PART 1: 1. List the importance of data analysis in daily life.

Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of highlighting useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision making. Data analysis has multiple facts and approaches, encompassing diverse techniques under a variety of names, in different business, science, and social science domains. Data analysis is used in our daily life for the following field :

Analytics Business intelligence Censoring (statistics) Computational physics Data acquisition Data governance Data mining Data Presentation Architecture Digital signal processing Dimension reduction Early case assessment Exploratory data analysis Fourier Analysis Machine learning Multilinear PCA Multilinear subspace learning Nearest neighbor search Predictive analytics Principal Component Analysis Qualitative research Scientific computing Structured data analysis (statistics) Test method Text analytics Unstructured data Wavelet

2. (a) Specify (i) three types of measure of central tendency

Measures of Central Tendency Introduction A measure of central tendency is a single value that attempts to describe a set of data by identifying the central position within that set of data. As such, measures of central tendency are sometimes called measures of central location. They are also classed as summary statistics. The mean (often called the average) is most likely the measure of central tendency that you are most familiar with, but there are others, such as the median and the mode. The mean, median and mode are all valid measures of central tendency, but under different conditions, some measures of central tendency become more appropriate to use than others. In the following sections, we will look at the mean, mode and median, and learn how to calculate them and under what conditions they are most appropriate to be used. Mean (Arithmetic) The mean (or average) is the most popular and well known measure of central tendency. It can be used with both discrete and continuous data, although its use is most often with continuous data (see our Types of Variable guide for data types). The mean is equal to the sum of all the values in the data set divided by the number of values in the data set. So, if we have n values in a data set and they have values x 1, x2, ..., xn, the sample mean, usually denoted by (pronounced x bar), is:

This formula is usually written in a slightly different manner using the Greek capitol letter, pronounced "sigma", which means "sum of...":

You may have noticed that the above formula refers to the sample mean. So, why have we called it a sample mean? This is because, in statistics, samples and populations have very different meanings and these differences are very important, even if, in the case of the mean, they are calculated in the same way. To acknowledge that we are calculating the population mean and not the sample mean, we use the Greek lower case letter "mu", denoted as :

An important property of the mean is that it includes every value in your data set as part of the calculation. In addition, the mean is the only measure of central tendency where the sum of the deviations of each value from the mean is always zero. Median The median is the middle score for a set of data that has been arranged in order of magnitude. The median is less affected by outliers and skewed data. In order to calculate the median, suppose we have the data below: 65 55 89 56 35 14 56 55 87 45 92

We first need to rearrange that data into order of magnitude (smallest first): 14 35 45 55 55 56 56 65 87 89 92

Our median mark is the middle mark - in this case, 56 (highlighted in bold). It is the middle mark because there are 5 scores before it and 5 scores after it. This works fine when you have an odd number of scores, but what happens when you have an even number of scores? What if you had only 10 scores? Well, you simply have to take the middle two scores and average the result. So, if we look at the example below: 65 55 89 56 35 14 56 55 87 45

We again rearrange that data into order of magnitude (smallest first):

14

35

45

55

55

56

56

65

87

89

92

Only now we have to take the 5th and 6th score in our data set and average them to get a median of 55.5. Mode The mode is the most frequent score in our data set. On a histogram it represents the highest bar in a bar chart or histogram. You can, therefore, sometimes consider the mode as being the most popular option. An example of a mode is presented below:

(ii) at least two types of measure of dispersion

Dispersion In statistics, there are many techniques that are applied to measure dispersion. 1.Range: Range is the simple measure of dispersion, which is defined as the difference between the largest value and the smallest value. Mathematically, the absolute and the relative measure of range can be written as the following: R= L - S

Where R= Range, L= largest value, S=smallest value

2.Quartile deviation: This is a measure of dispersion. In this method, the difference between the upper quartile and lower quartile is taken and is called the interquartile range. Symbolically it is as follows:

Where Q3= Upper quartile Q1= Lower quartile

3.Standard Deviation: In the measure of dispersion, the standard deviation method is the most widely used method. In 1983, it was first used by Karl Pearson. Standard deviation is also known as root mean square deviation. Symbolically it is as follows: Where =Deviation

(b) For each type of measure of central tendency stated in (a), give examples of their uses in daily life.
MEAN Mean can be used to see the average mark of the class obtained. This average helps to see how many students are above average, how many are average students and how many are below averages. The teacher tries to help the average and below average students to score more grades in future. The family finds the average of their expenses to balance their finance. T The average production of agricultural commodities, the industrial goods, the average exports and imports help the country to see their developments. MEDIAN Median is used to find the students who score less or more than the middle value. Median is used to find the students who score less or more than the middle value. Median is calculated to find the distribution of the wages. It is calculated to find the height of the players, in the points scored by players in a series of matches., to find the middle value of the ages of the students in a class etc.Median also determines the poverty line.

MODE It is used to calculate the frequency of the arrival of the public transport, the frequency of the games won by a team of players. The mode is also seen in calculation of the wages, in the number of telephone calls received in a minute by the telephone department, the frequency of the visitors, the frequency of the patients visiting the hospitals, the mode of travel etc.

PART 2: 1. Get your class marks of any subject in one examination/test. Attach the mark sheet. Name of Student Adila Nur Khairani Dahiyah Darwin Raj Dayana Syafiqah Endaraha Hoo sze ting Iylia Darweena Noramira Yuganavasan Sarwisan Shobanawathy Norshahida Nur Hidayah Nor Syamin Nor Shaheela Nadiah Marks 66 61 85 72 68 90 56 62 42 87 73 80 61 95 38 75 52 Name of Student Kirthikaa Jessica Nicholas Mohammad Irsyad Nurul Liyana Ruhil Hayati Vigneshwaran Ker De-Sheng Muhd.Adip Wan Zahiran Zulnazmi Candru Naim Marks 96 52 75 46 58 69 40 60 65 52 88 74 72

Summary of statistics
bil 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Total Ascending order 38 40 42 46 52 52 52 56 58 60 61 61 62 65 66 68 69 72 72 73 74 75 75 80 85 87 88 90 95 96 Marks, 66 61 85 72 68 90 56 62 42 87 73 80 61 95 38 75 52 96 52 75 46 58 69 40 60 65 52 88 74 72 4356 3721 7225 5184 4624 8100 3136 3844 1764 7569 5329 6400 3721 9025 1444 5625 2704 9216 2704 5625 2116 3364 4761 1600 3600 4225 2704 7744 5476 5184 2. Calculate the (a) mean

(b) median , (n+1/2)th value = 15.5th value = 67 (c) mode = highest frequency =52 (d) standard deviation

15.727

3. Construct a frequency distribution table as in Table 1 which contains at least five class intervals of equal size. Choose a suitable class size.
Table 1 Marks Frequency 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 Total 1 3 5 8 6 4 3 30 Mid point 34.5 44.5 54.5 64.5 74.5 84.5 94.5 cumulative frequency 34.5 1 133.5 4 272.5 9 516 17 447 23 338 27 283.5 30 2025 upper boundary 39.5 49.5 59.5 69.5 79.5 89.5 99.5

1190.25 5940.75 14851.25 33282 33301.5 28561 26790.75 143917.5

1089 529 169 9 49 289 729 2863

1089 1587 845 72 294 1156 2187 7230

(a) From Table 1, find the (i) mean ,

67.5 (ii) mode = 60-69 marks

(iii) median (at least two methods) 1st method (by formula)

= lower boundary of the median class n F class c = size of the median class = frequency of the median class = sum of frequencies = cumulative frequency just before the median

59.5 8 30 9 10

2nd Method Median,

3rd Method (ogive)

40 35 Cumulative frequency 30 25

20
15 10 5 0 39.5 49.5 59.5 69.5 79.5 89.5 99.5 Upper boundary (marks)

From the graph we got median, m=67

(iv) standard deviation (at least two methods) 1st method (by formula)

= SQRT(143917.5/30-(67.5)^2) (excel format) = 15.524

(v) interquartile range (at least two methods) 1st method (by formula) (IQR) = Q3 - Q1
Q3= 3/4 (30)

= 22.5th value
69.5 n F c 30 17 6 10

Q1= 1/4(30)= 7.5th value n F

49.5 30 4 5 10

= 22.167

2nd method (graph)

40

35
30 Cumulative frequency 25 20

15
10 5 0 39.5 49.5 59.5 69.5 79.5 Upper boundary (marks) 89.5 99.5

From the graph, we get

= 22.167

3(b) Based on your answers from 3(a) above, state the most appropriate measure of central tendency that reflect the performance of your class. Give your reasons.
Best Measure of Central Tendency In all of the types of central tendency we cant just point to a single one and tell which the best measure is. Each have certain rules are conditions so that they become the best measure. If the data provided is normally distributed, which means it must be continuous (interval) as well as symmetric, then the mean becomes usually the best measure of central tendency The mode is the least used of the measures of central tendency. If the data provided is nominal, then mode becomes usually the best measure of central tendency. If the data given are skewed or if they are ordinal data, then the median is the best measure of central tendency.

Measurement Scale

Best Measure of the "Middle"

Nominal (Categorical)

Mode

Ordinal

Median

Interval

Symmetrical data: Mean

Ratio

Symmetrical data: Mean Skewed data: Median

So for our measure of central tendency which best reflect the performance of the class is mean because our data is interval which is continuous.

(c) Measure of dispersion is a measurement used to determine how far the values of data in a set of data are spread out from its average value. Explain the advantages of using standard deviation compared to interquartile range as the better measure of dispersion.
The standard deviation gives a measure of dispersion of the data about the mean. A direct analogy would be that of the interquartile range, which gives a measure of dispersion about the median. However, the standard deviation is generally more useful and appropriate than the interquartile range as it includes all data in its calculation. In contrast, using the interquartile range immediately discounts 50 per cent of the data.

4. Ungrouped data and grouped data have been used to obtain the mean and standard deviation in question (2) and (3) respectively. (a) Determine which type of data gives a more accurate representation. Give your reasons.
Mean: The mean value is what we typically call the average. You calculate the mean by adding up all of the measurements in a group and then dividing by the number of measurements. standard deviation shows how much variation or dispersion exists from the average (mean), or expected value. A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be very close to the mean; high standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out over a large range of values. grouped data is more accurate because it has less margin for error. Ungrouped is sometimes flawed and can harbor more inaccurate data.When it is grouped the correlations are easier to see and more accurate.

(b) State the conditions when grouped data and ungrouped data are preferred.
In statistics, arrangement of raw data with a wide range of values into groups. This process makes the data more manageable. Graphs and frequency diagrams can then be drawn showing the class intervals chosen instead of individual values. Grouped data is a statistical term used in data analysis. A raw dataset can be organized by constructing a table showing the frequency distribution of the variable (whose values are given in the raw dataset). Such a frequency table is often referred to as grouped data. [1]

Ungrouped data is the raw data, and correct statistics such as the mean and standard deviations can be determined. Ungrouped data is usually the starting point of analyses. For ungrouped data, the condition it is preferred is small number of data, lesser than 20 to obtain statistical analysis For grouped data, the condition it is preferred is large set of data, more than 20 to obtain statistical analysis .

PART 3
1. Marks 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 total Frequency Mid point 0 4 4 7 8 2 5 30 34.5 44.5 54.5 64.5 74.5 84.5 94.5 0 178 218 451.5 596 169 472.5 2085 cumulative frequency 0 4 8 15 23 25 30 upper boundary 39.5 49.5 59.5 69.5 79.5 89.5 99.5

0 7921 11881 29121.75 44402 14280.5 44651.25 152257.5

1089 529 169 9 49 289 729 2863

0 2116 676 63 392 578 3645 7470

From table, a. Mean,

69.5 b. mode = 70-79 marks c. median

n F class c = size of the median class

= lower boundary of the median class = frequency of the median class = sum of frequencies = cumulative frequency just before the median

59.5 7 30 8 10

M= 69.5

d. Interquartile Range (IQR) = Q3 - Q1

69.5 n F C 30 15 8 10

49.5 n F 30 4 4 10

= 20.625 e. Standard Deviation

2. Marks 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 Total Frequency 0 4 4 7 8 2 6 31 Mid point 34.5 44.5 54.5 64.5 74.5 84.5 94.5 0 178 218 451.5 596 169 567 2179.5 cumulative frequency 0 4 8 15 23 25 31 upper boundary 39.5 49.5 59.5 69.5 79.5 89.5 99.5

0 7921 11881 29121.75 44402 14280.5 53581.5 161187.8

1089 529 169 9 49 289 729 2863

0 2116 676 63 392 578 4374 8199

Mean,

= 16.01904

FURTHER EXPLORATION 1. The top 20% of the students in your class will be awarded by the subject teacher. Calculate the lowest mark for this group of students by using graphical and calculation methods.
Graphical Method
35 30 Cumulative frequency 25 20 15 10 5 0 39.5 49.5 59.5 69.5 Upper boundary 79.5 89.5 99.5

Calculation Method we use the same formula as for finding median to calculate for this.

79.5 n F =79.5+(((4*31/5)-23)/2)*10 (excel) c 31 23 2 10

2. Mr. Mas class scored a mean of 76.79 and a standard deviation of 10.36 in the same examination. Compare the achievements of your class with Mr. Mas class. Give your comments.
Group mean Standard deviation 16.01 10.36

Group 1 (Mr.Ma) 70.30 Group 2 76.79

My class has obtain an average score of 70.3 marks, whereas Mr.Mas class has achieved an average of 76.79. Mr.Ma had obtain higher mean than my class but still in the grade of B. His standard deviation score is 10.36 which is smaller than mine which indicate Mr.Ma student performance in Mathematics test is greater than mine.

REFLECTION

How to Improve Classroom Performance

Read, sing, and talk to your child from infancy. Educators recommend beginning this process as early as four months old. Use the time that your child feels awake and active to read age-appropriate books and sing. As the child begins to recognize words you'll be able to lengthen the communication time. Early childhood communication becomes crucial to classroom success, as education is a communication-based activity.
o

2
Converse regularly with your child. Communicate ideas and ask questions, allowing for thought and answers. You'll be teaching three crucial components for classroom success: the ability to listen, talk, and carry on a conversation. Some children may have learning difficulties linked to communication problems, so you may need to adjust the speed of your speech to compensate and make allowances.

3
Develop a good working relationship with the child's teachers. Ask weekly how your child progresses, and keep on top of school events and academic progress through weekly, casual visits to the school. Become involved with parent-teacher organizations.

4
Track and monitor your child's progress through establishing a homework, project, and studying schedule. If you have more than one child, make sure to be fair with your requirements for each child so that they don't resent this school preparation time. Set specific times each afternoon for homework and keep track of upcoming quizzes and tests so that you can plan ahead for studying, avoiding last-minute frustrations.