Chapter 12 : THERMOCHEMISTRY 4.1 The Changes Of Energy (E) in chemical reaction 1.

The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be ___________ or ____________. However, energy can be ___________ from one form to another. For example, chemical energy heat energy 2. Exothermic reaction the reaction which ____________ the heat energy ____ surroundings 3. Endothermic reaction the reaction which ___________ the heat energy ____ surroundings 4. The table below shows the differences between exothermic & endothermic reaction: Charateristics EXOTHERMIC ENDOTHERMIC 1.Heat energy 2.Thermometer 3.Changes of energy 4.Bonding 5.Energy Level Diagram 4.2 Calculation for the heat changes, H 1. H measured in ____________ unit 6.Examples - dissovels - dissovels concentrated acid ammonium salts in /alkali in water water - combustion - carbonate / nitrate - rusting of iron salts decomposes - acid reacts with metal by heat - neutralisation - acid reacts with - Haber process NaHCO3 & KHCO3 - Touch process - photosynthesis 2. H = mc m = the mass of reactant solution which immersed the thermometer c = heat capasity of water = 4.18 J g-1 C -1 = temperature change , T Chemical energy Heat energy
Reactant particles

Exothemic

Solution in Endothermic beaker = surroundings

5. Energy (E) - ability to do the works - measured in Joule (J) - 1000J = _____ KJ 6. Heat changes ( H) - the changes of heat during the chemical reaction - unit : _________ - ve value for ______________ - +ve value for ______________ - Hproducts-Hreactants

7. Heat energy will be absorbed in _____________ bonds(-ve) 8. Heat energy will be released in _____________ bonds(+ve)

3. Energy level diagram E H1 H = -ve H2 E H2 H1 H = +ve Endothermic H = H2 H1

5. Calculation of heat change in experiment

Exothermic

4.3

Heat of precipitation Diagram:

- Defination: - AgNO3 (ak) + NaCl (ak) Ionic equation : Ag+ (ak) + Cl- (ak) AgCl (p) + NaNO3 (ak) AgCl (p)

4. During the chemical reaction: Hx = heat change for reaction Hy = Heat absorbed to break the bonds (+ve) Hz = Heat realeased when bonds formed (-ve) Hx = Hy + Hz If Hy < Hz, If Hy > Hz, then then Hx ve (exo) Hx +ve (endo) CO (g) + H2 (g) ,Hx +ve
Heat realeased when bonds formed

-calculation: 1. 2. 3. 4.4 Heat of displacement Diagram:

Example: C (p) + H2O (ce) E

Heat absorbed to break the bonds

C (g) + 2H (g) + O (g)

Hz Hy

CO (g) + H2 (g)

Hx
Total heat change

Defination: Mg (p) + FeCl2 (ak) Fe (p) + MgCl2 (ak) ionic equation : Mg (p) + Fe2+(aq) Fe (p) + Mg2+ (aq)

C (s) + H2O (l)

 4.5

Jisim bahan t/b & tidak diambil kira bahan t/b yg berlainan memberi haba penyesaran berlainan cth: haba t/b Zn dgn Fe2+ haba t/b Al dgn Fe2+

membakar bahan api (alkohol) sbyk jisim m1 & haba yg dibebaskan diguna utk memanaskan air pada V1. Perubahan suhu maksimum disukat haba pembakaran (KJmol-1)

Haba Peneutralan maksud: haba yang dibebaskan a/p satu mol ion H+ t/b dgn satu mol ion OH- utk menghasilkan satu mol air pada keadaan piawai Cth: HCl (ak) + NaOH (ak) Bilangan atom karbon per molekul alkohol Kesimpulan: Haba pembakaran semakin meningkat dgn pertambahan bil. atom C per molekul alkohol 4.7 Nilai Bahan Api 1. Bahan api : 2. Bahan api berbeza mempunyai haba pembakaran yang berlainan 3. Faktor pemilihan bahan api dalam kegunaan industri: a) b) c) d) menghasilkan tenaga haba yg byk mempunyai harga / kos yang rendah mudah diperoleh tidak mencemarkan alam sekitar

H2O (ce) + NaCl (ak) H = -x KJ mol-1 H2SO4 (ak) + Mg (OH)2 (ak) 2H2O (ce) + MgSO4 (ak) H = -2x KJ mol-1 + H (ak) + OH (ak) H2O (ce) - kaedah penentuan Haba Peneutralan - campurkan larutan asid M1 sbyk V1 dgn larutan alkali M2 sbyk V2 & perubahan suhu maksimum disukat Haba peneutralan antara asid kuat dgn alkali kuat adalah tetap, iaitu 57.3 KJ mol-1 Kerana semua asid & alkali kuat mengion secara lengkap Haba peneutralan antara asid lemah dgn alkali lemah < drpd -57.3 KJ mol-1 Kerana semua asid & alkali lemah mengion secara separa / tidak lengkap Maka sebahagian haba yg terbebas semasa proses peneutralan diserap utk memutuskan ikatan O-H dalam molekul asid lemah yg tidak mengion

4. Nilai bahan api: : utk membanding kos tenaga antara bahan api : unit KJg-1 5. Arang kok byk digunakan dalam industri Kelebihan: Keburukan: Sebab:- mengandungi bendasing seperti sulfur yang akan ditukar menjadi sulfur dioksida yang mengakibatkan hujan asid. Hujan asid memusnahkan hutan rimba, hidupan akuatik mati, struktur bangunan (logam / konkrit) terkakis.

4.6

Haba Pembakaran maksud: haba yang dibebaskan a/p satu mol bahan kimia terbakar dgn lengkap dalam oksigen pada keadaan piawai Cth: CH3OH (ce) + 3/2 O2 (g) kaedah penentuan Haba Pembakaran CO2 (g) + 2H2O (ce)

Persamaan: S (p) + O2 (g)

SO2 (g)