEEDS

The investment needs depend on the requirements of a particular person about the liquidity of funds and his capacity and temperament bear risk. The tax implication on return of investment to the investor is always a crucial matter for choosing the right option.

FACTORS AFFECTING INVESTMENT DECISION MAKING

Liquidity

After Tax ROI

Tax Safety Implication

Convenience To Invest

INVESTMENT OPTIONS:
The following are the major options available to the investors:

PO/Bank/Govt.Securities

Bonds/Debentures

Bullion (Gold/Silver)

Shares/Mutual Funds

Real Estate

All the options have different features with respect to various factors having implication on investment decision making. The following Chart depicts the analysis of features of various options at a glance:

*based on prevailing market rates **based on last 25 years track record

Comparative Features of Investment Options

Features

Liquidity

Safety

Convenience Tax

Approx.

Options P.O/Bank/Got. Securities

Options Reasonable Good Good

Benefits Good

ROI 6-8%*

Bonds/Debentures Reasonable Reasonable Reasonable Shares/Mutual Funds Good High Risk Reasonable

NIL

8-10%*

Reasonable 12-15* {With high level of

uncertainty} Bullion[Gold and Good Silver] Real Estate Reasonable Reasonable Not so Good 14-24% {High Returns} Good Good Reasonable 5-7%**

Convenient

GRAPH OPTIONS

ON

RETURN

ON

DIFFERENT

INVESTMENT

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 PO/Bank/govt.se c. Bond/Deb. Shares/Mutual Fund Bullion(Gold/ silver) Real Estate

% to % from

REAL ESTATE AS AN INVESTMENT TOOL WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO RAJASTHAN

Population (2001 Census) 5,65,07,188 Urban population 23.38% Literacy rate - 61.03% Male - 75.7% Female - 43.9% Major industries Mineral based Agro based Heritage based

Rajasthan at a glance

Abundant availability of minerals.

 Open & responsive Government Proximity to Gurgaon & Delhi, which are now getting saturated. Relatively better law & order scenario as compared to many other States in North India. Very good living conditions Good civic infrastructure Residential, Educational and Medical facilities. Road, Power and Water. Avenues for re-creation and tourism.

Recent emphasis on technical manpower will yield results in near future. Easy access International Airport (Direct flights to Thailand,Singapore, Dubai). Continuously improving telecommunication infrastructure as a result of Free Right of Way facility. Strong focus now on Knowledge Sector at the highest level in State Government.

Jaipur: A Magnificent Metropolis in Making

Salient Features of Jaipur Master Development Plan-2011: Master Development Plan 2011 has been prepared not only to meet the future requirement of the city and the region but also to tackle the day to day problems of the city. Jaipur is a fast developing city. By 2011 population of Jaipur is expected to reach about 42 Lacs. The plan has been prepared to accommodate about 35 Lacs in the city & the remaining seven lacs in the satellite towns of Chomu, Bagru, Bassi, Achrol, Shivdaspura, Goner, Balawala, Jamwaramgarh, Kanota and Kakus etc. Jaipur is a tourist city. The plan provides for conservation and preservation of its architectural heritage and to augment tourist facilities. The land use plan along with the land use zoning code facilitates easy implementation of the master plan proposals.

Mega Projects in Pipeline : Mahendra City (S.E.Z) on Ajmer Road3000 Acres World Trade Park Film City IT City Knowledge Corridor Ring Road Gems and Jewelry Market

 Rope-Way Medi-Tech City Proposed Projects: International Convention Centre Sports City Green field Airport International Golf Course

DYNAMICS OF REAL ESTATE PRICING

The Interest rate factor has a direct relationship with the pricing of the immovable property. Future properties are discounted by the market at a particular rate of discounting factor to calculate the present market value, when the discounting factor reduces by few points, the prices of immovable property increases many fold as the present value of the future property gets increased.

The following chart shows the present value of Rs.1000 after 1 to 15 years. The chart clearly shows that present value of Rs.1000 after 15 years discounted @ 20% is Rs. 65, while if the same is discounted @ 10% the present value comes to Rs. 239, it is amazing to note that 50% (from 20% to 10%) curtailment in interest rates increases the present value from Rs. 65 to Rs. 239 reflecting a jump of 267%. This dynamic works in future property pricing.

CASE STUDY TO UNDERSTAND THE DYNAMICS OF REAL ESTATE PRICING

Year 2000 Belief: Agriculture Land in Shivdaspura is a future property of 2015 and at time the price level shall be Rs. 50.00 lakh per bigha. Discounting factor: 20% Present Value (PV) in the year 2000, of Rs. 50.00 lacs in years 2015 was 50.00 lacs0.065* = 3.25 lacs ** approx * %/ 1 2 3 4 5 Nyrs. 10% 909 826 751 683 621 20% 833 694 579 482 402 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

564 513 467 424 386 350 319 290 263 239 335 279 233 194 162 135 112 093 078 065

*Discounting factor of Rs.1 after 15 years @20% p.a. **The same was the approx. then prevailing price. Belief: Agriculture Land in Shivdaspura is a future property of 2015 and at time the price level shall be Rs. 50.00 lack per bigha. Discounting factor: 10% Present Value (PV) in the year 2006, of Rs. 50.00 laces in years 2015 was 50.00 lacs0.424* = 21.20 laces ** approx *Discounting factor of Rs.1 after 9 years @ 10% p.a. **The present prevailing price is more than that which is pushed by other driving forces.

REAL ESTATE IN WORLD

A real estate bubble or property bubble (or housing bubble for residential markets) is a type of economic bubble that occurs periodically in local or global real estate markets. It is characterized by rapid increases in valuations of real property such as housinguntil they reach unsustainable levels and then decline. The questions of whether real estate bubbles can be identified and prevented, and whether they have broader macroeconomicsignificance are answered differently by schools of economic thought, as detailed below. The financial crisis of 20072010 was related to the bursting of real estate bubbles around the world, which had begun during the 2000s Identification and prevention As with all types of economic bubbles, whether real estate bubbles can be identified or prevented is contentious. Bubbles are generally not contentious in hindsight, after a peak and crash. Within mainstream economics, some argue that real estate bubbles cannot be identified as they occur and cannot or should not be prevented, with government and central bank policy rather cleaning up after the bubble bursts. Others, such as American economist Robert Shiller of the Case-Shiller Home Price Index of home prices in 20 metro cities across the United States, indicated in May 31, 2011 that a "Home Price Double Dip Confirmed"[3] and British magazine The Economist, argue that housing market indicators can be used to identify real estate bubbles. Some argue further that governments and central banks can and should take action to prevent bubbles from forming, or to deflate existing bubbles

Macroeconomic significance Within mainstream economics, economic bubbles, and in particular real estate bubbles, are not considered major concerns.[dubious discuss] Within some schools of heterodox economics, by contrast, real estate bubbles are considered of critical importance and a fundamental cause of financial crises and ensuing economic crises. The mainstream economic view is that economic bubbles bring about a temporary boost in wealth and a redistribution of wealth. When prices increase, there is a positive wealth effect (property owners feel richer and spend more), and when they decline, there is a negative wealth effect (property owners feel poorer and spend less). These effects, it is argued, can be smoothed by counter-cyclicalmonetary and fiscal policies. The ultimate effect on owners who bought before the bubble formed and did not sell is zero. Those who bought when low and sold high profited, while those who bought high and sold low (after the bubble has burst) or held until the price fell lost money. This redistribution of wealth, it is also argued, is of little macroeconomic significance. In some schools of heterodox economics, notably Austrian economics and Post-Keynesian economics, real estate bubbles are seen as an example of credit bubbles (pejoratively, speculative bubbles), because property owners generally use borrowed money to purchase property, in the form of mortgages. These are then argued to cause financial and hence economic crises. This is first argued empirically numerous real estate bubbles have been followed by economic slumps, and it is argued that there is a cause-effect relationship between these. The Post-Keynesian theory of debt deflation takes a demand-side view, arguing that property owners not only feel richer but borrow to (i) consume against the increased value of their

property --- by taking out a home equity line of credit), for instance; or (ii) speculate by buying property with borrowed money in the expectation that it will rise in value. When the bubble bursts, the value of the property decreases but not the level of debt. The burden of repaying or defaulting on the loan depresses aggregate demand, it is argued, and constitutes the proximate cause of the subsequent economic slump.

Melbourne House Prices and Wages 1965 to 2010 Recent real estate bubbles 1990: Japan The crash of the Japanese asset price bubble from 1990 on has been very damaging to theJapanese economy,[4]. The crash in 2005 affected Shanghai, China's largest city.[5] In comparison to the stock market bubbles, real estate bubbles take longer to deflate: prices decline slower because the real estate market is less liquid. Commercial real estate generally moves in tandem with the residential properties, since both are affected by many of same factors (e.g., interest rates) and share the "wealth effect" of booms. Therefore this article focuses on housing bubbles and mentions other sectors only when their situation differs. 2007: many countries As of 2007, real estate bubbles had existed in the recent past or were widely believed to still exist in many parts of the world,[6]especially in the United

States, Argentina,[7] Britain, Netherlands, Italy, Australia, Canada, New

Zealand, Ireland, Spain, Lebanon,France, Poland,[8] South Africa, Israel, Greece, Bulgaria, Croatia,[9] Norway, Singapore, South Korea, Sweden, Baltic

states, India,Romania, Russia, Ukraine and China.[10] Then U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan said in mid-2005 that "at a minimum, there's a little 'froth' (in the U.S. housing market) it's hard not to see that there are a lot of local bubbles."[11] The Economistmagazine, writing at the same time, went further, saying "the worldwide rise in house prices is the biggest bubble in history".[12] Real estate bubbles are invariably followed by severe price decreases (also known as a house price crash) that can result in many owners holding mortgages that exceed the value of their homes. As of the end of 2010, 11.1 million residential properties, or 23.1% of all U.S. homes, were in negative equity at Dec. 31, 2010.[13] Commercial property values remain around 35% below their mid-2007 peak in the United Kingdom.[14] As a result, banks have become less willing to hold large amounts of property backed debt, a likely key issue in affecting a recovery worldwide in the near term. Housing market indicators

UK house prices between 1975 and 2006 adjusted for inflation.

Robert Shiller's plot of U.S. home prices, population, building costs, and bond yields, from Irrational Exuberance, 2d ed. Shiller shows that inflation adjusted U.S. home prices increased 0.4% per year from 18902004, and 0.7% per year from 19402004, whereas U.S. census data from 19402004 shows that the self-assessed value increased 2% per year. In attempting to identify bubbles before they burst, economists have developed a number of financial ratios and economic indicators that can be used to evaluate whether homes in a given area are fairly valued. By comparing current levels to previous levels that have proven unsustainable in the past (i.e. led to or at least accompanied crashes), one can make an educated guess as to whether a given real estate market is experiencing a bubble. Indicators describe two interwoven aspects of housing bubble: a valuation component and a debt (or leverage) component. The valuation component measures how expensive houses are relative to what most people can afford, and the debt component measures how indebted households become in buying them for home or profit (and also how much exposure the banks accumulate by lending for them). A basic summary of the progress of housing indicators for U.S. cities is provided by Business Week.[15] See also: real estate economicsand real estate trends.

Housing affordability measures

The price to income ratio is the basic affordability measure for housing in a given area. It is generally the ratio of median house prices to median familial disposable incomes, expressed as a percentage or as years of income. It is sometimes compiled separately for first time buyers and termed attainability.[citation
needed]

This ratio, applied to individuals, is a basic

component of mortgage lending decisions.[citation needed] According to a back-of-the-envelope calculation by Goldman Sachs, a comparison of median home prices to median household income suggests that U.S. housing in 2005 is overvalued by 10%. "However, this estimate is based on an average mortgage rate of about 6%, and we expect rates to rise," the firm's economics team wrote in a recent report.[16] According to Goldman's figures, a onepercentage-point rise in mortgage rates would reduce the fair value of home prices by 8%.[citation needed]

The deposit to income ratio is the minimum required downpayment for a typical mortgage[specify], expressed in months or years of income. It is especially important for firsttime buyers without existing home equity; if the downpayment becomes too high then those buyers may find themselves "priced out" of the market. For example, as of 2004 this ratio was equal to one year of income in the UK.[17]

Another variant is what the United States's National Association of Realtors calls the "housing affordability index" in its publications.[18] (The NAR's methodology was criticized by some analysts as it does not account for inflation.[19] Other analysts, however, consider the measure appropriate, because both the income and housing cost data is expressed in terms that include inflation and, all things being equal, the index implicitly includes

inflation). In either case, the usefulness of this ratio in identifying a bubble is debatable; while downpayments normally increase with house valuations, bank lending becomes increasingly lax during a bubble and mortgages are offered to borrowers who would not normally qualify for them (see Housing debt measures, below).

The Affordability Index measures the ratio of the actual monthly cost of the mortgage to take-home income. It is used more in the United Kingdom where nearly all mortgages are variable and pegged to bank lending rates. It offers a much more realistic measure of the ability of households to afford housing than the crude price to income ratio. However it is more difficult to calculate, and hence the price to income ratio is still more commonly used by pundits. In recent years, lending practices have relaxed, allowing greater multiples of income to be borrowed. Some speculate that this practice in the longterm cannot be sustained and may ultimately lead to unaffordable mortgage payments, and repossession for many.[citation needed]

The Median Multiple measures the ratio of the median house price to the median annual household income. This measure has historically hovered around a value of 3.0 or less, but in recent years has risen dramatically, especially in markets with severe public policy constraints on land and development.[citation needed]

Inflation-adjusted home prices in Japan(19802005) compared to home price appreciation in the United States, Britain, andAustralia (19952005). [edit]Housing debt measures

The housing debt to income ratio or debt-service ratio is the ratio of mortgage payments to disposable income. When the ratio gets too high, households become increasingly dependent on rising property values to service their debt. A variant of this indicator measures total home ownership costs, including mortgage payments, utilities and property taxes, as a percentage of a typical household's monthly pre-tax income; for example

see RBC Economics' reports for the Canadian markets.[20]

The housing debt to equity ratio (not to be confused with the corporate debt to equity ratio), also called loan to value, is the ratio of the mortgage debt to the value of the underlying property; it measures financial leverage. This ratio increases when the homeowner takes a second mortgage or home equity loan using the accumulated equity as collateral. A ratio greater higher than 1 implies that owner's equity is negative.

[edit]Housing ownership and rent measures

The ownership ratio is the proportion of households who own their homes as opposed torenting. It tends to rise steadily with incomes. Also, governments often enact measures such as tax cuts or subsidized financing to encourage and facilitate home ownership. If a rise in ownership is not supported by a rise in incomes, it can mean either that buyers are taking advantage of low interest rates(which must eventually rise again as the economy heats up) or that home loans are awarded more liberally, to borrowers with poor credit. Therefore a high ownership ratio combined with an increased rate of subprime lending may signal higher debt levels associated with bubbles.

The price-to-earnings ratio or P/E ratio is the common metric used to assess the relative valuation of equities. To compute the P/E ratio for the case of a rented house, divide the price of the house by its potential earnings or net income, which is the market annualrent of the house minus expenses, which include maintenance and property taxes. This formula is:

The house price-to-earnings ratio provides a direct comparison to P/E ratios used to analyze other uses of the money tied up in a home. Compare this ratio to the simpler but less accurate price-rent ratio below.

The price-rent ratio is the average cost of ownership divided by the received rent income (if buying to let) or the estimated rent that would be paid if renting (if buying to reside):

The latter is often measured using the "owner's equivalent rent" numbers published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. It can be viewed as the real estate equivalent of stocks' price-earnings ratio; in other terms it measures how much the buyer is paying for each dollar of received rent income (or dollar saved from rent spending). Rents, just like corporate and personal incomes, are generally tied very closely to supply and demand fundamentals; one rarely sees an unsustainable "rent bubble" (or "income bubble" for that matter). Therefore a rapid increase of home prices combined with a flat renting market can signal the onset of a bubble. The U.S. price-rent ratio was 18% higher than its long-run average as of October 2004.[21]

The gross rental yield, a measure used in the United Kingdom, is the total yearly gross rent divided by the house price and expressed as a percentage:

This is the reciprocal of the house price-rent ratio. The net rental yield deducts the landlord's expenses (and sometimes estimated rental voids) from the gross rent before doing the above calculation; this is the reciprocal of the house P/E ratio. Because rents are received throughout the year rather than at its end, both the gross and net rental yields calculated by the above are somewhat less than the true rental yields obtained when taking into account the monthly nature of rental payments.

The occupancy rate (opposite: vacancy rate) is essentially the number of occupied units divided by the total number of units in

a given region (in commercial real estate, it is usually expressed in terms of area such as square meters for different grades of buildings). A low occupancy rate means that the market is in a state of oversupply brought about by speculative construction and purchase. In this context, supply-and-demand numbers can be misleading: sales demand exceeds supply, but rent demand does not. [edit]Housing price indices Main article: House price index

The CaseShiller index (national, quarterly) 19872008, showing a housing bubble peaking in 2006. Measures of house price are also used in identifying housing bubbles; these are known ashouse price indices (HPIs). A noted series of HPIs for the United States are the CaseShiller indices, devised by American economists Karl Case, Robert J. Shiller, and Allan Weiss. As measured by the CaseShiller index, the US experienced a housing bubble peaking in the second quarter of 2006 (2006 Q2).

[edit]Real estate bubbles in the 2000s By 2006, several areas of the world were thought to be in a bubble state, although this contention was not without controversy. This hypothesis was based on observation of similar patterns in real estate markets of a wide variety of countries.[22] This includes similar patterns of overvaluation and excessive borrowing based on those overvaluations. The subprime mortgage crisis, with its accompanying impacts and effects on economies in various nations, has given some credence to the idea that these trends might have some common characteristics.

INDIA: REAL ESTATE SCENARIO

GROWTH ACROSS GEOGRAPHIES

Indias Property Sector: Credit Strengths

In the residential sector, a growing middle class is enjoying rising income levels. Combined with smaller household sizes, this demographic change has boosted demand for more modern housing and home loans. Meanwhile, increasing consumer spending power has encouraged growth in organized in organized retailing both feeding off and contributing to the spear of mall culture and the popularity of other large-scale retail property developments. In the commercial property segment, strong growth in the services sector particularly in the IT and ITES sectors and corporates growing scale of operations have led to greater demand for commercial space, including modern offices, warehouses and lodging space. Many Developers have substantial plans to increase both their size and geographical spread. They are also expanding into different kinds of properties, which can boost the firms franchise values and reduce concentration risks. However, managing and financing such activities can be a challenge, and puts a premium on financial flexibility, capital access and operational infrastructure. The property industry is also wrestling with oversupply in certain areas, such as in Indias commercial property sector, which may lead to rent reductions and value drops. Meanwhile, property firms must also cope with a reduction in customer advances on new construction, increasing land values (making acquisition and development deals tougher), rising interest rates since 2005, and increased difficulty in arranging capital. The latter is exacerbated by rising interest rates and property prices, which have encouraged banks to become more selective in granting loans as they try to preserve asset quality. Moreover, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has increased risk weighting for real estate exposure, which has served to curtail direct lending to this sector.

The property business in India also faces political risks. These risks may come in various forms, but include the stalling of decisions over acquisitions or planning permission during elections, while some approvals have even been rescinded following elections and changes to state governments. Property financing remains largely conducted through conventional mortgages, with the volume of more modern, transparent and liquid products-such as shares in public property firms and CMBS-still negligible. This is partly due to high registration charges and transaction costs and structural impediments in the securitization legal framework. Furthermore, mutual funds lack the appetite of long-tenure deals, and mostly invest in high quality debt, while pension funds and insurance companies have yet to invest in structured paper either.

COMPANY PROFILE
VISION OF KANCHAL GROUP
To fulfill growing aspirations of our customers by: Building world class real estate solutions Redefining lifestyle standards.

IDENTITY The color Red stands for RAJA/REGAL. It stands for passion, heat, energy, dynamism & purity. It exhibits groups rich heritage. Black occurs when an object absorbs all the other colors. Black is significant to the group as it represents the proposed amalgamation of all group companies into KANCHAL GROUP, thereby creating the new and vibrant Sushil Ansal Group. The Slogan, Building Lifestyle since 1967, encapsulates the Groups heritage and vision in creating a better life for Indians in various sphere like- homes, offices, places of entertainment, hotels, shopping malls & educational institutions.

KANCHAL GROUP was established as a result of a dream, shared by its visionary founders. A dream that was to, radically improve the lifestyle standards of the citizens by building world class real estate solutions.

After four decades of spectacular growth KANCHAL GROUP is at a stage where the company has acquired immense experience, consolidated and established assets- physical and intellectual and at the same time retained youthful energy & zeal. With foundations entrenched in the solid

bedrock of technical expertise and financial stability its pinnacles are rising new heights with foresight and innovations for future requirements of resurgent India.

KANCHAL GROUP as an organization can be best envisaged as a creator of man made social infrastructure, where modern life blooms, in collaboration with the environment. The ascent of KANCHAL GROUP to the top of the Real Estate acme is a direct product of Mr.Sushil Ansal's foresight and his dynamic leadership. KANCHAL GROUP, the corporate manned by professionals at all levels with its strong base and lineage is now in a state of renaissance; all the companies of Sushil Ansal Group will now be under one banner i.e. the KANCHAL GROUP.

The new "KANCHAL GROUP" identity, is the first communicator of this phase of resurgence, excellence and modernity. The rectangular shape signifies solidity, cohesiveness and strength, the red colour stands for passion, heat, energy, dynamism & purity and the black colour signifies the proposed amalgamation of Ansal Township and Projects Limited into Ansal Properties and Infrastructure Limited. The slogan, ' Building lifestyles since 1967', encapsulates their heritage and vision in creating a better life for Indians in various spheres like - homes, offices, places of entertainment, hotels, shopping malls and educational institutions.

KANCHAL GROUP is focusing on ushering in new lifestyle ventures in cities like- Greater Noida, Gaziabadh. Meerut, Agra, Lucknow, Batindha, Mohali, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Ajmer, Sonepat, Panipat, Karmal, Kurukshetra, Faridabad, Gurgaon to name a few.

It is said that actions speak louder than words and nothing highlights this adage better than KANCHAL GROUP's effort to give something back to the society of which they are a part. KANCHAL GROUP believes that today's children are tomorrow's leaders and in order to hone their young minds, KANCHAL GROUP has forayed into the education sector with schools like the Chiranjiv Bharati School at Palam Vihar and Sushant Lok, premier institutions like the Ansal Institute of Technology and the Sushant Schools of Art and Architecture. KANCHAL GROUP in its endeavour to fulfill its duties to payback in form of green cover for the society have created manmade verdant ambiance at projects like the Aravali Retreat, Pushpanjali Farms, Satbari Farms.

KANCHAL GROUP plans to create an ambiance of peace and tranquility for the people who have served their duties and are now in their dusk of life to relax and enjoy their retirement by building old age homes.

Touching every facet of modern lifestyle with its signature of excellence, KANCHAL GROUP has changed the skyline of India with its versatile portfolio of residential complexes, educational institutions, hotel and hospitality avenues, shopping malls, farmlands and IT parks amongst others. With its deep-rooted foundation of ethics and values, KANCHAL GROUP continues to conquer new horizons, thus pioneering and identifying new vistas of growth for the real estate sector.

PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
1. COMMERCIAL

2. TOWNSHIP & GROUP HOUSING

3. RETAIL/MALLS

4. HOSPITALITY & ENTERTAINMENT

5. IT PARKS/INDUSTRIAL PARKS/SEZs

6. EDUCATION

7. FACILITIES MANAGEMENT

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Project Title:

Real Estate Investment trends in Northern India

Objectives of the Study

1. To identify the scope of investment in various states, especially outside NCR & Delhi.

2. To identify the current trend of Real Estate, in areas across Delhi, NCR, Rajasthan, Punjab, U.P., Mariana.

3. To identify the reasons of investment in various states.

4. To identify the reasons of people for not investing in various states.

5. To identify the preferences of customers.

6. To evaluate the effectiveness of major real estate players.

Type of Data

The data collected is Primary data and Secondary data which is both quantitative and qualitative data, which was further analyzed in order to draw conclusions and suggestions.

Data Collection

Data was collected by visiting Real Estate Agents across Lucknow and getting the questionnaires filled through them. Five areas of Delhi were covered, being, North, East, West, South and Central Delhi. Areas covered in the NCR region were Gurgaon, Indripuram, Vaishali, Vasundhra.

Limitations of the study

1. Biasness of the real estate agents towards a particular company.

2. Lack of knowledge of the agents about areas outside their scope.

3. Agents catering to a specific kind of market, tend to favor those options.

4. Some generalizations by the targeted agents.

FINDINGS & ANALYSIS

CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS

What Cities Need To Do In Order To Attract Investments?

BESIDES FINANCIAL POLICY FRAMEWORK MANAGEMENT OF LAND IS A PRECURSOR OF GROWTH FOR ANY REGION

ITS CONTRIBUTION IS MANIFOLD IN ALL SYNERGISTIC AREAS OF GROWTH

Give a different identity to each city

Have INTL. level Planning and infrastructure physical and social

Antiquated Land Policies need to change

Effective implementation

Conducive policies

 Get an Image Makeover

13. SWOT ANALYSIS OF RELIANCE ENERGY LIMITED

STRENGTHS

1. Long experience in creation of world class assets at competitive schedules and costs 2. Experience in setting up of power projects and distribution of electricity to over 5 million consumers 3. Strong project management and execution expertise 4. REL is ranked amongst Indias top 25 listed Private Co. in terms of financial parameters including assets, sales, and profit and market capitalization. 5. Most valuable power company with a market capitalization of over Rs 10,000 crore 6. Group contributes nearly 16,000 million units of power to over 25 million consumers in Mumbai, Delhi, Orissa and Goa across an area covering 1, 24,300 Sq. Kms. 7. Brand Equity and Brand name. 8. Governmental Supports through grants. 9. Internet usage drives down distribution costs.

WEAKNESSES

1. Financial losses. 2. Increase in wages and salaries. 3. Increase in debt to cover the operating expenses.

4. The acquired distribution circle is in bad state in terms of technology, investments and consumers.

OPPORTUNITIES

1. Northern region has looming power deficit due to which economic growth is hampered, which discourages further investments by corporate and industrial investors. 2. The challenges for power reforms in distribution in various states are vast and the private sector participation in distribution has huge potential. Even if one state in India opens up this sector every year, this will be a value creating opportunity for the customer and the state. 3. Decline in interest rates.

THREATS

1. Reliance has very little expertise in distribution. 2. The risk factor in the strategy is the timing of the state government in allocating new distribution licenses. 3. The competition in this Industry is increasing very fast.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Investors have a great amount hope from KANCHAL GROUP. Although, there are delays in some ANSAL Projects, even then, investors feel secured in investing in KANCHAL GROUP projects.

2. Clients often face problems with the company follow-up and allotment.

3. In the view of real estate agents, Unitech & DLF are the best service providers.

4. Circle rates of Plots must go up. Government should control the non-committed trend of upcoming builders. With prices of property, infrastructure should also grow.

5. Bank Loan Interest rates must go low for the survival of real estate.

6. People are not too keen to invest outside NCR, and block their money for long term.

7. There should be no hidden costs, and everything should be crystal clear, which poses a great influence on building brand image.

8. Developers should come up with timely projects. Companies should keep constant correspondence with its customers. There should be a commitment of prices by the company.

9. Pre-Launching is a major problem, thereby customers feel cheated by the Developers/Agents.

10. Tough for small developers, due to frauds by companies like OSB, etc.

11. Good Scope of agricultural land in Rajasthan.

12. As, in U.P. there is a problem of electricity, so developers should focus on issues like these.

13. It is observed that as far as Rajasthan is concerned, people are not aware of its scope as an option, and have very limited information about the prevailing price hike and future scope.

14. In Delhi, in some places like South Delhi, there is a high demand of floors, than its supply.

15. A significant reason for people to not invest outside NCR, is that there are still good options left in NCR.

16. It is noted that there is a good amount of scope on NH-8, as the foresight of the agents see many colonies flourishing on the highway.

17. It is anticipated, Rajasthan will take a time period of around 10 years to see a boom.

18. It is seen that there is a great demand for 2 Bedroom Apartments in Gurgaon, but lack supply.

19. People find a reason to invest in a particular city. In Rajasthan there is no such reason except the tourism Industry. People come to Delhi for work and not Rajasthan.