Laboratory Number: 2

Poissons Ratio

Prepared for: Chris Parker, CEE 370L Department of Civil Engineering University of Nevada, Las Vegas

Prepared by: Jesus Campuzano

Date Laboratory Performed: Thursday, September 24, 2009 Date Laboratory Submitted: Thursday, October 1, 2009

Contents

Page

Abstract....3

Introduction......................3

Experimental Procedure...3 Data..4 Calculations .........7

Results .8

Conclusion...................8

Appendices..9

List of Graphs and Figures Graph 1: Steel for Specimen #1.....4 Graph 2: Aluminum for Specimen #2.......5 Graph 3: Copper for Specimen #3.....6

Abstract To measure the relative amount of transverse deformation that occurs in an axially-loaded specimen, Poissons Ratio must be calculated. Through the use of an axial gage and a transverse gage, simultaneous readings can be gathered for the strain applied to a specimen through loading. Once the measured strains have been recorded, simple mathematical procedures provide the ratio. In addition to the measured Poissons ratio, a theoretical value can be gathered using a standard formula, which incorporates the modulus of rigidity, the modulus of elasticity, and the Poissons ratio together. The comparison of the two calculated values (theoretical and experimental) should yield similar results under perfect conditions.

Introduction This experiment measured the experimental value for Poissons Ratio. The data that we collected was gathered by using a strain indicator box, weights and various samples (Steel, Aluminum, Copper). Each sample was attached to the strain indicator box and weights were placed on them to produce a strain. Once the sample had a strain, the indicator box would give an axial and transverse strain value. There were six values in total and the increments of weights varied. After collecting all the data, we were able to obtain an experimental value for Poissons Ration.

Experimental Procedures For this experiment the following procedures and equipment were used: 1. Procedures: Measured the width and thickness of the steel specimen. The T.A. attached the strain gages to the indicator box and made sure it was producing axial and transverse values. We clamped the specimen into place and added various weights to each specimen. We determined all the axial and transverse loading for each specimen and recorded the values. 2. Equipment : Two strain indicator box (axial and transverse values) Micrometer (measurement values) Three Specimen (steel, aluminum, copper) 3

 Weights (395, 400, 1000, 500, 500, 1000) LB Data Steel Specimen (ASTM-A36)
Load (g) 395 795 1795 2295 2795 3795 Average vknown Linear Regression R^2 transverse- () y 3 7 18 23 28 38 axial () x 18 33 72 90 111 148 (v=y/x) Poisson's Ratio -0.166666667 -0.212121212 -0.25 -0.255555556 -0.252252252 -0.256756757 0.23222541 0.26086957 0.269605 0.9995

Steel Specimen
45 40 35 transverse () 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 50 100 axial () 150 200 Steel Specimen Linear (Steel Specimen) y = 0.2696x - 1.7089 R = 0.9995

Aluminum Specimen (A96061)

Load (g) 395 795 1795 2295 2795 3795 Average vknown Linear Regression Coefficient of Correlation transverse () y 21 41 94 120 147 200 axial () x 62 126 280 358 436 592 (v=y/x) Poisson's Ratio -0.338709677 -0.325396825 -0.335714286 -0.335195531 -0.337155963 -0.337837838 0.33500169 0.31578947 0.338903 0.999962

Aluminum Specimen
250 200 transverse () 150 100 50 0 0 200 400 axial () 600 800 Aluminum Specimen Linear (Aluminum Specimen) y = 0.3389x - 0.8878 R = 0.9999

Copper Specimen
Load (g) 395 795 1795 2295 2795 3795 Average vknown Linear Regression R^2 transverse () y 10 21 46 60 73 99 axial () x 33 67 153 196 239 326 (v=y/x) Poisson's Ratio -0.303030303 -0.313432836 -0.300653595 -0.306122449 -0.305439331 -0.303680982 0.30539325 0.328125

0.303446 0.999922

Copper Specimen
120 100 transverse () 80 60 40 20 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 axial () Copper Specimen Linear (Copper Specimen) y = 0.3034x + 0.2177 R = 0.9998

Calculations The calculations in this lab was used to obtain the experimental values for Poissons Ratio. In the lab, the values obtained were the transverse strain and axial strain. From this, the transverse strain is divided by the axial strain to produce the experimental Poissons Ration value.

Example: PRe= -Et/Ea = 3/18= 0.166666667

The same calculation was repeated for all three specimen. Once all the values were collected, an average was taken to produce an average experimental Poissons Ratio.

Example: Ve= Pre1+Pre2+Pre3+Pre4+Pre5+Pre6 = Ve=.166666667+.212121212+.25+.255555556+.252252252+.256756757=. Ve =.23222541 Finally, the theoretical value for Poissons Ratio was calculated using the given equation:

G = ___ E___ 2*(1 + v) G = is the modulus of rigidity E = is the modulus of elasticity V = is the theoretical Poissons Ratio.

Solving for v: (1 + v) = (E/G)/2 v = (E/G)/2 1

2*(1 + v) = E/G

Plugging the given values into the equation: v = (29 x 106 psi /11.5 x 106 psi)/2 1 = 0.26086957 Steel v =(10 x 106 psi /3.8 x 106 psi)/2 1 = 0.31578947 Aluminum Copper v =(17 x 106 psi /6.4 x 106 psi)/2 1 = 0.328125

% Error = [(Known-Experimental)/Known]*100% 7

Results
Steel Youngs Modulus (E) psi Moulus of Rigidity (G) psi Poissons Ratio (E/(2G)-1) % Error: Arithmetic Mean v. Theoretical % Error: Linear Regression Slope v.s Theoretical 29000000 11500000 0.26086957 Aluminium 10000000 3800000 0.31578947 Copper 17000000 6400000 0.328125

10.90%

6.08%

6.92%

3.34%

1.16%

0.63%

Using all the data in the laboratory, the ability to find the experimental value of Poissons Ratio was obtained. The first experimental yielded a result of 0.23222541 for steel, 0.33500169 for aluminum and 0.30539325 for copper. The theoretical values were also calculated and yielded a result of 0.26086957 for steel, 0.31578947 for aluminum and 0.328125 for copper. The next section required plotting the transverse vs. axial graphs for each specimen. A linear regression line was produced and the finding came out to 0.269605 for steel, 0.338903 for aluminum and .303446 for copper. These numerical values produced a small percentage error in both Poisson Ration and Linear regression. This could have been attributed to minimum errors within the system. Conclusions The results obtained in this experiment were acceptable. The percentage errors of this lab werent as high as I though and could be contributed to human error. The tools used in this experiment can also contribute to the high percentage error. Collecting more data could have brought the percentage error down slightly, but not enough to see but a one or two percent error

decrease. By following the procedures, one can obtain the values and data needed to produce the Poissons ratio to an acceptable degree of accuracy for the experimental purposes and objectives.

Appendices
Philpot, Timothy. Mechanics of Materials. 1ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. Inc., 2008.