Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
form most cells Oligodendrocytes Provide myelin in CNS Oligodendrocyte precursors retain stem cell properties More oligopotent Microglia From hematopoietic (blood-like) cells Remove cellular debris from nervous system Secrete cytokines Neurocircuits Neuropil-dense region between cell bodies where synapses are Myotatic reflex-knee-jerk Nervous systems Associational systems-mediate more complex functions Ganglia-clumps of peripheral neurons Nerves-collections of peripheral axons Nuclei-collections of neurons in CNS Tracts-collections of axons in CNS Commissures-tracts that cross midline of brain Gray matter-regions rich in cell bodies White matter-region rich in axons (white from fat) Enteric system-visceral neurons which influence the gut Neural Systems Anterograde-neural connections from source to terminus Retrograde-neural connections from terminus to source Receptive field-region of space which, when stimulated, causes an action potential in a neuron Brain Imagin Computerized Tomography (CT)-fires thin plane of x-rays Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)-measures disruptions in magnetic fields to find matter density Diffusion tensor imagin (DTI)-type of MRI that can see axons better Positron emission tomography (PET)-give patient radioactive reagent and measure positrons Single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT)-measure photons from radioactive reagent Functional Magnetic Resonance Imagin (fMRI)-measures effects of hemoglobin on magnetic field Magnetoencephalography (MEG)-measures magnetic consequences of electric signals Magnetic source imaging (MSI)-MRI + MEG Chapter 2 Electrical signals Receptor potential-change in membrane potential of sensory cell from reception of stimulus Synaptic potential-change in membrane potential in postsynaptic cell from activation of synapse Passive electrical response-response not effected by neuron
Nerst Equation: E x =
RT [ X ] out ln zF [ X ] in (page33) R = gas constant T = absolve temp (K) Z = valence (electrical charge) of permeant ion F = Faraday constant2
PK [ K + ]out + PNa [ Na + ]out + PCl [Cl ]in PK [ K + ]in + PNa [ Na + ]in + PCl [Cl ]out
Chapter 3 Ohms Law: IR = V Iion = gion(Vm - Eion) Saltatory-jumps from node to node Chapter 4 Patch clamping-method of studying single ion channels SCN Gene-various Na+ channel genes CACNA Gene-various Ca2+ channel genes ATPase pumps-ion pumps that hydrolyze ATP Electrogenic-having the property of producing a current Journal Club: Targeted mini-strokes produce changes in interhemispheric sensory signal processing that are indicative of disinhibition within minutes Ischemia-loss of blood to a region (Peri)-infarct: (Around) dead tissue resulting from lack of oxygen Ipisilateral-on the same hemisphere Contralateral-on the opposite hemisphere Chapter 5 Connexons-channels that make up gap junctions Connexins-protein subunits which make up connexons End plates-groups of synapses at neuro-muscular junctions End plate potential (EPP)-depolarization of post-synaptic muscle cell of an endplate Miniature end plate potential (MEPP)-small spontaneous potentials without presynaptic action potential Synapsin-keeps vesicles tethered to reserved pool Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, type II (CaMKII)-phosphorylates synapsin to mobilize vesicles NEM-sensitive fusion protein (NSF)-primes synaptic vesicles for fusion Soluble NSF attachment proteins (SNAPs)-primes synaptic vesicles for fusion SNAP Receptors (SNAREs)-protein complexes which help vesicles fusion Synaptobevin-SNARE protein on vesicle surface that binds to other proteins to make SNARE complex Syntaxin-SNARE proteins on plasma membrane that bind to vesicle protein to make SNARE complex SNAP-25- SNARE proteins on plasma membrane that bind to vesicle protein to make SNARE complex Synaptotagmin-protein on vesicles which is modulated by Ca2+ Dynamin-causes the final pinching off of a coated pit from the membrane Hsc70-removed clathrin Auxilin-recruits Hsc70 to clathrin
Synaptojamin-protein that helps in clathrin uncoding Ionotropic receptors/ligand-gated ion channels-NT receptors that are also ion channels Metabotropic receptors-G-protein coupled NT receptors End plate current (EPC)-current in postsynaptic cell of neuro-muscular junction Reverse potential-potential of cell where EPC goes from positive to negative Postsynaptic current (PSC) Postsynaptic potential (PSP) Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) Tripartite synapse-idea that three element (pre-synaptic, post-synaptic, glia) effect synapse Chapter 6 Na+-dependent choline co-transporter (ChT)-cotransporter using Na+ gradient to uptake choline Vesicular Ach transporter (VAChT)-loads ACh into vesicles Nicotinic Ach receptor (nAChR)-ionotropic Ach receptor in postsynaptic cell Muscarinic Ach Receptor (mAChR)-metabotropic