Montana Bioenergy 00 Will Rich

3 (DENERGY
MONTANA
GUIDEBOOK
ALCOHOL FERMENTATION
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
COGENERATION
DENSIFICATION
DIRECT COMBUSTION
GASIFICATION
LANDFILL GAS
LIQUEFACTION
OILSEED EXTRACTION
PYROLYSIS
333.9539
N7MBG
1991
R 333 9539 N7ml>9 1991 6 S 333 9539 M7m>9 Montana bioenergy guMJebook
MONTANA STATE LIBRARY
.,,
^ ^ o^^988
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ARM
ASCS
Administrative Rules of Montana
U.S.
gpm
HjS
Gallons Per Minute
Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Stabili2ation and Conservation Service

of Mechanical Engineers
Hydrogen Hydrogen
Interstate
Sulfide
ASME BACT
BATF
BBER
BIA
American Society
U.S.
ICC
Commerce Commission
Best Available Control Technology
LAER
of
Lowest Achievable Emission Rate
Department of the Treasury, Bureau Alcohol, Tobacco, and R rearms
MACT
MASS
Maximum Available Control Technology

Montana Agricultural Statistics Service Montana Code Annotated Montana Envirorunental Policy Act Montana Groundwater
System
Pollution Control
Montana Bureau
U.S.
of Business
and Economic
Bureau of
Research, University of Montana
MCA
MEPA MGWPCS
MPDES
Department of the
Interior,
Indian Affairs
BLM
U.S.
Deportment of the Interior, Bureau of
Land Management
Montana
System
Pollutant Discharge Elimination
BOD
BPA
Btu
Biological
Oxygen Demand
MSW
NAAQS
NEPA
NO, NPDES
Municipal Solid Waste

National Ambient Air Quality Standards
U.S.
Department of Energy, Bonneville

Thermal Unit
Power Administration
British
National Environmental Policy Act
CFR
CO
COj
Code of Federal Regulations Carbon Monoxide

Carbon Dioxide
Chemical Oxygen
Compounds of Nitrogen and Oxygen

National Pollutant Discharge Elinnination
System
COD
cwt
Demand
O3
Hundredweight
Distillers' E>ried
Oxygen Ozone
U.S. Occupational Safety
DC)GS
OSHA
of Fish, Wildlife
and Health Ad-
Grains
ministration
DBNT
DHES
Montana Department
Parks
and
PAH
PER
PM-10
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons
Preliminary Environmental Review
Particles
Montana Department
ronmental Sciences
of Health
and Envi-
With an Aerodynamic Diameter
DNRC
Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation
of 10 Microns or Less
POM
PSC PSD
psi
Particulate Organic Matter
DOA
EXXZ
EXDE
Montana Department of Agriculture Montana Department of Commerce

U.S.
Montana Public Service Commission

Prevention of Significant Deterioration
Department of Energy
Pounds Per Square Inch

Qualifying Facility
DOJ
Montana Department of Justice
DOU
IXDR
EXDT
DSL
Montana Department of Labor and Industry Montana Department of Revenue Montana Department of Transportation Montana Department of State Lands
En\'ironmental Assessment
Eastern Agricultural Research Center
QF RCRA
Resource Conservation Recovery Act
SHWB
Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Solid and Hazardous Waste Bureau
Standard Industrial Qassification
State Implementation Plan
SIC
SIP
EA EARC ED
EIS
S02
Sulfur Dioxide
Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, Energy Division

Environmental Impact Statement
U.S. Environmental Protection
so,
Compounds of Sulfur and Oxygen

Total
EPA EQC
F
TSP UIC
Suspended
Particulates
Underground
U.S.
Injection Control
Agency
USDA
USPS
Department of Agriculture Department of Agriculture, Forest
Envirorvmental Quality Council
U.S.
Fahrenheit
U.S. Federal
Service
FERC
Energy Regulatory Commis-
VOC
Volatile Organic
Compounds
WQB
Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Water Quality Bureau
MOMTANA
15i5
E. 6>-h
STATE LiE?<ARY AVE.
HELENA,
MONTAMA
59620
MONTANA
BIOENERGY
GUIDEBOOK
Prepared by
Raelen Williard
Information Specialist
Information
Now
'HfinnuUion nout
and
Howard
E.
Haines,
Jr.
Biomass Program Engineer
MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION

EAST SIXTH AVENUE HELENA, MONlÂNA 59620-2301
1520
(406) 444-6697
DECEMI5ER
1991
ACKNOWLEDGMENTTS
This guidebook
the
is
a revised version of Montana's Bioenergi/ Project Permitting Guidebook, published of Natural Resources
by
Montana Department
individuals contributed to
Williard, Information
E.
and Conservation G3NKC), July 1986. A number of the development and production of this publication, including: Raelen
Helena, Montana, author and research and infonrwjtion services;
Now,
Howard
Haines,
Jr.,
DNRC,
author and project manager; Carole Massman,

Barbara Lien,
DNRC,
editor;
Dan
Vichorek,
DNRC, assistant editor; and
DNRC, desktop publishing technician.

and
local, state,
sfêcial
thank you goes
to all of the individuals in businesses

this publication.
and
federal agencies
who provided
information for
NOTICE
This guidebook
Pacific
was prepared with the support of DNRC and the U.S. Department of Energy OX)E), Northwest and Alaska Biomass Energy Program administered by the Bonneville Power Ad-
ministration (BPA). Such support does not constitute an endorsement by
BPA or DNRC of the views
expressed in
this
work.
of the preparers. Neither
from the use of
this
Any opinions, findings, or conclusions presented in this guidebook are those BPA nor DNRC assumes any responsibility for economic losses resulting guidebook. No warranty, expressed or implied, is made for the accuracy, com-
pleteness, or usefulness of the information found herein.
Every project
is
unique, and
it
is
recommended
that this
guidebook be used as a starting place

projects.
to
leam
li-
about and understand the planning and permitting process for bioenergy
censes, or areas of compliance that are not included in the
project.
Some
permits,
guidebook may be necessary
to a particular
Finally, the
guidebook
is
not a substitute for working closely uith
local, state,
and
federal
agencies during the development of a project.
The information
presented here
in this
guidebook was developed from written and
oral
communications with each
regulatory agency. Regulatory stahJtes

is
and programs are
periodically changed. Thus, information
subject to
change or reinterpretation.
Permission
is
granted for reprinting material from the Montana Bioenergy Guidebook provided that
DNKC,
Pacific
Northwest and Alaska Biomass Energy Program, and Bonneville Power Administra-
tion are contacted
and
credited.
Cover of
this
guidebook
is
printed
on recycled paper.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
Inside front cover
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
NOTICE
ii
ii
GLOSSARY
SECTION
1.
ix
WHERE TO START
1 1
Introduction
How to Use the Guidebook

What isBiomass Energy? How toPbna Bioenergy Project
2 2
SECTION 2. BIOENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

Intrcxiuction
9
12
Alcohol Fermentation
Environmental Pemiits
Construction and Land Use Permits
Special Issues
Anaerobic Digestion
16
Environmental Permits
Special Issues
Cogeneration
19
Environmental Pemiits
Construction and l^nd Use Permits
Special Issues
III
Densification
22
Special Issues
Direct Combustion: Boilers
and Furnaces
25
Special Issues
Gasification
28
Special Issues
Landfill
Gas
31
Special Issues
Liquefaction
33
Special Issues
Oilseed Extraction
35
Special Issues
Pyrolysis
37
Special Lssues
SECTION 3. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

Introduction
39 39
Air Quality
Overview
Air Quality
Laws and Regulations
G^D)
Nonattainment
Air Toxics
PM-10 Standards Waste Management Solid Waste Disposal OVonhazardous) Hazardous Waste Disposal
Water Quality
47
"^1
IV
SrCTION4. rCRMITS BY CATEGORY

Introduction
51
Agriculture
52
Dealer's License
Commodity
Feed Dealer's Permit
Warehouseman's License
Air Quality Air Quality Permit
54
Open Burning Perniit

G^D) Review
56
Alcohol Production Alcohol Fuel Producer's Permit Alcohol Distributor's License

Building, Mechanical, Electrical, and
Plumbing Permits
57
Building Permit
Mechanical Permit
Electrical
Permit
Plumbing Permit
Forest Clearing
Fire
and Burning
59
Hazard Reduction /Certificate of Clearance

60
Timber Removal Permit
Land Use
Floodplain Development Permit
Lakeshore Development Permit
Major
Facility Siting
61
Need and Environmental Compatibility Occupational Safety and Health

Certificate of Public
62
Boiler Operating Certificate
Boiler Operator's License

Fire Safety Inspections
Waste Management
63
Facility
Hazardous Waste Management

Solid
Pennit
Waste Management System License

65
Water Quality
Montana Groundwater Pollution Control System (MGWPCS) Permit Montana Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (MPDES) Permit
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit
Stream Protection Act Pennit
Streambed and Land Preservation Pennit (310 Permit) Water Use

Beneficial
68
Water Use Permit
SECTION
5.
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
71
Business Licensing Requirements
Cogeneration and Small Power Production
71
Dam Safety
Forested Areas
72
73 73
Highways /Transportation
Indian Reservations
Local Areas
74 74
75 75 76
Navigable Waters
Occupational Safety and Health
Urban Areas/Municipalities
Water Use
77
APPENDIX A.
MONTANA BIOENERCY FACILITIES

by Technology
Facilities
Projects Listed
79
Alcohol Production
Biogas
Facilities
Facilities
Combustion
Projects Listed
Wood Pellet Plants

by Location
82
APPENDIX B. AGENCIES/ORGANIZATIONS
83
APPENDIX C. BIOMASS RESOURCES

Introduction
93 93 94 94
Wood Resources
Agricultural Resources
Solid
Waste Resources
REFERENCES AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX
105
117
MONTANA ENERGY COST COMPARISON CHART
Inside back cover
VI
HGURES
1.
How To Plan a Bioenergy Project

Permit Calendar
Alcohol Fermentation
4 5 13
2.
3.
4. 5. 6.
Anaerobic Digestion
Cogeneration
Densification
Direct
17
20
23
7.
8.
Combustion
26 29
Gasification
9.
LandHUGas
Liquefaction
32
34
10.
11.
12.
Oilseed Extraction
Pyrolysis
36
38
41
13.
14.
Maximum Allowable Emission of Particulate Matter from New Fuel-Burning Installations Montana PSD Class Areas
1
45 95
101
15. 16. 17.

18.
Areas With Forest Residue Potential Areas of Surplus Straw Areas With Safflower Production Potential Areas With Canola Production Potential
102 103
TABLES
1.
Bioenergy Technologies
Information Sources for Bioenergy Technologit-s
10
11
2. 3. 4.
Alcohol Fermentation Permits, Licenses, and Special Issues
14 18
21
Anaerobic Digestion Permits,
Liceiises,
and Special Issues
5. 6.
7. 8.
Cogeneration Permits, Licenses, and Special ksues

Densification Permits, Licenses,
Direct
and Special
Issues
24
Combustion Permits,
Licenses,
and
Special Issues
27
40
Bioenergy Technologies and Potential Environmental Emissions
9.
AirPollutantsRegulatedby the State of Montana
42 44 47
51
10;
11.
Montana and National Ambient Air Quality Standards

Areas Exceeding National Ambient Air Quality Standards
12.
PennitsThat Might BeRa]uired

Available Bark and Sawdust
for
Bioenergy Technologies
13.
14.
15.
94 96
l>istressed
Infonnation Sources for Biomass Availability

Polenlial Ethanol Production (in Gallons)
From
Grains Based on a Percentage of 97
Total Harvest
Iti.
TotalStraw Available
(in
Dry Tons) After Conservation
99
104
17.
MunicipalSolid Waste Available by County
vu
Vlll
GLOSSARY
A chemical
process in which
Acid hydrolysis:
acid
is
used
to convert cellulose or starch to
Backup electricity (backup services): Power and /or services that are only occasionally
needed,
i.e.,
sugar.
when
on-site generation equipK
ment
Alcohol:
fails.
general class of hydrocarbons that
contain a hydroxyl group (OH). In this guide-
Best available control technology (BACT):
book, the term "alcohol"
is
used interchangeably
That combination of production processes,

methods, systems, and techniques that
of pollutants from a given facility.
wrill re-
with the term "ethanol," even though there are
many
typ>es of alcohol. (See Bulanol, Etlwnol,
and
sult in the lowest achievable level of emissions
Methanol.)
BACT
It
is
an
emission limitation determined on a case-by-
Ambient
air quality:
The condition of the air in
case basis by the permitting authority.
may
the surrounding environment.
include fuel cleaning or treatment, or innovative fuel
combustion techniques.
Anaerobic: Pertaining to the absence of free

oxygen.
Biochemical conversion process: The use of

living
organisms or their products
to
convert
Anaerobic digestion:
biochemical degrada-
organic material into fuels.
tion process that converts

terials to
complex organic main the
methane and other coproducts
Bioenergy: The conversion of the complex car-
absence of free oxygen.
bohydrates
in organic niatter into energy, either
by using the matter directly as a
fuel or
by pro-
Attainment
area:
geographic region where
cessing
it
into liquids
and gases
that are
more
the concentration of a specific air pollutant does
efficient.
not exceed federal standards.
Biogas:
combustible gas derived from debiological waste. Biogas normally
Avoided
costs:
The incremental
costs to an
composing
electric utility of electric
energy or capacity or
consists of 50 to 60 percent methane.
both which, but for the purchase from the qualifying facility or
generate
itself
facilities,
such
utility
would
or purchase from another source.
IX
Biological oxygen
demand (BOD):
oxygen required
to
The
meet
such
Canola:
A
that
winter rapeseed developed in

produces an edible
oil
amount
isms
in
of dissolved
Canada
rated
low
in satu-
the metabolic needs of anaerobic microorgan-
fat.
water that
is
rich in organic matter,
as sewage.
Capital cost: The total investment needed to
complete
Biomass:
a project
and bring
it
to a
commer-
Any
organic matter that
is
available
cially
operable status.
on a renewable basis including forest and mill residues, agricultural crops and wastes, wood
Cellulose:
plants,
The main carbohydrate
in living
and wood wastes, animal wastes, livestock operation residues, aquatic plants, and municipal
wastes.
forming the skeletal structure of the
plant cell wall.
The carbohydrate molecule
is
composed
Biomass
fuel,
of long chains of glucose molecules.
Cellulose molecules are
much
larger
and
struc-
Biomass energy:
energy, or
steam derived from the direct combustion of

biomass for the generation of
electricity,
me-
more complex than starch molecules, which makes the breakdown of cellulose to glucose more difficult.
turally
chanical power, or industrial process heat.
Char: The remains of solid biomass that has
Biomass
fuel:
Any liquid, solid, or gaseous fuel
been incompletely combusted, such as charcoal

if
produced by conversion from biomass.
wood
is
incompletely burned.
Board
feet (BF):
to a
Unit of measure for logs and
Chemical oxygen demand (COD): The amount

of dissolved
lumber equal
board
inch thick, 12 inches
oxygen required
to
combine with
wade, and 12 inches long. The material is commonly measured in thousand board feet (MBF) or million board feet (MMBF).
chemicals in the water, usually for industrial

wastewater.
Class
Boiler:
rial
area:
Any
area designated for the mo.st
Any device used

to heat
to
bum biomass mate-
stringent protection from future air quality

degradation.
and wastes
water for generating
steam.
Class
British thermal unit (Btu):
II
area:
Any area where air is cleaner than
unit of heat en-
required by federal air quality standards and

designated for a moderate degree of protection
ergy equal to the heat needed to raise the tem-
perature of one
Fahrenheit.
pound
of water one degree
from
air quality
degradation. Moderate in-
creases in
new
pollution
may be
permitted in
Qass n areas.
Butanol (butyl alcohol):
An
alcohol vAth the

It
chemical formula CHjCCHj)'^?^.
is
formed
Cogeneration:
The technology
of simulta-
during anaerobic fermentation using bacteria

to
neously producing electric energy and other

forms of thermal or mechanical energy from a
single facility for industrial or commercial heat-
convert the sugars to butanol and carbon
dioxide.
ing or cooling purposes.
Combustion: The transfonmation of biomass into heat, chemicals, and gases through chemical
Furnace:
An
is
enclosed chamber or container
used
to
bum
biomass
in a controlled
manner
combination of hydrogen and carbon

fuel
in the
where heat
heating.
produced
for space or process
wood
with oxygen in the
air.
Densif ication:
process that compresses biointo pellets, bri-
Gas
shift process:
process where carbon

react in the presence of
mass (usually wood waste)

to
monoxide and hydrogen
quettes, cubes, or densified logs
by subjecting
it
a catalyst to form methane
and water.
high pressure.
Gasification:
A chemical or heat process used to
The process by which the components of a mixture (e.g., ethanol-water) are separated by boiling and recondensing the reDistillation:
convert a feedstock into a gaseous form.
Gasohol: Registered trade
name
for a
blend of
90 percent (by volume) unleaded gasoline writh

10 percent ethanol.
sultant vapors.
Distillers' dried grains

tillers'
(DDGS): The dried disa high-
Hogged
(hog) fuel:
Wood
to
residues processed
grains coproduct of the grain fermenta-
through a chipper or mill

for fuel. Bark, dirt,
produce coarse chips
tion process,
which may be used as
and
fines
may be included.
protein animal feed.

Incinerator:
Any
device used to
bum
solid or
Emissions: Substances discharged into the en-
liquid residues or wastes as a

posal. In
method
of disfor
vironment as waste material, such as discharge

into the air
some models,
provisions are
made
from smokestacks or discharge
into
recovering the heat produced.
the water from waste streams.
Kilowatt-hour (Kwh):
Enzymatic hydrolysis:
measure of energy
process by which en-
equivalent to the expenditure of one kilowatt for
zymes
(biological catalysts) are
used
to
break
one hour, equal

Landfill gas:
to
about 3,412 Btus.

that is generated
starch or cellulose
down into sugar.

Gas
by decompo-
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol):
An alcohol compound
sition of organic material at landfill disposal sites.
v^th the chemical formula
CHjCHjOH
formed
The gas generated

methane.
is
approximately 50 percent
during sugar fermentation by yeast.
Fermentation: The biological conversion by

yeast of sugar into carbon dioxide
Leachates: Liquids derived from or percolated
and
alcohol.
through, and containing soluble portions

waste
piles.
of,
Leachate can include various miner-
Forested areas or land:

of producing or has
if
Any land
that is capable
als,
organic matter, or other contaminants and
produced
not
forest
growth
or,
can contaminate surface water or groundwater.

Liquefaction: The process of converting bio-
lacking forest growth, has evidence of a

is
former forest and
now
in other use.
mass from
process
is
a solid to a liquid.
The conversion
a chemical
change
that takes place at
elevated temperatures
and
pressures.
XI
Liquid hydrocarbon:
of chemical
One of a very large group compounds composed only of carlargest source of hydro-
Organic compounds: Chemical compounds based on carbon chains or rings and also con-
bon and hydrogen. The

carbons
is
petroleum.
hydrogen with or without oxygen, trogen, and other elements.

taining
Particulate:
ni-
Megawatt (MW): An electric generation

one million watts or 1,000 kilowatts.
unit of
small, discrete
mass of
solid or
liquid matter that remains individually dis-
persed in gas or liquid emissions, such as aero-
Methane:
An
odorless, colorless, flammable
sol, dust,
fume, mist, smoke, and spray. Each of
gas with the formula
CH^
that
is
the primary
these forms has different properties.
constituent of natural gas.
pH:
A measure of acidity
or alkalinity of a so-
Methanol (methyl
ally
alcohol):
An
alcohol with
is
lution that numerically equals 7 for a neutral

solution. Acid solutions
the chemical formula
CH3OH. Methanol
usu-
have a lower
pH
apa
produced by chemical conversion
at
high
proaching
higher
0,
and alkaline solutions have
temperatures and pressures.
pH approaching 14.
Mill residue:
Wood and
bark waste produced
Prevention of significant deterioration (PSD):
in processing lumber.
planning and management process for air
quality that applies
when
in
new
source of air
Nonattainment
area:
geographic area in
Ls
pollution
is
proposed
an area
where ambient
which the quality of the

allowed by federal
air
worse than
that
air quality is better
than applicable standards.
air pollution standards. Pre-
vention of significant deterioration require-
Producer gas: Fuel gas high

ide (CO)
in
carbon monox-
ments do not apply
in
nonattainment areas.
and hydrogen
(Hj),
produced by
air
burning a solid fuel (biomass) with a deficiency

Oilseed extraction: The separation of vegetable
oil
of air or
by passing a mixture of
and steam
from seeds (safflower, sunflower) by the

oil
through a burning bed of solid
fuel (biomass).
combination of pressing a portion of the
out
Pyrolysis:
and dissolving the remainder

solvents.
of the oil with
The breaking apart of complex molby the use

of heat. For
ecules into simpler units

this
handbook, the process involves chemical

charcoal.
Opacity: The extent to which

ticles
smoke
or par-
decomjxisition of biomass to producer gas, fuel

oil,
emitted into the air obstruct the transmis-
and
sion of light.
Qualifying
Organic: Of, relating
to,
facility:
nonutility operation that

electric
or derived from living
produces or cogenerates
power
for sale
organisms;
of,
rebting
to,
or containing carbon
and meets certain
state requirements.
compounds.
xu
Refuse-derived
fuel;
Fuel preparod from
mu-
Stillage:
The grains and/or
liquid effluent re-
nicipiil M)lid vvasle
by refining
Minimum
refine-
maining after distillation.

Total suspended particulates (TSP): Quantity
of solid particles in a gas or exhaust stream.
ment
tions,
is
usually removing nonconibustible porglass,
such as rocks,
into
and
metals, before
chopping pieces
uniform
sizes.
Renewable energy
natural means.
It
resource:
Any energy
re-
Waste streams:
nomic
value.
Solid and/or liquid by-products
source that can be replaced after use through

includes solar energy,
of a biomass process that
have no use or eco-
wind
energy, hydropower, and energy from plant

matter.
Watt: The
common
base unit of power in the
Solvent extraction:
metric system equal to one joule per second, or
method
of separation in
to the
which a
to
solid or solution is contacted with a
of
power developed in a circuit by a current one ampere flowing through a potential dif-
liquid solvent (the
two are mutually insoluble) transfer one or more components into the sol-
ference of one volt.
vent. This
oils.
method
is
used
to purify vegetable
Xlll
SECTION 1 WHERE TO START
INTRODUCTION
The Montana
this
guide
may
be necessary to a particular
is
project. If a
proposed project
at all related to
it
was written to provide project developers, government officials, professionals, and the general public with
Bioenerg]/ Guidebook
specific areas of regulation listed,
is
recom-
mended
that the appropriate agencies
be con-
tacted for further information.
a brief description of the technologies used in
developing bioenergy projects and the permitting process involved with those projects.
Many
HOW TO USE THE GUIDEBOOK

The Montana
five
individuals, businesses,
and municipalities are

affect
Bioenergy Guidebook
1,
is
divided into
to Start, ex-
interested in developing bioenergy projects.
major sections. Section
Where
Many
laws and regulations

to
such
projects.
plains the purposes of the guidebook

to
and how
There are applications
file,
time deadlines to
use
it,
introduces the user to bioenergy con-
meet, requirements to comply with, and project
cepts,
and outlines the process of planning a

2,
information reports to
authorities.
file
with the appropriate
bioenergy project. Section
Bioenergy Tech-
Because projects frequently require

local, state,
nologies, discusses 10 bioenergy technologies
{jermits
from
is
and
federal agencies,
all
and provides an overview of the permits,

licenses, or other areas of
to
the guide
designed
to
cover
three levels of
compliance related
regulation.
More detailed information on project

in
each technology. Also included are process
development and technologies can be found

by John Vranizan
flowcharts that detail feedstocks, process steps,
the Biomass Energy Project Development Guidebook

et al.
end products, and potential emissions

technology. Section
3,
for each
Environmental Consider-
ations, discusses air quality,
water quality, and

4,
The purpose of the Montana

is
Bioenergy Guidebook
waste management requirements. Section

Permits By Category,
lists
to help
people developing projects understand

It is
permits by
topical
the permitting process.
not a legal document
area. Section 5, Special Considerations, covers
and should not be relied on exclusively to determine legal responsibilities. It is not a substitute
for obtaining detailed information regarding
li-
items not mentioned elsewhere, including business liceasing requirements, cogeneration,

safety,
dam
lists
and
others.
The appendices include
censes, permits, standards, operating require-
of bioenergy projects, information
on biomass
ments, and enforcement from government agencies.
Some
pennits and licenses not included in
resources, and lists of federal and state agencies and other organizations. An energy cost
comparison chart
books mentioned
the bibliography.
is
inside the back cover. All
cessing biomass
is
called bioenergy. Bioenergy
in the
guidebook are
cited in
can produce
electricity,
mechanical power, space
A glossary and a subject index

list
heat, or industrial process heat.
are included. Finally, a
of abbreviations
and
Bioenergy technologies such as alcohol fermentation,
acronyms
Permit
is
included inside the front cover.
anaerobic digestion, direct combustion,
descriptions in Section 4 are
based on
in-
densification, in
and cogeneration are being used

in
terviews with each agency and information in

the 1991 edition of the laws of Montana, the
Montana Code Annotated (MCA), and
in the state
Montana. Montana projects include biogas use by sewage plants, fuel alcohol production from grains, use of
bioenergy projects
rules, the Administrative Rules of
Montana
college
is
wood waste
for process heat or for conversion
(ARM),
able at
in force in
June 1991 The

.
MCA is availand
into fuel pellets,
and burning municipal waste
to
most large public
libraries
produce process steam. Technologies that are

used elsewhere and are being studied
potential uses in
traction,
sis,
and university libraries, while the available at the Montana State Library,
ARM
for their
the State
Montana include
oilseed ex-
Law Library of Montana, and most college and

university libraries. Copies of specific rules are
use of
landfill gas, liquefaction, pyroly-
and
gasification of various
biomass residues.
usually available from the agency that administers
them.
A
made
to present accu-
bioenergy
facility
nologies. For
may combine several techexample, a boiler burning wood

for
Serious effort has been

rate,
waste could provide process steam

hol plant.
an
alco-
comprehensive information in this guideis
Use of biomass
to
produce energy has

low-
book. However, every project
unique, and the

a starting
numerous
advantages including using local recosts,
guidebook should be used only as

place in the permitting process.
stitute for
It
newable resources, reducing energy

ering the cost of transporting
is
not a sub-
and
disfxasing of
working closely with authorized agencies and other professionals for develop ment of a project that is economically sound and in compliance with all federal and state laws and rules.
waste, stimulating the local economy, and decreasing foreign trade deficits by reducing the
use of imported
oil
and natural
gas.
HOW TO PLAN A BIOENERGY

PROJECT
Successful development of a bioenergy project
WHAT IS BIOMASS ENERGY?

For the purpose of
this publication,
biomass
a
is
dep)ends on a
number of factors,
including thorfinanc-
any organic matter

agricultural crops
that
is
available
on
renew-
ough research and planning, economics,
able basis, including forest
and
mill residues,
ing, resource availability, effective fuel collection
and wastes, wood and wood
wastes, animal wastes, feedlot residues, food
and conversion, appropriate design for a general location, and efficient operation. Other considerations are
processing wastes, and municipal solid waste
how
of
well project developers present
(MSW).
trees,
oils
All
biomass contains carbon. Plants,

to
the project to the
government and the
public,
municipal waste, manure, and vegetable

all
and choice
cific site.
an appropriate design
to the
for a spe-
are
forms of biomass that can be used
For more detailed information on planBiomass Energy Project
produce energy. The energy obtained by pro-
ning a project, refer
DezKlopment Guidebook by John Vranizan
et al.
project plan. Considerations for site selection
The following guidelines,
illustrated in Figure 1,
must include land

market
costs, resource acces-
are helpRil for project planning.
sibility,
accessibility, transportation,
environmental and cultural impacts, zoning

1.
Develop
a Preliminary Project Plan

project plan
restrictions, necessary permits, availability.
and
utility
Coordination wath local planis
Develop an organized preliminary

that includes information
ning departments
the
facility.
required in the siting of
on
project goals, pro-
spective
sites,
resource availability, plant size and
design, technologies to be used,

ses for products.
and market analyfinancial
C.
Economics
financial
A preliminary
and
eco-
Review
and economic
factors
such
nomic
feasibility
assessment should be developed
as resource costs
and
locations; potential
in-
to include estimates of project costs, projected rev-
markets and prices for end products; tax

centives; effects of fuel supply costs
fluctuations;
if
enues or savings, and economic
factors that influ-
and
ence those areas. Prosp)ective develop>ers should

research
applicable, electricity buypotential financing options.

facility to
and
assess possible environmental con-
back
rates;
and
siderations and potential impacts.
Conversion of a
use biomass
fuel
may produce
2.
a savings
from lower
fuel or
Seek Preliminary Approval
for the Project
disposal costs. Fuel costs can be
compared
Submit the preliminary
project plan to the local
quickly using the Montana Energy Cost
authorizing agency such as a local planning board
Comparison Chart on the inside back cover.
or county commissioners for preliminary review
An
accountant or business consultant can
and approval. Local

projxjsal to see
if it
authorities will review the

local land
help prepare a business plan or loan prospectus.
compbes with
It
use
4.
regulations
and ordinances.
also
may
be necesif
sary to consult the local health office to see

lations
regu-
Prepare a Detailed Project Plan

that includes detailed
site
on
air quality,
sewage
disposal, or waste
Develop a written plan
disposal apply to the project
information on cost, design, and

ations. This project plan will
consider-
provide informa-
3.
Conduct a Detailed Study of the Proposed

Project
tion
on the project
to potential investors
and
other interested parties including local, state,
A. Facility Design
and
federal agencies involved in the permitting
process.
Apply
for all permits necessary to the

this
Review
the project goals, technologies to be
project
by using
used, and plant size
and design
to
determine
place to
guidebook as a starting review laws and regulations related to

is
the technical feasibility of the project.
An engiand
a project. Because each project
unique,
it
is
neer can complete preliminary plant and sys-
usually necessary to contact federal and state

agencies to obtain
tem designs, develop

alternative plans,
sions, effluents,
technical options
more detailed information on

2,
and
identify potential emis-
permits and other areas of compliance. Develop

a project timetable such as Figvire
and environmental
impacts.
Permit Cal-
B. Site Considerations
endar. Identify other areas of compliance that
Select a preferred
and an alternative
may
site
not require a permit, such as the

if it is
bond an
from the
sites identified in the
preliminary
ethanol plant must have
to
handle grain
FIGURE
HOW TO PLAN A BIOENERGY PROJECT
DEVELOP PRELIMINARY PROJECT PLAN
Develop project goals Determine technical

feasibility
Conduct preliminary
investigations
Evaluate economics
SEEK APPROVAL OF DECISION MAKERS^

yes
no
->
PROJECT STOPS
CONDUCT DirrAILED STUDY

Design
facility
Identify pemiits
Review
site
considerations
Study financial and economic factors
JikL
DEVELOP DETAILED PROJECT PLAN

\'
\k
k^
^
SECURE CONTRACTS FOR END PRODUCTS
OBTAIN BUILDING, LAND

USE,
AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ARRANGE
FINANCING
PERMITS FROM AGENCIES
_^kL
BEGIN CONSTRUCTION
START-UP,
COMPLETE CONSTRUCTION, AND TESTING PHASE

\k_
BIOENERGY PROJECT ON
LINE!
FIGURE
PERMIT CALENDAR
Minimum
Months
time you can expect before approval of a project (Most
facilities
do not require
all
these permits.)
prior to construction:
12
11
10
AIR QUALITY
;^SXXJ
::
^vi4wft!yjw4.ft'ii
Air Quality Permit (An
environmental impact
statement can add 6 months.)
ALCOHOL PRODUCTION
Alcohol Fuel Producer's Permit ^
(2 years)
(See
Commodity
Dealer's License,
page
52).
insp)ect
buildings and equipment before opera-
Identify areas of business regulation such as
tion begins.
company
registration, licenses, taxes,
and emEnvironmental permits are generally required
ployment information
that require compliance.
5.
Arrange Financing
and water discharges or waste disposal. Some air and water permits may require site
for air
monitoring for data before a permit can be
is-
Review the economic section of the detailed

study to determine the project's best selling
points. Contact financial institutions with the
sued. Finally, monitoring of the site
may be
re-
quired at intervals after the project
is initiated.
business plan and loan prospectus. Assistance
may be available from the Montana Science and Technology Alliance, which has some loan money available for Montana business ventures
and
is
The total time needed to obtain required project permits may vary from a few months for a
small project to over a year for a larger one, as
illustrated in Figure 2. Factors that influence the
establishing a
Montana venture
capital
time involved include delays in the land use
network. For more information, contact OCXZ.
approval process and compliance with environmental monitoring requirements.
may be available through the Montana Growth Through Agriculture ProAssistance also
gram, which can fund a variety of agriculturerelated activities. Eligible activities include for-
Once
all
permits are obtained, construction can
begin. Be
aware
that additional permits
may
be
eign and domestic
market development,
required during construction for specific tasks
agricultural technology research
and
transfer,
such as a permit for open burning during

clearing, a grading permit, a permit
to
site
and seed
cesses.
capital
awards
for
development and
operate
commercialization of
new
products and pro-
overweight vehicles on roads, a sewage holding

tank variance, and others. Coordination with
the appropriate federal, state,
will alleviate
For more information, contact
DOA, Ag-
riculture
Development
Division.
and
local agencies
unexpected delays.
6.
Obtain Permits For Building, Land Use,
and Environmental Controls

Contact the appropriate
for land
city or
7.
Secure Contracts for End Products
county agency
forms, and
Contact potential buyers of bioenergy products
use permits. Permit

differ,
titles,
such as
electric utilities,
gas
utilities, pellet
or
procedures
but local governments must
wood
fuel distributors,
and
refineries.
A continin-
approve project plans before construction can

begin. Site approval for a large energy project
gency contract with a buyer will greatly

absence of a contract, a
letter
crease chances for obtaining financing. In the
can be a long, complicated process.

clude
tion.
It
can
in-
expressing interest
site
surveys, public hearings,
and
litiga-
from a reputable buyer
would be of value. Once

is
Land use permits are required before envi-
the required pemiits are obtained, financing
ronmental permits can be issued.
secured, and construction has begun, contract

negotiations for supplies
and
sales
should be
fi-
Construction plans and building operations
nalized.
The time of product delivery should be

left for
must be approved by
building
office,
either the state or local

jurisdiction in the
the only item
possible negotiation
by the
depending on
buyer when construction begins.
plant area.
The authorizing agency may have to
8.
Complete Construclion and Slart-Up/

Testing
struction
is
a "turnkey" project, then the engi-
neer from the turnkey

to
company
will
be resjX)n-
Completing construction requires attention

detail. Final checklists identifying
sible for the integrity of the construction.
modifications
to the
design plans
made during
During start-up and

construction
testing,
environmental
should be reviewed with the construction engineer and contractor. This on-site review
is
monitoring
is
usually required. Requirements
may
sions
to
include close monitoring of stack emis-
to en-
sure that
all
items noted during construction

If
and
special treatment of wastes.
The time
facility is
have been checked and corrected.
optimize the actual operation of the

testing.
the con-
during
SECTION 2
BIOENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
INTRODUCTION
Bioenergy technologies are in various phases of
ergy
Facilities (Sifford 1987),
and the Washington
Directory of Biomass Energy Facilities (Kerstetter

1987).
development throughout the world. Both eco-
nomic viability and technical development must be considered when evaluating a bioenergy technology for commercial use.
Table
describes the 10 technologies that are
introduced in this section, listing the process,
major biomass resources, and energy products

for each technology.
Some
of the technologies
Selected information
on Montana
in
projects using
are used in Montana, while others are in the de-
these technologies
tailed in the
is
Appendix
Facilities
and de-
veloping stages. Table 2 identifies agencies that

serve as information sources for each technology.
DNRC
publication. Directory of
Montana Biomass Energy

soon
ties.
(Haines 1988),
Facili-
Addresses
in
for all agencies listed

B.
can be
to
be updated as Montana Bioenergy
found
Apf)endix
Information on bioenergy projects outside Montana may be reviewed in Bionote: An Inven-
Figures 3 through 12 are process flowcharts for
tory of Industrial
and Commercial
Boilers
Burning
each of these 10 technologies and are generic in

nature to cover
a bioenergy
Wood or
Related Biomass Fuels in Alaska (Woodell
many
possible configurations of
lists
1986), Biomass Energy Facilities

the Great Lakes Region (Great
1988 Directory of
facility.
Each process flowchart
Lakes Regional Bio-
feedstocks, process steps,
and
potential environ-
mass Energy Program

Biomass Energy
mental emissions. The

1988), Idaho Directory of
text that
accompanies
Facilities
(Peppersack and
each flowchart gives an overview of the permits, licenses, or other areas of
Galinato 1987), Directory of Oregon Biomass En-
compliance or
regulations that apply
to that technology.
TABLE 1
TECHNOLOGY
Alcohol fermentation
MAJOR BIOMASS RESOURCES

Grains, starch, cellulose, food processing
ENERGY PRODUCTS
Ethanol, butanol
waste, forest and agricultural residue
Anaerobic digestion
Manure
(poultry, dairy cows, pigs),
Biogas,
methane
cellulose, food processing waste,
wastewater (sewage), garbage

Cogeneration
Wood,
densified biomass, agricultural
Heat, steam, electricity,
residue, garbage, biogas
mechanical power
Pellets, briquettes,
Densification
Forest
and
agricultural residue, sawmill
wastes, garbage
Direct combustion
densified logs, cubes
Wood,
straw, densified biomass, garbage,
Heat, steam, electricity

(cogeneration)
(suspension burners,
fluidized
agricultural residue, sawmill waste
bed combusfurnaces)
Forest
tors, boilers,
Gasification
and
agricultural residue, garbage
Methane, producer gas, methanol

Methane, biogas
Landfill gas
Garbage
Forest
Liquefaction
and
agricultural residue, garbage.
Hydrocarbons
(oil)
sawmill waste
Oilseed extraction
Agricultural crops (sunflowers, safflowers,
Diesel fuel substitute,
canola)
replacement for petroleum-derived
oils
Pyrolysis
Forest and agricultural residue, sawmill
waste, garbage
Producer gas, fuel oil, hydrocarbons, char
10
TABLE 2
INFORMATION SOURCES FOR BIOENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
Feedstocks such as wheat, barley, potatoes,
waste paper, sawdust, and straw contain sugar,
starch, or cellulose
Air quality permits are required for discharge of
exhaust gases from the boiler and the grain

dryer depending on the size of the burner and
the type of fuel. Special consideration
to
may have
and can be converted

to sugar,
to alis
be given to odor control. (See Air Quality,

54.) If
cohol by fermentation with yeast. Fuel alcohol
pages 39 and
fuel,
it
an alcohol plant bums solid
produced by boiling grain starch
add-
may need
to
comply with PM-10 ambiEPA.

with
less.
ing yeast, fermenting the sugar to alcohol,
and
ent air quality standards established by
then separating the alcohol mixture by

tion,
distilla-
These standards are
for particulate matter
as illustrated in Figure
3.
Feedstocks used
an aerodynamic diameter of 10 microns or

(See Air (Quality, pages 44 and
46.)
Montana are barley and wheat. Agricultural and forest residues, such as straw and wood,
in
contain cellulose and require special pretreat-
ment and processing

ethanol
is
to convert the cellulose to
and hazardous waste regulations are becoming more stringent, and cleanup costs may
Solid
sugar. Conversion of cellulose feedstocks to

a developing technology. Pilot scale
be imposed
if
improper disposal occurs. Waste
generators are legally liable for proper disposal

of waste. Solid waste disposal permits are not
plants operate in
New York and Utah.

fuel ethanol plant is
required
if
wastes, such as unmarketable
distill-
Montana's only operating

nol projects
the
ers' grains,
If
are disposed of at licensed

is
facilities.
in Ringling. Detailed information

is in
on other etha-
the waste
classified as a
hazardous waste,
DNRC
publication,
Monis
there are detailed reporting requirements for

disposal.
tana Bioenergy Facilities (forthcoming). Selected
Any
facility
storing solid waste, such
information on Montana bioenergy projects
in
as hog fuel or refuse-derived fuel,

solid
may
require a
Appendix A.
Most of the permits,
plants in
licenses,
waste management system
license.
For a
definition of solid waste
and information on the
and
special issues
law, rules,
and exceptions, see Waste Manage63.
pertaining to the operation of fuel ethanol
ment, pages 47 and

specific
For more information on

contact
Montana are summarized
in
Table
3.
wastes or
facilities,
SHWB.
Alcohol plants, illustrated in Figure
3,
have
Local permits are required for different phases

of planning
waste streams with high biological oxygen de-
and construction.
affect
Fire
and explo-
mand (BOD),
no use
is
high chemical oxygen
demand
If
sion safety are considerations at alcohol plants
(COD), high solids content, and varying pH.

found for
this "stillage,"
it
and may even

hol the
is
insurance coverage. Alco-
can create a
classified as a class
IB flammable liquid
large waste disposal problem. Acid hydrolysis
of cellulose creates waste streams that require
same as gasoline, and presents a fire and explosion hazard. Grain handling and milling
present dust explosion hazards. Explosionproof equipment and wiring are needed in areas
sophisticated neutralization processes.
Water
pollution permits will be required to discharge
any of these waste streams or possibly

or hold these wastes on
site.
to
pond
where alcohol
is
handled and grain dust
is
(See
Water Quality,
present.
pages 50 and
65.)
12
FIGURE 3
Potential environmental
Feedstocks
Process steps
emissions/effluents
Grains, starch, cellulose,
Storage and
physical pretreatment
Particulates
food processing waste, forest
and
agricultural residue
Cellulose,
'wood, waste paper^ straw
Organic solvents
Steam
= zr ~
Cooking
Chemical
pretreatment
Liquid wastes, gaseous emissions,

particulates
Gaseous emissions,
Enzymes
particulates
\kL
Liquid wastes
Acid
Acid
(acidic, organic),
hydrolysis
solid wastes
(lignin)
M/ Enzymes
Enzymatic
hydrolysis
Jik
Yeast
J^1Z_
Alcohol
fermentation
Liquid wastes,
solid wastes
Gaseous emissions,
particulates
13
TABLE 3
ALCOHOL FERMENTATION PERMITS, LICENSES, AND SPECIAL ISSUES

Alcohol Production
Environmental Considerations
Alcohol E>istributor's License CDOR) Alcohol Fuel Producer's Permit (BATF)

Gasoline License Tax on Gasohol Sold in
Air Cîality Construction and/or Operating
Permit (DHES)
Beneficial
Water Use Permit (DNRC)

Facility
Montana (DOR) and Personal Property Tax Reduction for Prof)erty Used in the Production of
Real

Permit (DHES)
Hazardous Waste Reporting Requirements
Alcohol (IX)R)

Tax (BATF) Blended with on Alcohol Tax Incentive

Special Occupations
Gasoline for Sale as Gasohol (DOR)
(DHES) Montana Groundwater Pollution Control System (MGWPCS) Permit (DHES) Montana Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (MPDES) Permit (DHES)
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
Construction and Land Use

Boiler
Operating Certificate (DOLl)
System (NPDES) Permit (DHES)

Nonattainment Permitting Requirements
Boiler Operator's License (DOLI)
Building Permit (IX)C or local building
(DHES)
department)
Electrical
Odor Control (DHES)
Permit
(DOC or local building

(DNRC)
(local
PM-10 Air (Quality Standards (DHES)

department)
(PSD) Review (DHES)
Solid
government)
(DHES)
Mechanical Permit (EXX! or local building

department)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Stream Protection Act Permit (DFWP)
Streambed and Land Preservation Permit

(310 Pemiit) (normally, local conservation
district)
Standards (OSHA)
Odor Control (DHES) Plumbing Permit (DOC or local building

department)
Special Concerns
Business Licensing Recjuirements
(DOC
and
local
government)
Dealer's License (EXDA)
Commodity
Electrical
Energy Producer's License (EXDR)
Feed Dealer's Permit (DOA)

Safety Inspections (EXDJ, state fire
fire chief,
Fire
marshal 1, municipal
sherifO
or county
Warehouseman's License (DOA)
14
Boilers
and
boiler operators
must be licensed by
(EXDLI),
modity dealer's
license or a
warehouseman's
52.)
li-
the Dejsartment of Labor
and Industry
cense. (See Agriculture,
page
Safety Bureau. (See Occupational Safety and

Health, pages 62
and
75.)
Prior to doing business in Montana, every fuel
alcohol distributor
Special Issues
the state
DOT, Motor
must obtain a license from Fuels Tax Division, Acfile
counting Services Bureau, Gasoline Unit. EXDT
Alcohol producers must properly qualify the
requires alcohol distributors to
detailed This
and obtain a permit from the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (BATF). Bonding requirements vary depending
alcohol plant
monthly statements on
centive
all sales activities.
information qualifies a distributor for a tax in-
on each gallon of alcohol
sold,
provided
on the
size of the plant.
BATF has detailed
re-
porting requirements. Application forms and an
information packet are available from the San
Francisco office of BATF. (See Appendix B,
Montana from Montana agricultural products, including wood or wood products, and that the alcohol was blended with gasoline for sale as gasohol or was
the alcohol
was produced
in
Agencies/Organizations.)
1988,
Since January
1,
exported from Montana and blended with gasoline for sale as gasohol.
anyone engaged
in
an alcohol activity
re-
who holds a BATF permit or license may be

quired to pay a special occupations
Francisco office of
tion
tax.
The San
Gasoline distributors
who
it
blend alcohol with

in
BATF can
supply informa-
gasoline and distribute
Montana are
If
re-
and forms
related to this tax.
quired to pay a gasoline license tax on each gallon of gasohol sold in Montana.
the gasohol
is
A Feed Dealer's Permit from DOA, Plant Industry Division is required for distillers' dried
exported,
no
tax
is
required.
grains
(DDGS)
or other coproducts that are dis-
Real and personal property used in gasohol or

fuel ethanol
tributed as commercial feed in Montana.
commercial feed
The must be registered and comply
production
facilities in
Montana
may
the
be
eligible for
property tax reductions for
with labeling format and other requirements as

stated in
first
three years of use. For
more information
DOA rules.
on
this,
contact the Agricultural Bureau Chief of
CXDR, Property Assessment Division.

Additionally, anyone marketing or housing
grain
may have
to obtain
an agricultural com-
15
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
Anaerobic digestion converts organic matter
a mixture of methane, the major
natural gas,
to
Most
of the permits, licenses,
for anaerobic digesters in
and sjêcial issues Montana are summa-
rized in Table 4.
component of and carbon dioxide (CO2). Biomass,

mixed with water and fed
air.
such as manure, straw, sewage, or food processing wastes,

is
into a
The main environmental concern with anaerobic digesters is that digested sludge
digester tank without

bacteria break the
There microbes and
and wastefacility is
biomass
down
to biogas, liq-
water cannot be discharged into state waters.

For example, an animal confinement
point source of pollution
a
a
uid effluent, and sludge, as
shown
in Figure 4.
The methane content of biogas can be as high as

80 percent
output.
if
and may require
the reactor
is
designed for energy

is
At present, the digestion process

be used
used
primarily to process animal

nicipal sewage, but also can
manure and muto process
Montana Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (MPDES) Permit. (See Water Quality, pages 50 and 65.)
most cellulose materials. The methane produced can be used for heating, process heat,
mechanical energy, or
electrical generation.
DHES
is
responsible for enforcement of odor
control rules.
Any business or person using any
device, facility, or process that discharges odor-
ous matter, vapors, gases, dusts, or combination
and Missoula use the biogas they produce from sewage treatment operations. The biogas is used to fire
Billings,
Bozeman, Helena,
Kalispell,
of these that creates odors

tion.
is
subject to regulainstall,
That person must provide, properly
maintain, and operate odor control devices or
boilers or fuel-modified diesel engine generators.
procedures as specified by DHES.
Plants at Billings
and Helena use the
coolIf
ing water
warmed by
the biogas-fired diesel en-
a facility discharges particulates

it
from raw
gine to heat digesters or to preheat boiler feed

water.
materials,
may need
to
comply with PM-10

The biogas can

if
also be
used directly
is
to
ambient
air quality
standards established by
fuel the boilers
the
methane content
greater
EPA. These standards are
than 50
{jercent.
with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 microns or

less.
(See Air (Quality, pages 44
and
46.)
Montana's only on-farm anaerobic digester

located in Conrad.
is
Low
electricity
prices
start-
coupled with other factors have delayed
up of the Conrad digester. A smaU digester at a Missoula dairy was destroyed in a fire in June
1988.
and hazardous waste regulations are becoming more stringent, and cleanup costs may be imposed if improper disposal occurs. Waste
Solid
generators are legally liable for propter disposal

of waste. Solid waste disposal permits are not
required
if
wastes are disposed of at licensed

is
fa-
Detailed information on bioenergy projects
is
cilities. If
the waste
classified as
hazardous,
contained in the
DNRC
publication, Montana

disposal.
Bioenergy Facilities (forthcoming). Selected infor-
Any
facility storing solid
waste, such
mation on Montana bioenergy projects

cluded in Appendix A.
is in-
as hog fuel or refuse-derived fuel,

solid
may require a
license.
For a
16
FIGURE 4
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
Feedstocks
Process steps
em issinns/ef fluents
Manure,
cellulose,
Collection,
Odor,
particulates,
food processing waste, wastewater (sewage),
storage,
and
municipal solid waste
pretreatment
liquid wastes
_\Jii.
Anaerobic
digestion
Liquid wastes,
solid wastes
JiJ^
NkL
Liquid wastes,
solid wastes,
Gas conditioning
sulphur
\L/
\1/
Internal
combustion
Direct combustion
or turbine
\/
Electricity,
mechanical
^_energ>^
17
definition of solid waste
law, rules,
and information on the and exceptions, see Waste Manage63.
Special Issues
ment, pages 47 and

specific
For more information on

contact
Anaerobic digestion projects that produce

tricity
elec-
wastes or
facilities,
SHWB.
may
be required
to
pay an
electrical en-
ergy producer's license

that each
tax.
Montana law
states
in the
person or organization engaged
generation, manufacture, or production of elecec}uip>-
The biogas digester and biogas-handling
tricity
and
electrical
energy for barter,

electrical
sale,
or
ment must comply with all mechanical, electrical, and building codes. (See Building, Mechanical, Electrical,
exchange must pay an

producer's tax of $.0002
pjer
energy
kilowatt-hour. For
and Plumbing Permits, page 57.)
information contact IX)R, Natural Resource
and Corporation Tax
Division.
TABLE 4
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PERMITS, LICENSES, AND SPECIAL ISSUES

Boiler Boiler
Montana Groundwater Pollution Control

System
Operating Certificate (DOLI)

Operator's License (DOLI)
(MGWPCS)
Permit (DHES)
Montana
Pollutant Discharge Elimination
Building Permit (EXDC or local building
System (MPDES) Permit (DHES)

department)
Electrical
Permit (EXDC or local building

department)

(DNRC)
(DHES)
Lakeshore Development Permit Oocal
government)
Odor Conh-ol (DHES) PM-10 Air Câlity Standards (DHES)

Mechanical Permit
department)
(PSD) Review (DHES)

Solid
Standards (OSHA)
(DHES)
Sb-eam Protection Act Permit (DFWP)
Plumbing Permit (DOC or local building

def)artment)

(310 Permit) (normally, local conservation
district)
Air Quality Construction and/or Operating Permit
(DHES)
Facility
Special Concerns
Beneficial
Water Use Permit (DNRC)
(DOC

Permit (DHES)
and
local
government)
Producer's License (DOR)
fire
Electrical Energ)' Fire Safety
Hazardous Waste Reporting Requirements (DHES)
Inspections (DOJ, state
marshall, municipal fire chief, or county

sherifO
18
COGENERATION
Cogeneration
is
BACT standards are applicable to bioenergy projects. BACT may be more stringent than values
but
the simultaneous production of
shown
in Figure 13, so all jX)int sources
must use
and
ers,
more than one form of energy using a single fuel facility as shown in Figure 5. Furnaces, boilor engines fueled with biomass can cogen-
BACT to be sure of meeting particulate emission requirements. (See Air Quality, page 41.)
erate electricity for on-site use or sale.
Biomass
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)
cogeneration has
more
potential
growth than
standards and National Ambient Air Câlity
biomass generation alone because cogeneration
Standards
(NAAQS) apply
55.)
If
to
major new
solid fuel,
produces both heat and

using the heat from
electricity. Electric
sources of air pollution. (See Air Quality, pages

41, 43,
power generators can become cogenerators by

electric
and
a facility
bums
it
generation for pro-
may
be required
to
comply wdth EPA's PM-10

These standards
cess heat. Increased fuel efficiency

in fuel
and savings
ambient
air quality standards.
and energy costs are the major incentives
are for particulate matter v^th a diameter of 10
for considering cogeneration.
microns or
46.)
If
less.
(See Air (Quality, pages 44
and
Montana's
wood products industry uses cogenand sawdust prolumber and paper operations. Half
eration to dispose of bark
duced
in its
of the industrial
at
wood waste in Montana is used

plants
in
wood products
Libby and
Frenchtown. These operations

to
bum wood waste
more than 25 megawatts and sells more than one-third of its power to a utility, it may be required to comply with Title rv add rain provisions of the Clean Air Act. Some municipalities have adopted their own air pollution control programs. (See Urban Areas/ Municipalities, page 76.) Odor control is a spea facility produces
cial consideration. (See
generate steam that powers a turbine genera-
Air Quality, pages 40
tor to
reduce
its
pressure for use as process heat.

is
and
42.)
Electricity
generated
used
on-site.
These
Solid
power
plants produce approximately 138.6 mil-
and hazardous waste regulations are bestringent,
lion kilowatt-hours annually
from a
total of 18.5
coming more
and cleanup
costs
may
megawatts of wood-fired generation capacity.

Most of the permits, licenses, and special issues pertaining to biomass cogeneration in
listed in
be imposed for improper disposal. Waste generators are legally liable for the proper disposal
of waste. Solid waste disposal permits are not re-
Montana
are
quired
ties. If
if

is
facili-
Table 5 and in Sp)ecial Considerations: Co-
the waste
classified as
hazardous, there
generation and Small
Power Production, page 71.
are detailed reporting requirements for disposal.
Any
Biomass-fired furnaces and boilers must meet
state air quality regulations.
facility storing solid
waste, such as
wood
waste or refuse-derived
fuel,
may require a solid

license.

source
Discharges
permit
of pollutants into state waters from a point

is re-
quired from the
DHES
Air Quality Bureau for
may
require an
MGWPCS Permit.
65.)
(See
furnaces and boilers that have a heat input of

10AX),0(X) Btus per
Waste Management, pages 47 and 63 and Water

Câlity, pages 50
hour
if
they are burning
and
For a definition of
rules,
liq-
uid or gaseous
if
fuels,
or SjOOOfiOO Btus per hour

fuel.
solid waste
and information on the law,
they are burning solid
The
and exceptions, see Waste Management, pages

47 and
63.
rule concern-
ing particulate emissions from

installations,
shown
in
new fuel-burning Rgure 13, may be applied.
For more information on specific

contact
wastes or
facilities,
SHWB.
19

For projects proposed for urban areas, the local
will
be needed (See Urban Areas/Municipalities,

76.)
page
BoUers and boiler operators must be
li-
planning
office
must be consulted
to
determine
censed by iX)Lrs Safety Bureau. (See Occupational Safety
zoning requirements and the land use permits that
and Health, pages 62 and
75.)
HGURE 5
COGENERATION
Feedstocks
Process steps
pmission.s/effluents
Wood, chips,
bark,
hog
~
fuel, agricultural residues,
Storage and
biogas, garbage (mass
Particulates, dust,
odor, liquid
pretreatment
bum), refuse-derived fuel, clean mixed waste paper, wastewater (sewage)
wastes (leachates)
\1/
Gas
conditioning
Solid wastes,
liquid wastes
\/
Furnace or
Gaseous
emissions,
N/
Cogeneration combustion
boiler
particulates, ash
Gaseous
emissions,
particulates
internal
engine, gas turbine
Electricity,
mechanical energy, heat from exhaust or

cooling water
Cogeneration steam engine or

turbine, gas turbine
Gaseous
emissions
20
Special Issues
environmental compatibility. (See Major Facility

sell electric
Before a cogeneration facility can
Siting,
page 61.)
jjerson or orga-
must be certified by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) as a qualifying facility (QF). The Montana Public
in
power
Montana,
it
Montana law specifies that each

ture, or
nization engaged in the generation, manufac-
Service
Commission (PSC) sets

utilities,
rates for sales
by
production of electricity and

sale,
electric en-
cogenerators to public
but not for sales
ergy for barter,

electrical
or exchange must pay an
to electric cooperatives. (See
Cogeneration and
energy producer's tax of $.0002
Small Power Production, page 71 .)

If
per kilowatt-hour. For information, contact

CXDR, Natural Resource and Corporation Tax
the plant produces
DNRC
requires
more than 50 megawatts, a certificate of public need and
Division.
TABLE 5
COGENERATION PERMITS, LICENSES, AND SPEQAL ISSUES

Boiler Boiler
(Operating Certificate (DOLI)
Operator's License (DOLI)
Montana Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (MPDES) Permit (DHES)

department)
Electrical
Permit

(DNRC)
(local
department)

(DHES)
Odor Control (DHES)

ernment)
Mechanical Permit
gov-
PM-10 Air (Quality Standards (DHES)

(PSD) Review (DHES)

Solid
department)
Waste Management System License (DHES)
Standards (OSHA)

department)

district)
Air (Quality Construction and/or Operating
Special Concerns
Permit (DHES)
Beneficial
(DOC
Water Use Permit (DNRC) Hazardous Waste Management Facility Permit (DHES) Hazardous Waste Reporting Requirements (DHES) Montana Groundwater Pollution Control
and
local
government)
of Public
Certificate
Need and Environmental Compatibility (DNRC)

Energy Producer's License (EXDR)
(DOJ, state
fire fire chief,
Electrical
Fire Safety Insp>ections
marshall, municipal
sherifO
or county
System
(MGWPCS) Permit (DHES)
21
DENSinCATION
Dried compressed
logs,
pellets, briquettes, densified
Selected information on
projects
is
Montana bioenergy
inis
included in Apperudix A. Detailed

in the
formation on bioenergy projects

publication,
DNRC
and cubes are called densified biomass fuels and can be made from wood wastes, agricultural residue, waste paper, trash, or refuse-
Montana Bioenergy
Facilities (forth-
coming).
derived
cation
is
fuel,
as illustrated in Figure
6.
Densifi-
Most of the permits,

are listed in Table
licenses,
and
special issues
a fuel-processing technology used to

to
pertaining to biomass densification in

6.
Montana
reduce the volume of raw biomass
make
it
easier to use or transport. This process reduces
biomass
to particles less than 1/4 inch that to 10 to 15 percent
have
Pellet plants
been dried
moisture content,
and then compresses or extrudes the material to between one-quarter and one-third of the origi-
and other biomass-processing

fa-
plants have the potential to emit air pollutants
volume of the feedstock. The heat and pressure from the compression or extrusion soften
nal the lignin
during the drying process. The location of a

cility
and type of combustion source and
equif>If
bonds
ment will determine

a
facility
the permit requirements.

fuel,
it
in the
biomass
to
reform and
maintain the densified shape. The moisture in

the feedstock
bums solid
may have to comply

standards estabfor particu-
becomes steam and
with PM-10 ambient

lished
air quality
acts as a lubrilate
cant in the compression die to release the densified biomass.
by EPA. These standards are
Some
matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10

less.
processes use additional
microns or
46.)
binders or lubricants. Different machines pro-
(See Air Quality, pages 44
and
duce various sizes of densified biomass ranging from pea-sized pellets to logs 6 inches in diameter
their
Some municipalities have also adopted own air pollution control programs. (See
76.) Special
and 12 inches
long.
The
Urban Areas/Municipalities, page

consideration
trol (See
densified biomass
can be used in home-heating

naces,
wood
may need to be given to odor con-
stoves, fur-
and
Air (Quality, pages 40 and 4Z)
fireplaces, or in industrial furnaces
and
boilers for process heat, steam, or electric
Solid
and hazardous waste regulations are bea greater consideration,
generation.
coming
disposal
and improper
Waste
Only sawmill residues have been pelleted in Montana to date. Annual production of pellet mills in Montana was approximately 8,000 tons
in 1989.
may
result in unforeseen costs.
generators are legally liable for the proper disposal of waste. Solid waste disposal permits are
not required
facilities. If
if

is
the waste
classified as
hazardous,
Residential use of
to the high quality
wood
pellets has grown due and low price of pellets from
the six
tions
Montana pellet mills. Air quality restricon residential stick-wood burners further
Any facility storing solid waste, such as hog fuel, wood waste, or refuse-derived fuel, may require a solid waste management system
disposal.
license.
contribute to the use of

pellet stoves are
wood
pellets
because
vio-
Discharges of pollutants into state wa-
dean burning and do not
ters
from a point source are regulated by the
late air quality regulations.
Montana Water Quality Act and require an MGWPCS Permit (See Waste Management,
22
FIGURE 6
DENSIFICATION
Feedstocks
Process steps
cmissions/efnucnts
Sawmill waste,
forest
and
agricultural residue,
Wood
Storage and
dust,
particulates, odors,
refuse-derived fuel, clean
pretreatment
liquid wastes
mixed waste paper

\J/
Size reduction
Particulates,
dust
S/L
Heat
Dryer
Gaseous emissions,
particulates
NJ/
Mechanical
densification
:ikL
Cooling, storage,
Particulates
packaging
Pellets,
briquettes,
densified logs,
cubes
pages 47 and 63 and Water Quality, pages 50
forest
and
agricultural residue. Local building
and
65.)
For a definition of solid and hazardous

rules,
and planning agencies should be consulted

fore
be-
and exceptions, see Waste Management, pages 47 and 63. For more information on specific wastes or
waste and information on the law,
facilities,
any construction begins. These
facilities
are
required to
cal,
comply with
all
building, mechani-
and
electrical codes. (See Building,
Mechani-
contact
SHWB.
cal, Electrical,
and Plumbing Permits, page 57.)

Densification facilities or pellet plants are usually located in industrial areas or
Special Issues
near sources of
Timber and slash removal permits are required from the appropriate state or federal agency for
23
commercial harvesting of trees or forest residue
Pellet
tricity
manufacturing plants that produce
elec-
from
state or federal lands. (See Forest
Qearing
may be
required to pay an electrical entax.
and Burning, page 59 and Forested Areas, page

73.)
ergy producer's license
Montana law states

engaged
in the
that each person or organization
generation, manufacture, or production of elec-
Wood
wood
let
pellets are considered a
manufactured
tricity for barter, sale,
or exchange must pay an
product.
If pellets
are to be transported
electrical
energy producer's tax of $.0002 per
intra-state, the
hauling must be done by the pelIn-
kilowatt-hour. For information, contact EXDR,
producer or by a carrier approved by the
Natural Resource and Corporation Tax Divisioa
terstate
Commerce Commission QCC).
TABLE 6
DENSmCATION PERMITS, LICENSES, AND SPECIAL ISSUES

Boiler
Operating Certificate
Boiler Operator's License
(DOU) (DOLD
Montana Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (MPDES) Permit (DHES)


department)
Electrical
Permit
(DOC
or local building
(DHES)
def)artment)

Hoodplain Etevelopment Permit O^NRC)

(
Odor Control (DHES) PM-10 Air Quality Standarxls (DHES)

local
government)
(PSD) Review (DHES)
Mechanical Permit
department)
Solid
(DHES)
Standards (OSHA)

district)

department)
Special Concerns
Business Licensing
Air Quality Construction and/or Operat-
Requirements
(DOC
(DHES) Beneficial Water Use Permit (DNRC) Hazardous Waste Management Facility
ing Permit
and local government)

Electrical Fu-e
Energy Producer's License (DOR)
Hazard Reduction/Certificate of Qear(DOJ, state

fire
Permit (DHES)
ance (DSL)
Fire Safety Inspections
Hazardous Waste Reporting Requirements
(DHES) Montana Groundwater Pollution Control

System
marshall, municipal fire chief, or county

sheriff)
(MGWPCS) Permit (DHES)
Timber Removal Permit (DSL or Board of
County Commissioners)
24
DIRECT COMBUSTION: BOILERS
issues covered in this

rect
guidebook that relate to di-
AND FURNACES
Biomass such as wood, garbage, manure, straw,
combustion of biomass.
Environmental Pennits
Biomass-fired furnaces
and biogas can be burned without processing

pnxhice hot gases for heat or steam, as shown
figure
7.
to
in
and boileis must meet state
emission and air quality regulations.
A permit is re-
This process ranges from burning
wood
quired from DHES, Air (Quality Bureau for furnaces

aixi boilers that
pier
in fireplaces to
burning garbage in a fluidized bed

to generate electric
have a heat input of 10,000,000 Btus

liquid or gaseous fuels
boiler to
produce heat or steam

is
hour if they are burning
power. Direct combustion

technology
the simplest bionrass
or 5/X)OX'0O Btus per hour for solid fuel burners.
and may be very economical if the bio-
The
rule concerning particulate emissions
from
mass source is nearby.

Direct combustion
is
new fuel-burning installations, shown in Figure 13, may be applied, but BACT standards are most applicable to bioenergy projects Because
the most common techrvDlogy
BACT may
used for bioenergy in Montana. Approximately

664^)00 oven-dry tons of
be more
all
stringent than values
shown
in Figure 13,
wood waste are burned

sites in
point sources
must use
BACT first to be sure of
annually at 32 industrial and institutional
meeting particulate emission requirements. (See Air

(Quality,
Montana
for process steam, drying, air condition-
page 41.)
ing (cidsorption cooling),
and space heat Another
380poo oven-dry tons of

for heating in
wood
are lised annually
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) stan-
about 51 percent of all Montana resi-
dards and National Ambient Air (Quality Standarcis
dences (1986-1989).
in
Wood is a primary heat source

derived from forest
in
resi-
(NAA(3S) apply
tion.
38 percent of Montana residences. Almost all of
A facility
new sources of air polluthat bums solid fuel may need to

to
major
this residential supjply is
comply with PM-IO ambient air quality standards

established
dues produced each year

fires,
Montana by
forest
by EPA. These standards are
for par-
insects
and
disease,
and timber harvest lum15).
ticulate matter
with an aerodynamic diameter of 10

(See Air Quality, pages 44 aivd 46.)
ber activities (See Appendix C, Figure
Ex-
microns or
less.
panded use of wood residues for industrial and institutional applications is possible in
Some
municipalities have also adopted their owti
Montana.
Baric
air pollution control
programs. (See Urban Areas/
and sawdust from sawmills amount

Bioenergy
Facilities,
to 242,000
Municipalities,
page 76.) Special consideration may

to
oven-dry tons (12-year average) per year (Montam
need
to
be given
odor conbol. (See Air (Quality,
DNRC forthcoming).
Over
pages 40 and 42)
5JX0 pounds-per-acre of straw are produced in Montana grain fields and could be removed for
fuel {Energy from Crops
Disposing of ash and
fly
ash that nught include

is
and Agricultural Residues
in
solid or hazarclous wastes
complex, aiui disposal
Montana, Haines 1987) (see Appendbc C, Table
16).
may create unexpected costs. Waste generators are

legally liable for tiie
The straw production areas are shown

dix C, Figure 16.
in
Appen-
proper disposal of waste Solid

if
wâste disposal permits are not required
wastes
fecility
are disposed of at licensed
facilities.
Any
projects is in Apjpendix A. Detailed infonnation
Montana bioenergy on
storing solid waste, such as refuse-derived fuel or
hog
fuel,
may
require a solid waste mcinagement
bioenergy projects
is
in the
DNRC publication,
forthcoming).
system
license.
Discharges of p)ollutants into state
Montana Bioenergy
Facilities
list
(DNRC
waters from a point source are regulated by the
Table 7 contains a
of jjermits, licenses,
and
Montana Water Quality Act and require an
25
FIGURE 7
DIRECT COMBUSTION
Feedstocks
Process steps
emissions/effluents
Wood,
straw, pellets,
Particulates,
municipal solid waste,

clean mixed waste paper,
Storage and
odors, liquid
effluents
pretreatment
refuse-derived fuel, sawmill
and
forest residues
:ik_
Water, chemicals
Combustion and boiler
Liquid effluents, gaseous emissions, particulates, ash
Feedstocks
Process steps
emissions/effluents
Wood,
straw, pellets,
municipal solid waste,

clean mixed waste paper,
Storage and
Particulates,
pretreatment
odors, liquid
effluents
refuse-derived fuel, sau-mill
and
forest residues
JiL:
Gaseous emissions,
Furnace
particulates, ash
26
MGWPCS
65.)
Waste Management, page 47 and 63 and Water Quality, pages 50 and

Permit. (See
Spedallssues
Timber and slash removal permits are required

from the appropriate
from
state or federal
Wastes classified as hazardoiis require detailed
agency
for
rep>orting for disposal.
For a definition of solid

excep)63.
commercial harvesting of
state
trees or forest residue
waste and information on the law, rules, and

tions,
and
federal forests. (See Forest
Qearing
see Waste
Management, pages 47 and

specific
For
and Burning, page 59 and Forested Areas, page 73.)

Direct combustion pnxesses that produce electric-
more information on
contact
wastes or
facilities,
SHWB.
Construction and Land Use Pennits

All furnaces arxl boilers
pay an electrical energy pjToducer's license tax Montana law states that each
ity
may
be required
to
p)rson or organization
engaged
in the generation,
must have
local building
manufacture, or production of
tric
electricity
and
elec-
permits.
The type and
location of the project will
energy for barter, sale, or exchange must pay an
determine spjedfic permit and zoning needs. Boilers

electrical
energy producer's tax of $.0002 per
kilo-
and
boiler operators
must be licensed by DOLI,
watt-hour. For information, contact
DOR,
Natural
Safety Bureau. (See Occupational Safety

Health, pages 62 and 75.)
and
Resource and Corporation Tax Division.
TABLE 7
DIRECT COMBUSTION PERMFTS, LICENSES, AND SPECIAL ISSUES
Constructicm and Land Use
Boiler Boiler
Montana Pollutant Discharge Elimination

System (MPDES) Pennit (DHES)
Operating Certificate (DOLI)

Operator's License (EXDLI)
Building Permit
dep)artment)
(DOC or local building (DOC or local building

(DNRC)
Electrical
Permit department)
System (NPDES) Permit (DHES) Nonattainment Permitting Requirement (DHES)
Odor Control (DHES) PM-10 Air Quality Standards (DHES)

Lakeshore Development Permit Oocal government) Mechanical Permit (DOC or local building
department)
Occupational Safety and Health Admiiustration
(PSD) Review (DHES)

Solid
Waste Mar\agement System License (DHES)
Standards (OSHA)
Stream Protection Act Permit (DFWP) Streambed and Land Preservation Permit
district)

def)artment)
Enviromnental Considerations Air Quality Construction and/or Operating

Permit (DHES)
Beneficial
Special Concerns
(DOC
Water Use Pennit (DNRC) Hazardous Waste Management Facility Permit (DHES) Hazardous Waste Reporting Requirements (DHES) Montana Groundwater Pollution Control System (MGWPCS) Permit (DHES)
Electrical
government) Energy Producer's License (DOR) Reduction/Certificate of QearHazard Fire ance (DSL) Fire Safety Inspections (DOJ, state fire marshall, municipal fire chief, or county sherifO Timber Removal Permit (DSL or Board of
and
local
County Commissioners)
27
GASinCATION
Gasification
is
on bioenergy
tion,
projects
is
in the
DNRC publica(DNRC
forth-
Montana Bioenergy
Facilities
the conversion of solid biomass to

illustrated
coming).
an intermediate gaseous product, as

in Figure
8.
The process involves controlled

monDepending on
low Btu gas
Gasification technology involves
combustion of the biomass under operating conditions that yield gas consisting of carbon
many
process
solid
oxide (CO) ai>d hydrogen (H2).
steps, each of
which could discharge
vraste, liquid waste,
the conditions of gasification, either

(200 Btus per cubic foot) or
and gaseous emissions. The
medium Btu gas (600
process equipment should be designed v^th the

best available control technology
Btus per cubic foot)
is
produced. Both low and
(BACT)
to
medium Btu gas can be used directly to produce

electricity,
minimize potential air pollution. Contact

for the appropriate air mits. If a facility
DHES
re-
mechimiccil energy, or process heat.
and water disdvirge persolid fuel,

it
Medium Btu
gas can also be converted to either
bums
may be
methane by the gas shift process or liquid methanol by the methanol synthesis process.
While gasification technology has been used since World War n, it is considered a developing
technology because few reliable and efficient
quired to comply with PM-10 ambient air quality standards established by EPA. These standards are for particulate matter with an
aerodynamic diameter of 10 microns or less. (See Air Cijuality, pages 44 and 46.) Some municipalities
have also adopted
their
own air polAreas/Mu-
commercial
tion is a
gasifiers are in operation. Gasifica-
lution control programs. (See Urban

nidpalities,
developing technology in Montana.
page 76.) Special consideration
may
need
to
be given to odor
control. (See Air (Qual-
A new pilot-scale gasification process, called the

Skygas
where
process, is being tested in Montana. In
this process,
ity,
pages 40 and 4Z)
biomass enters a primary reactor

thermal,
Gasifiers can
terials that
produce toxic and hazardous malandfills.
electric,
and chemical
reactions
carmot be disposed of in
are initiated
resulting
and maintained by electric arcs. The
Materials listed as hazardous have detailed re-
medium Btu gas consists largely of hy-
porting requirements for hazanious waste disposal.
drogen and carbon monoxide. It is passed through a secondary reactor where it reacts vdth
j)etroleum coke and an electric arc at high temperature. This produces a gas largely of meth-
Waste generators are legally
liable for the
proper disposal of waste. Solid wâste disposal

permits are not required
of at licensed
facilities.
if
wastes are disposed
ane, hydrogen,
and carbon monoxide. The gas is

filter
waste, such as
Any facility storing solid hog fuel, may require a solid

license.
run through a charcoal

gines.
before use in en-
v^ste management system
Discharges
The
pOot-scale system can process 2 to 3
tons of biomass wastes per hour that have in-
from a point source are regulated by the Montana Water

of pollutants into state waters
cluded
wastes,
wood
chips,
shredded
tiles,
medical
Quality Act and require an

(See
MGWPCS Permit.
and garbage The first commercial appliis
Waste Management, pages 47 and 63 and
cation of this process
a 350 ton-per-day
facility
south of Milan,
Italy.
projects
is in
Montana bioenergy
Water Quality, pages 50 and 65.) For a definition of solid waste and information on the law, rules, and exceptions, see Waste Management, pages 47 and 63. For more information on specific
Appendix A. Detailed information
wastes or
facilities,
contact
SHWB.
28
FIGURE
GASIFICATION
Feedstocks
Forest, mill,
Process steps
emissions/effluents
Particulates,
and
Storage and
agricultural
dust, odors,
liquid effluents
residues; municipal
solid
pretreatment
waste
:J^
Air or oxygen,
Gaseous emissions,
steam or heat
Gasification
char, solid waste (ash),

liquid effluents (tars)
Catalysts
Gas
shift
Liquid waste,
\/
i^
Gas cleaning
_^
tars, solid
(fly ash),
waste
gaseous
emissions (H^S, SOj,
NO^, COj, POM,

\1/
\/
Gas
turbine
VOC, and
others)
Close-coupled
boiler, internal
Gaseous
emissions
combustion engine
generator
Catalysts,
Methanol
synthesis
heat
"
Liquid
effluents
Gaseous
emissions,
particulates
29

Gasifiers are required to
for commercial harvesting of trees or forest resi-
due from
comply with
all
state
and
build-
Gearing and Burning, page 59 and Forested Areas,
ing, mechanical, electrical,
and plumbing codes.
(See Building, Mechanical, Electrical,
and
page
73.)
Plumbing Permits, page 57.) Fmding an acceptable location for a facility def>ends
on how well
Gasification processes that produce electricity
potential environmental impacts can be miti-
may be
required to pay an electrical energy

tax.
producer's license
Montana law
states that
and boiler operators must be licensed by DOLI, Safety Bureau. (See Occupational Safety and Health, j>ages 62 and 75.)
gated. Boilers
each person or organization engaged in the

generation, manufacture, or production of electricity
and
electric
energy for barter,

electrical
sale,
or ex-
change must pay an

Special Issues
energy pro-
ducer's tax of $.0002 per kilowatt-hour. For

information, contact EXDR, Natural Resource

from the appropriate state and federal agencies
and Corporation Tax Divisioa
30
LANDRLLGAS
Ltindiill
all landfills.
process
Anyone who wants to capture or landfill gas would have to obtain prior
gas
is
generated by the decay (anaero-
approval from
SHWB.
to
Special consideration
bic digestion) of buried trash

landfills, as
and garbage
9.
in
may need
to
be given
odor control (See Air
shown
in Figure
it
When
the or-
Quality, pages 40
and
42.)
ganic waste decomposes,
generates gas con-
sisting of approximately 50 percent methane,
the major
component
of natural gas.
Only the
amounts
Bill-
large municipal landfills in
Montana have
Biogas processing and handling equipment
enough waste
ings, Helena,
to generate significant
is
must meet building, mechanical,

Plumbing Permits, page
rosive, explosive,
57.)
aivl electrical
of landfill gas. Landfill gas
monitored in
its
codes. (See Building, Mechanical, Electrical,
and
and Poison
Equipment must
for
potential to
cause
rules
fire
or explosion. In the future, federal
be designed and maintained to haiKile the cor-
may require that all landfills be monitored

For more information, contact
Biogas would not be economical to de-
and flammable gases.
for landfill gas.
SHWB.
no
Special Issues
Landfill taps to collect gas are considered natural
all
velop in Montana at this time because there are

efficient
methods for capturing and using the

a developing tech-
gas wells and

the lav^
come under the jurisdiction
of
gas at a cost comparable to available natviral

gas.
and
rules that pertain to gas wells.
The use of landfill gas
is
nology in Montana.
Montana law (MCA 82-11-101 et seq.) requires a permit before any drilling commences. Administrative rules
(ARM
36.22.601 et seq.) cover
Landfill gas technology involves the capture
drilling, well spacing, safety,
production, aban-
donment, and
tained from
Division.
pricing. Information
can be ob-
and processing of biogas
that
is
already being
DNRC,
1
Oil
and Gas Conservation
generated. Environmental permits
would be re-
producer must pay a license tax of

percent of the market value of
feet of natural
quired for any solid, liquid, or gaseous effluents

that
two-tenths of
would
each 10,000 cubic

leave the landfill as part of the pro-
gas produced.
cess of gas collection
and
use.
DHES regulates
An exemption
project
is
to this tax
may be possible if the
cospxjnsored
by a government entity.
31
FIGURE
LANDFILL GAS
Fppdstncks
Prnrpfis steps
Potential environmental pmiasinns/pffluents
Garbage,
other organic
material (biomass)
Gas wells and

collection
system
j^kLandfill gas
(biogas)
\i/
Separator
Liquid waste
J^
Gas blower,
compressor
\/
Dryer
j^ki
Filter,
SOj
Solid waste
absorption
_ikl
Carbon dioxide
scrubber
CO,
32
UQUEFACnON
Liqueiaction
to organic
is
the process that adds hydrogen

(usually solids) to obtain
ratio,
Montana Water Quality Act and require an MGWPCS Permit. (See Waste Management, pages 47 and 63 and Water Quality, pages 50
and
65.) Solid
if
compounds
waste disposal permits are not
refa-
an
oil
with a high hydrogen-to-carbon
as
quired
cilities.

classified as
shown in Figure 10. The bionuss feedstocks that

can be converted with
this
Wastes
hazardous have de-
technology are
resi-
tailed reporting
requirements for disposal. For a
dues from
forests, mills,
and agriculture and
definition of solid
and hazardous waste and
in-
mimicipal solid waste. Most liquefication processes take place

perature. Several
under high pressure and temschemes are being developed
formation on Waste Maiwgement, pages 47 and 63. For more information on specific wastes or facilities, conthe laws, rules, aivd exceptions, see
tact
for different feedstocks, reactor designs, catalysts,
SHWB.
and operating conditions. The Hyacles

is
process
an example of a liquefaction process

at laboratory scale to
developed in Libby
vert
con-
wood waste and municipal trash to a liquid

energy content to diesel
fuel.
New technologies,
tial
especially ones with poten-
environmental impacts, will be carefully
fuel similar in
This
ambient temperature and pressure process passes the biomass through a cathode that de-
scrutinized
composes the biomass

gases,
to
condensable liquids,
is
by state and local officials and the public. Allow plenty of time in the planning process for public hearings and comment periods,
and activated carbon. Liquefaction
and
for working closely with local planning
developing technology in Montana.
and zoning departments to get land use permits.

Boilers
and boiler operators must be licensed by

(See Occupational Safety
75.)
Environmental emissions from a biomass liquefaction facility depend
cific
DOU, Safety Bureau.
and Health, pages 62 and
on the feedstock and spe-
liquefaction process used. Air
and water
Special Issues
discharge pemuts will be required for gaseous
Bioenergy
facilities
usually
do not
fall
under
emissions and liquid waste streams. (See Air

Quality, pages 39 aixl 54;
Montana's Major Facility Siting Act.

the liquefaction plant produces
25flO0 barrels per
However, if
Water Quality, pages
more than
50 and
65.) Special
consideration
may need to be
given to odor control. (See Air (Quality, pages 40
and 42.)
Solid
day of liquid hydrocarbons, a Certificate of Public Need and Environmental Compatibility may be required from the Board
of Natural Resources
and Conservation.
(See
and hazcirdous waste regulations are becoming a greater concern, and improper disposal may result in unforeseen costs. Waste generators are legally liable for the proper disposal
Major Facility Siting, page 61.)
Timber and slash removal permits are required from the appropriate state or federal agency for
commercial harvesting of
trees or forest residue
Any facility storing solid waste, such as hog fuel, wood waste, or refuse-derived fuel, may require a solid waste management system
of waste.
license.
from
sfate
and
Gear-
ing and Burning, page 59 and
Forested Areas,
EHscharges of pollutants into sfate wa-
page 73.)
ters
from a point source are regulated by the
33
HGURE 10
LIQUEFACTION*
Feedstocks
Process steps
emissions/effluents
Forest, mill,
and
Storage and
Particulates
(dust),
agricultural residue;
solid
and municipal waste
pretreatment
JikL
odor
(garbage), sawmill waste
Water
Slurry
preparation
^kL
Catalysts,
heat, electricity
Liquefaction
Gaseous
emissions
'^
Gas and
liquid
Gaseous
emissions
separation
JsL_
Condensate
recovery
Liquid effluents, gaseous emissions, solid waste
::Jz_
Vacuum
distiUation
_ Liquid effluents,
gaseous emissions
Hydrogen,
catalysts
:iJz-
Gaseous emissions,
[
liquid effluents,
solid
Refining
waste
Yet to be proven commercially
34
OILSEED EXTRACTION
Oilseeds can be pressed
Emissions from an oilseed extraction process
and
the extract treated

oil that
should be minimal. Solid coproducts normally
with a solvent to produce a vegetable
can
would be recovered and marketed as animal

Wastewater will have a high biological oxygen demand (BOD) and will require water discharge permits. (See Water (Quality, pages 50
feed.
be refined for use as a food product or a diesel

fuel substitute, as
shown
in Figure 11.
Of
the
bioenergy technologies reviewed in
this report,
only oilseed extraction has the potential to provide a diesel fuel substitute that does not require
significant engine modification.
and
65.) If
facility
it
discharges particulates from

to
raw
materials,
may need
comply with PM46.)
However, the
10 ambient air quality standards established by
present price of jjetroleum-based fuel

oil
makes the
for use as
EPA. (See Air (Quality, pages 44 and

Solid
from seed extraction uneconomical
diesel fuel. Extraction of seed oil for energy

is
use
a developing technology in Montana.
and hazardous waste regulations are becoming a greater consideration, and improper disposal may result in unforeseen costs. Waste
generators are legally liable for proper disposal
of waste.
Oilseed plant varieties
grown
in
Montana
to
in-
clude safflower, sunflower, rapeseed (canola),

flax,
Any facility storing solid waste may remanagement system license.

that
and mustard. Safflower appears
be the
best of these for Montana.
DNRC sponsored re-
quire a solid waste
Benzene or mixtures of benzene
might be
search at the Eastern Agricultural Research

Center (EARC) in Sidney, Montana, to develop
20
used as an extraction solvent and other waste
new high oleic safflower varieties for use as a

oil
may be subject to hazardous waste management

regulations. Solid waste disposal permits are not
petroleum substitute. Vegetable

oleic fatty
with a high
required
if
fa-
more compatible with diesel engines than ordinary safflower and sunflower oils, which are high in linoleic fatty add (i.e., have more than one double bond chain). Companies are negotiating to have EARC de-
add
content
is
cilities.
Wastes dassified as ha2ardous may have
detailed reporting requirements for disposal. For
and hazardous waste and information on the laws, rules, and exceptions, see Waste Management, pages 47 and 63. For
a definition of solid
velop an exdusive line of high oleic safflower oil

for their
use in
jjaints, solvents,
and
inks.
Mon-
more information on specific wastes or facilities,

contact
SHWB.
tana has 8.5 million acres suitable for safflower.

(See
Appendix C, Figure
17.)
This aaeage could

oil if
it
produce 171.2 million gallons of

Canola
were

Oilseed extraction fadlities probably will be
lo-
planted on a 3-year rotation with wheat or barley.
(or winter rapeseed) is also gaining
cated in rural or small urban areas near where

the seeds are grown. Industrial development
interest in
Montana; a Canadian firm is building
a canola plant near Butte. Canola will
grow on
zones are not
likely in
such areas, so developers

local plan-
only about 4 million acres in Montana (see Ap-
should plan on working closely with
pendix C, Figure
18),
because
it
needs a cooler
For
ning departments or county commissioners to

get permits that allow access to required utilities
and wetter growing season than safflower (Montana's Fuel Safflower Activities,
Haines
1989).
and water.
(See Local Areas,
page
74.)
The plant
more information on
tvinities,
oilseed production opporat the
will also require building, mechanical, dectrical,
contact
EARC
address listed in
Appendix B.
and plumbing permits. (See Building, Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing Permits, page 57.)
35
Special Issues
with labeling format and other requirements as

stated in
For coproducts that are sold as commercial feed in Montana, a feed dealer's permit is required
DOA rules. Further, anyone marketing
from
DOA,
Plant Industry Division.
The com-
mercial feed must be registered and comply
may have an agricultural commodity dealer's license or a warehouseman's license. (See Agrito obtain
or housing grain, including oilseeds,
culture,
page 51)
HGURE 11
OILSEED EXTRACTION
Feedstofkfi
Prof pw Btpp^
emissions/pffhiPnfg
Agricultural crops (sunflower, safflower, canola, etc.)
Storage and
pretreatment
Particulates
x/
Heat
Pre-pressing
Solid waste,
gaseous emissions
-^
Solvent
Oilseed
extraction Solid waste
Jikl
Refining
_Liquid effluent,
solid
waste
Diesel fuel or
petroleum
substitute
36
PYROLYSIS
Pyrolysis
is
posal
may
create unexpected costs.
Waste gen-
erators are legally liable for proper disposal of
the thermal degradation of biomass
waste. Solid waste disp>osal permits are not re-
by heat
Figure
in the
absence of oxygen, as shown in
quired
cilities.
if
fa-
12.
Biomass feedstocks, such as wood or

heated to a temperature between
(F),
Any
facility storing solid waste, such as
garbage,
cire
refuse-derived fuel or
solid
800 and 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit
but no
hog fuel, may require a waste management system license. Wastes

hazardous require detailed report-
oxygen
is
introduced to support combustion.
classified as
Pyrolysis results in three products:

gas, fuel
oil,
and
charcoal.
medium Btu The amount and

the biomass
ing for disposal Discharges of pollutants into

state waters
from a point source are regulated

(See
quality of each product
depend on
by the Montana Water (Quality Act and require an
used and process operating conditions. Pyrolysis is
MGWPCS Permit
Waste Management,
a developing technology with potential for
pages 47 and 63 and Water Quality, pages 50
economical production of liquid transpwrtation

fuel
from solid biomass.
and 65.) For a definition of solid and hazardous waste and information on the law, rules, and exceptions, see Waste Management, pages 47 and
63.
For more information on specific wastes or

contact
facilities,
SHWB.
The amount and type of environmental emissions depend on the feedstock and the size, configuration, and operating conditions of the pyrolysis reactor. Air and water disdvirge permits will be required from DHES. (See Air Quality, pages 39 and 54; Water Quality, pages 50 and 65.) If a facility discharges pjarticulates, it may need to comply with PM-10 ambient air quality standards established by EPA. These standards are for particulate matter vdth an aerodynamic diameter of 10 microns or less. (See Air Quality, pages 44 and 46.) Spjecial consideration
The
local
all siting
chanical,
planning department must approve and land use permits. Building, meelectrical, and plumbing permits also
are necessary before construction begins. (See

Building, Mechanical, Electrical,
Permits, page 57.)
and Plumbing
Special Issues

from the appropriate
for
state
may need to be given to odor control.

and
42.)
and
federal agencies
(See Air Quality, pages 40
Disposal of solid or hazardous wastes, such as
commercial harvesting of trees or forest residue from state and federal forests. (See Forest Gearing and Burning, page 59 and Forested
Areas, page 73.)
ash and
fly ash, is
complex, and improper dis-
37
FIGURE
12
PYROLYSIS*
Feedstocks
Process steps
emissions/effluents
Agricultural, mill,
Storage and
Particulates (dust),
and
forest residue;
pretreatment
odors, other
municipal solid waste

(garbage)
emissions
:^
Heat
Pyrolysis
Gaseous emissions,
solid waste,
liquid effluents
(tars)
Yet to be proven commercially
38
SECTION 3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
INTRODUCTION
This section addresses the potential environ-
nomic evaluation because they may
result in
unique economic or financing demands. Noise

caused by construction, equipment operation,
mental impacts of bioenergy technologies, em-
phasizing air and water quality and waste
and trucks may require mitigation. The bioenergy facility may require community services or
management.
tain to
It
also includes state
and
federal
may present health or safety hazards.
environmental laws and regulations that perbioenergy projects in Montana.
A bioenergy facility may be a cost-effective way

to
The Montana Environmental Policy Act (MEPA) (MCA 75-1-101 et seq.) applies to any major state agency action that might significantly affect the quality of the
meet your energy needs. The
facility
could
human
environ-
provide energy as steam, heat, or
electricity; re-
ment. All the state agencies have adopted rules
duce reliance on fossil fuels; provide jobs; or improve air quality. However, bioenergy facilities also
implementing
this act
and defining the circum-
stances that require an environmental assess-
may have some

and water
adverse
effects.
Bioenergy technologies have the potential to
produce
air
pollutants,
and the pro-
cesses involved in these technologies
may
pro-
ment (EA) or an environmental impact statement (EK). They also establish fees, comment periods, public hearings, and time requirements. For information, contact the Montana
Environmental Quality Council (EQC).
duce solid,
lists
liquid, or
hazardous wastes. Table 8
the various bioenergy technologies
and
their potential
environmental emissions.
AIR QUALITY
Overview
Each project
is
unique and
may
require a de-
tailed analysis of air quality,
water quality, ge-
ology, location of the
facility,
and other
factors.
A permit from DHES, Air Quality Bureau is required for the construction, installation, and
ofjeration of
Bioenergy project developers should contact the

appropriate
DHES bureaus and

proposed
other agencies
equipment or
city or
facilities that
may
stan-
to find out the possible

straints
environmental conproject.
directly or indirectly caiise or contribute to air
on
their
pollution.
county
may impose
dards that are equal Other environmental cmd

ations
site-specific consider-
to or stricter than
DHES
permit
standards through
its
own air pollution
must be included
in the project's eco-
39
TABLE 8
AND POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EMISSIONS
program
(See
in lieu of the
DHES
permit progrjun.
the national ambient air quality standards
Urban Areas /Munidpialities, page 76.) EPA
(NAA(3S). (See Air Quality Laws and Regulations,
generally has jurisdiction over air quality on In-
page 43.) These ambient air standards apply
dian reservations. (See Indian Reservations,
indirectly to a bioenergy facility.
The emissions
of
page
74.)
any new
permit to construct or operate a
air pollution
facility wall
have to be analyzed
to deter-
mine how those emissions wall ciffect the air quality
An
air quality
of the surrounding area
new or altered
source cannot be
is-
sued vmless the source is able to comply with the

timbient air quality standards, emission limitations,
Emissions are substances discharged into the envirorunent as waste material, such as flue gas
and other
rules
adopted under the Mon-
and
{particulates
from smokestacks. For permit-
tana Clean Air Act and the applicable require-
ting jxuposes, potential emissions of air pollut-
ments of the Federal Clean Air Act. Some

exceptions are listed in the rules.
ants from a bioenergy facility should be calculated at
maximum design capacity of fuel

BACT. The
from
input
after application of
rule concerning
Ambient air quality refers

air in the
to the condition of the

Title
I
surrounding environment.
of the
new fuel-burning instalbtions, showoi in Figure 13, may be applied,

particulate emissions
Federal Clean Air Act
Amendment
of 1990 in-
but
BACT
standards are most applicable to
cludes provisions for attaining
and maintaining
bioenergy projects. Because
BACT may be more
HGURE 13
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE EMISSION OF PARTICULATE MATTER FROM NEW FUEL-BURNING INSTALLATIONS
i!|
III
1,000
10,000
Total fuel input in millions of Btus per hour

Source:
ARM 16.8.1403
41
stringent than values
shown
in Figure 13, all
source
is
point sources must use
BACT first to be sure of

by Montana are listed in
field or
performed by a trained observer in the by an in-stack monitor.
meeting particulate emission requirements. The

air pollutants regulated
Special rules apply to

tion of wood
tical, all
wood-waste burners.
the complete utilizarestricts,
Table
9,
but are subject to change as
new
rules
DHES policy encourages

waste and
are developed.
wherever prac-
burning of
wood
wastes for disposal
TABLE 9
AIR POLLUTANTS REGULATED BY THE STATE OF MONTANA
Asbestos
(incineration). State air quality rules relating to
wood-waste burners place

tial
restrictions
on
burner construction, reconstruction, or substanalteration; specify
temperature measure-
Benzene Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Fluorides
ment devices for combustion and stack temand establish minimum operating temf>eratures and maximum stack gas opacity. For the complete rules related to wood-waste
peratures;
burners, see
Hydrogen
ARM 16.8.1407.
forest fire season
Sulfide (HjS)
Nitrogen Oxides
(NOJ
During the
(May
through
Ozone
PM-10
(O3)
September 30 or as extended), open burning

permits are required from the appropriate
fire
Particulate Matter
Sulfur Dioxide (SO^)
protection agency to perform prescribed forest
Sulfur-reduced Sulfur
burning to
bum slash, set a land<learing or defire,
Compounds
Sulfur-total
(including H^S)
bris-burning
or light any open
fire.
The
rec-
reduced Sulfur
ognized
fire
protection agency
may be
the
(including H^S)
Sulfuric Acid Mist
county sheriff or board of commissioners; DSL,

Forestry Division; or USPS. In addition, air quality
Trace Metals Beryllium
permits are required from
ity
Bureau
for
DHES, Air (Qualanyone qualifying as a major
Lead Mercury Phosphorus

Vinyl Chloride
Source:
open burner. (See Air Quality, page 54.)
DHES also is also

using any device,
responsible for enforcement
of odor control rules.
Any
business or person
or process that dis-
ARM 16.8.921 (30); 40 CFR Parts 60 and 61
facility,
charges odorous matter, vapors, gases, dusts, or
combination of these that creates odors

State
ible
is
sub-
and
federal air quality rules regulate vis-
ject to regulation.
That person must provide,
emissions from a point source, such as a teeboiler,
properly
install,
maintain, and operate odor
pee burner,
power
plant, or
any other
control devices or procedures as specified
by
enussion source that exhausts through a stack or a vent that might exhibit a plume. Opacity
limitations are Usted in the air quality rules
DHES.
Air Quality Laws and Regulations
and
have standards ranging from 10 to 40 percent, depending on the type and age of the source.
Testing for visible emissions from a pollution
The Federal Clean Air Act of 1970 governs federal and state air pollution control programs. The most recent amendment, signed
into
law in
42
November
1990, direct
EPA to implement strict

Americans.
protect public health, plants, animals, materials,

visibility,
environmental policies and regulations to ensure cleaner air for

all
EPA
is
cur-
NAAQS
(SOj),
and other aspects of public welfare. have been set for: carbon monoxide
(particulate matter less
rently writing rules to
implement all areas of the
(CO), nitrogen dioxide (NOj), sulfur dioxide
new dean
ten, state
air
program. As those rules are writwill
ozone (O3), PM-10
programs
need
to
comply with
than 10 microns in diameter), and lead (Pb).
the
new jX)licies and rules.

States can set more, but not less, stringent ambi-
Sections of the Clean Air Act
most likely
to
have
ent
eiir
standards. For carbon monoxide, ozone,
on bioenergy facilities are in Titles I and n. The areas under Title I, Air Pollution Prean
effect
and nitrogen dioxide,

that
DHES has classified

(1
)
the
state into three categories:
attainment areas
may affect bioenergy projects include sections on NAAQS, emissions,

vention and Control, that
meet the standards,
(2)
nonattainment areas
that exceed the allowable limits for pollutants,
prevention of sigruficant deterioration OPSD), air

toxics,
and
(3)
undassified areas where information
is
and nonattainment areas.
insuffident to determine the statvis. For lead and
PM-10, areas are

Title
classified as
complying with
n of the Qean Air Act relates to the control

and
trucks.
the standards or exceeding them.
of mobile source emissions such as those from

cars
1,
EPA
plans to begin
November
Bioenergy projects locating in nonattainment areas or other areas exceeding the standards
1992, to lessen carbon
monoxide emissions in
may
nonattainment areas during the winter months.

This program will require fuel with a 2.7 percent oxygen content.
to
be required
to
meet more stringent air pollution

information on classifica-
emission standards, depending on local existing

air quality. Detailed
The oxygenated
fuels are
be soW for a
year unless
minimum of four months of the EPA reduces the time frame in re-
tion
requirements
and
is
attainment
and
nonattainment areas
Air Quality Bureau.
available
from DHES,
sponse to a state request.
Two
clean fuels pro-
grams are
"dean
identified in the Clean Air Act
Amendment
of 1990. For these programs,
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)
fuels" are defined as
compressed natural
petroleum gas,
gas, ethanol, methanol, liquefied
electridty, reformulated gasoline,
other fuels.
is
required
As a part of this to devdop a program
and possibly program, Montana

to
make sure that areas with dean air remain clean. PSD
The purpose
of the
PSD program
two
is to
rules divide the state into

fications (see
air quality dassiI
use oxygenthe only
ARM 16.8.921 et seq.). Class
areas
ated fuels in Missoula, because
it is
allow small increases in pollution and include

national parks,
Montana
this time.
city that violates the
CO standard at
some vdldemess areas, and some

Montana's Class
I
Indian reservations.
areas are
is
shown in Rgure
14.
The
rest of
Montana
desig-
EPA
administers the Clean Air Act by delegat-
nated Qass II for PSD air quality purposes. (See Air

(Quality,
ing major authority to the states. Each state de-
page 55.)
major
velops and manages

tion Plan (SIP)
its
own State ImplementaPSD standards apply when a

of air pollution
is
on approval by EPA. Areas of the

according to whether they
new source
air air
state are classified
proposed where ambient
meet or exceed the

ondary
NAAQS.
Primary and
sec-
quality
is
better than the national
ambient
NAAQS, shown in Table 10, set limits to
quality standards. These standards generally
43
TABLE 10
MONTANA AND NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS

Federal
Pollutant
Total suspended
particulates
Federal
Montana Standard
50 |i.g/m' annual average
Primary Standard
50 pig/m' annual average
Secondary Standard
Same as primary standard
10 microns or less (PM-10)

Sulfur dioxide
150 (J.g/m' 24-hr. average*
150 Jig/m' 24-hr. average*
Same
as primary standard
ppm annual average ppm 24-hr. average* 0.50 ppm 1-hr. average**
0.02
0.03 0.14
0.10
ppm annual average ppm 24-hr. average*
05 ppm 3-hr. average*
Cartx)n monoxide
ppm 8-hr. average* 23 ppm hourly average*

9
0.05
ppm 8-hr. average* 35 ppm 1-hr. average*

9
0.05
ppm 8-hr. average*
Nitrogen dioxide
0.30
ppm annual average ppm hourly average
ppm annual average
Same as primary standard
Photochemical oxidants (ozone)
0.10 hourly average*
0.12
ppm
1-hour average*
Same as primary standard*
Lead
1.5
|ig/m' 90-day average
15 |ig/m' calendar
quarter average
None
Foliar fluoride
35 |ig/g grazing season
None
None
50 ^g/g monthly average
Hydrogen sulfide
Settled particulate
(dustfall)
0.05
ppm hourly average*

30-day average
None None
None
None
10
gm/m^
Visibility
Particle scattering
None
None
coefficient of 3 x 10*
per meter annual average*
gm/m' - grams pollutant per

Hg/g - micrograms
jig/m'
-
square meter at sample
site
Not to be exceeded more than once per year

Not
air
pollutant per
gram
of sample
to
be exceeded more than 18 times per year
micrograms pollutant per cubic meter of sampled

per million parts of sampled air
Applies to
PSD mandatory Class
areas
ppm - parts pollutant
44
RGURE 14
MONTANA PSD CLASS AREAS

I
1.
Anaconda-Pintler Wilderness
9.
Mission Mountain Wilderness
2.
Bob Marshall Wilderness

Cabinet Mountain Wilderness
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation
3.
4.
5. 6.
Red Rock Lakes Wilderness Area

Scapegoat Wilderness
Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness
Rathead Indian Reservation

Fort Peck Indian Reservation
Gates of the Mountains Wilderness

Glacier National Park
UL Bend Wilderness Area

Yellowstone National Park
7.
8.
Medidne Lake Wilderness Area
45
apply
to large sources emitting
over 100-250
will
develop regulations
to restrict emissions for

facilities.
tons per year of any pollutant. In these cases, a
various categories of air toxic emitting
more
stringent
and lengthy review procedure
The new law applies

facility that
to a
"major source," or any
may apply to minimize air quality degradation within the state. The review may include one
year of preapplication baseline data, control
technology review, and
eling.
air quality
emits 10 tons per year of any single
air toxic or
25 tons per year of any combination
of air toxics. Other restrictions

cilities
may apply
to fa-
impact mod-
v^th lower levels of emissions under the
These requirements should be considered
"area source" requirements.
when the project's permit calendar is developed

because they may extend the permit application
time requirements more than a year.
Bioenergy
facilities that
exceed emission
re-
quirements for any of the 189

lated
air toxics reguto install
by EPA may be required
Maxi-
Nonattaiiunent
mum Available Control Technology (MACT) to

comply with the regulatior\s.
to designate nonattain-
The Qean Air Act Amendment of 1990 set standards and procedures
ment areas and their boundaries. A nonattainment area is a geographic area where the
quality of the air
is
PM-10 Standards
On July
dards
31, 1987,
EPA
wrote
air quality stan-
worse than that allowed by
known
as PM-10.
larger
federal air pollution standards. P*revention of

significant deterioration requirements
The standards changed the focus from

particles, or total
do not
suspended particulates (TSP),

with an aerody-
apply in nonattainment areas.
Title
includes
to smaller, inhalable particles
provisions for attaining and maintaining the
namic diameter of 10 microns or less. The size of

10 microns
NAAQS.
any
These provisions generally apply

proposed
to
would be similar to one-tenth
the di-
large sources emitting over 100 tons per year of

pollutant. For a
facility,
ameter of one strand of
human
hair.
These are
to
these re-
invisible particulates that are

hecilth
proven
cause
quirements include applying the Lowest

Achievable Emission Rate (LAER) and arranging for emission reductions (offsets) from other
existing sources in the nonattainment area that
problems.
are greater than the proposed facility's emissions.
The NAAQS,
set to protect public health
and welfare, have been established

pollutants: ozone, carbon
late matter, lead, sulfur dioxide,
for six
Montana have analyzed each Montana community to determine if it meets or exceeds PM-10 ambient air standards. Butte, Columbia Falls, Kalispell, Lame Deer, Libby, Missoula, Poison, Ronan, and Thompson
the State of
Falls
EPA and
monoxide, particu-
exceed the PM-10 ambient air standards
and nitrogen
and are designated as nonattainment areas. (See

Table
11
.)
dioxide.
All other
communities are designated
as meeting the standards.
Air Toxics
DHES
The Qean Air Act of 1970 authorized EPA to establish special standards for
lutants.
list
is
responsible for development of the

air
PM-10 ambient
standards compliance plans,
hazardous
air pol-
except for Missoula where the Missoula County
The 1990 Amendment establishes a long of hazardous air pollutants, commonly
Health Department has authority, and except

for the following
communities located on
called air toxics.
Over
the next 10 years,
EPA
46
TABLE 11
WASTE MANAGEMENT
AREAS EXCEEDING NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
not within a subdivision.

tions, that
Under
certain condi-
person
may dispxise of his own solid
The Montana Hazardous Waste Act (MCA 7510-401 et seq.) and the corresponding rules
waste that is generated in reasonable association
(ARM
16.44.101 et seq.)
were adopted
to ad-
with his household or agricultural operations
minister and enforce a hazardous waste pro-
on his own land as long as the disposal does not

create a nuisance or public health hazard.
Discharges of pollutants into state waters from a
Montana Water Quality Act and require either a Montana Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (MPDES) Permit or a Montai^ Groundwater PoUution Control System (MGWPCS) Permit. (See Water Quality, pages 50 and 65.) Problems
point source are regulated by the
gram pursuant to the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976. DHES regulates the permitting and siting of hazardous waste management facilities. These facilities are required to comply with detailed reporting and
monitoring requirements.
Any
operation generating hazardous wastes
is
required to register
with DHES, Solid and Haz-
ardous Waste Bureau, obtain an identification
may
occur
if
leachate or contaminated water
is
number, pay a
sliding-scale fee based
on the
produced when
rain or other water passes
amount
of waste generated annually,
and
re-
through solid waste. The leachate can include

various minerals, organic matter, or other con-
new
the registration annually.
facility that
produces 100 kilograms (approximately 220

pounds) or more of hazardous waste or
1
taminants and can contaminate surface v^ter or
kilo-
groundwater.
gram (approximately
that
2.2
pounds) or more of
acute hazardous waste within any calendar
owners and operators of certain municipal solid v^âste landfills and other
disposal sites that accept household waste
DHES specifies
month
with
will
all
and comply reporting and transporting rules. Anybe required

to register
must
one
who
purchases or uses 20 gallons or more

is
monitor groundwater. This regulation applies

to facilities that
of halogenous solvents in a year

to register
also required
were
in operation
on October
1,
with DHES.
1989,
and serve a geographic area with 5X>00 or

people. See
more
MCA 75-10-207 for details of
Transporters of hazardous waste must obtain
the monitoring requirements.
an
identification
number from DHES. TransMontana

refated to
activities
porters
who maintain offices, terminals, depots,

facilities vâthin
Hazardous Waste Disposal

Hazardous waste
is
or transfer
their
hazardous waste transportation

Solid
a waste that
may cause or
Further,
it
must register with DHES,

Waste Bureau.
and Hazardous
contribute to death or serious
illness.
may pose a substantial hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated,
stored, transported, disposed of, or otherwise
Detailed reporting rules require hazardous
waste producers
of the wrastes.
to
fill
out manifest forms
managed.
if it is
A waste is categorized as hazardous

EPA rules
listing specific
specifying the source, amount,
and destination
the receiving
included in the
The transporter and
hazardous wastes or if standard

ardous waste
or semi-solid.
tests
show it
to
be ignitable, corrosive, reactive, or
toxic.
Haz-
hazardous waste management facility must sign and date the manifest to acknowledge receipt of the waste shipment. This process helps
may occur as a solid,
liquid, gas,
the v^ste producer ensure that the waste has
48
reached
its
destination at a properly licensed
Bioenergy
ate
facilities
have the potential
to gener-
hazardous waste disposal site.
hazardous wastes or waste streams that

they are not operating under ideal condi-
contain hazardous constituents, especially
DHES
has established procedures for dealing
when
tions.
with problems that occur in the hazardous
For instance, a municipal solid waste

that
is
waste transportation and reporting process.
combustor
not performing well can pro-
DHES may, by rule, prescribe conditions under

which specified hazardous wastes or specified
quantities of hazardous wastes
duce
sult
toxic substances
such as hydrocarbons,
that re-
creosote,
and other organic compounds
may
be
dis-
from incomplete combustion. These
toxic
posed of at disposal
sites licensed
by DHES.
substances should be captured by pollution

control equipment
and may need
to
be handled
The hazardous waste rules also include regulations related to leaking underground storage tanks. Facilities covered under these rules include, but are not limited to, (1) tanks
and disposed of as hazardous wastes.
Under certain operating conditions, developing

bioenergy technologies such as gasification,
uefaction,
liq-
used
to
contain a regubted substance of which 10 percent or
and pyrolysis have the
potential to
more
of the
face of the ground,
pipes connected to
volume is beneath the surand (2) any underground a storage tank and used to
is
produce wood
tar containing creosote,
benzo-
pyrene, and phenol that are listed as hazardous

wastes. Plants that produce regulated quantities
contain or transport a regulated substance,
of hazardous wastes should be designed
and
whether the storage tank

derground.
entirely
above
operated to produce the least possible hazard-
ground, partially above ground, or entirely un-
An owner or operator of an underground storage tank who discovers or is provided evidence that the tank may have leaked
must immediately notify DHES.
ous waste. Plants that produce hazardous wastes under either normal operating conditions or less than ideal operating conditions
must be
registered with
waste generators.
DHES as hazardous DHES must be presented
with a plan for properly collecting, handling,
Any
person
who
violates sections of the
Mon-
storing,
to
tana Hazardous Waste Act, the related rules, or

the terms of a
and transporting the hazardous waste a licensed disposal site, or a pennit must be
facility
Hazardous Waste Permit may be

which may
obtained to operate the
as a hazardous
subject to dvil or criminal penalties,
waste management
facility.
include a fine or imprisonment.
Commercial products used

Bioenergy producers are responsible for deter-
in bioenergy pro-
duction, such as adds, bases, aixi solvents, can
mining
if
any of their waste products or streams
be classified as hazardous waste. Bioenergy

products such as methanol, butanol, hydrocar-
are hazardous wastes.
They are also responsible
for properly collecting, storing, recovering, or
transporting the hazardous waste to a licensed
disposal
site.
EPA
has identified a number of
and diesel fuel substitutes are combustible and can be classified as hazardous wastes if they are spilled. Acid and base effluent streams
bons,
vaII not
hazaixlous wastes (40

that
CFR Sec. 261.10 to 261.33)

their ori-
be subject
to
hazardous waste control if
must be kept under control from
they are properly handled and neutralized im-
gin to their point of disposal.
der carefully controlled conditions.
49
Bioenergy producers that use or produce commercial products that can be classified as haz-
projected discharges. Applications for a short-
term exemption from water quality standards
ardous wastes
with
when
discarded must register
must be made on forms provided by DHES.

All discharges of pollutants authorized
DHES as
producers of hazardous waste.
These producers also must arrange for proper

disposal of their wastes at a licensed disposal
site.
by
MPDES or MGWPCS
Permit into state waters
The registration and planning required
will
decrease the possibility of spilling or improper
must be consistent with the conditions of the permit. The discharge of pollutants in excess of
the permit's restrictions into state waters constitutes a violation of the permit. State waters
handling of hazardous waste.
WATER QUAUTY
A permit from DHES, Water Quality Bureau is
required to construct, modify, or operate a
be free of discharges that

sludge deposits;
(2)
(1
settle to
must form
create floating debris; (3)
produce odors;
(4) create toxic concentrations

life;
hamnful to human, animal, or plant

able aquatic
or
(5)
create conditions capable of producing undesirlife.
waste disposal system, or
to construct or
use
(See
Water Quality, page
65.)
any
outlet for discharge of sewage, industrial
wastes, or other wastes into state surface water
All bioenergy projects that discharge liquid or
or groundwater. Plans and specifications for

tailings
cilities
solid effluents into state surface water or
ponds, leaching pads, and holding

to
fa-
groundwater must get a permit from DHES.

exceptions are
No
fa-
must be submitted
least
DHES
for
review
made on
the basis of the
amount
and approval at
180 days before the begin-
or concentration of the discharge. Bioenergy

cilities
ning of construction.
filed
An
application for a
are treated as point sources
and are sub-
MPDES Permit or a MGWPCS Permit must be

no
less
ject to state effluent
standards applicable to such
than 1 80 days prior to the operation
sources.
EPA
standards applicable to point
of a point source. Application information
must
sources are the least stringent standards for

these sources.
include plans
and
specifications, site plans, de-
DHES, through
the
MPDES Perstricter
scriptions of adjacent state waters, soil conditions,
mit process, can require application of
groundwater
characteristics, process
and
effluent standards to protect the state's water

quality.
waste flow diagrams, and volume and nature of
50
SECTION 4 PERMITS BY CATEGORY
INTRODUCTION
This section explains each permit in each permit
category. Table 12 identifies the permit categories that
is
residues for combustion, cogeneration, densification, or alcohol production
may
require perforest. If
mits from the agency
managing the
might apply
to
each technology.
plant needs a well for water, a beneficial water

If
there
a question about whether a permit applies,
use permit
may be
needed. The following de-
contact the appropriate agency for
more
scriptions of permits include procedures, costs,

infor-
matioa For example, collection and use of forest
and some exceptions.
TABLE 12
PERMITS THAT MIGHT BE REQUIRED FOR BIOENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
n)
bo
lll ol ill
<
s
60
a
-si c c
gb
<
.b
.01
CQ .y a.
Anaerobic
digestion
Cogeneration
Densification
Direct
combustion
Gasification
Landfill
gas
Liquefaction
Oilseed
extraction
Pyrolysis
51
AGRICULTURE
COMMODITY DEALER'S LICENSE
paid to store, ship, or handle agricultural commodities; (2) a person
who buys
agricultural
commodities from a licensed commodity dealer

Pennifc
or
who
does not purchase more than $30,000

a person
worth of agricultural commodities from

Cost
producers during a license year;
(3)
ume
Annual license fees per facility are based on volof grain handled in the previous year or estimated yearly volume by hundredweight
(cwt). Fees are:
1
-
who
is
the producer of agricultural
ties that
he actually plants,
commodinurtures, and har-
vests; or (4)
a person whose trading in agriculis
tural
commodities
futures
limited to trading in
ex-
25,000 cwt 50,000
$35.00 $60.00
$85.00
commodity
changes.
on recognized futures
25,001
SOJOOI
-125/)00 -250,000
-375XKX)
Procedures
125X)01
$110.00 $135.00
Any
person
who wants
to
engage
in the busi-
250J00\
over
375m)
$160.00
ness of commodity dealer must apply to

for a license
DOA
An additional fee is required for each truck operated as a part of the business of being a
ity dealer.
on forms provided by that departapplication must include the name of The ment.
the applicant, the location of the principal places
commod-
A bond or equivalent is required that

purchased by the commod-
of business, a sufficient
and
valid bond, the
needs to be equal to 2 percent of the value of the agricultural commodities

ity
number and
statement,
description of trucks to be used to
transport agricultural commodities, a financial
dealer from the producer with a
minimum
and any other information requested
bond or equivalent security of $20/XX).

Law:
by the department.
A license is issued annually
and may be renewed by submitting all required
MCA 80-4-601 et seq.

/y?M 4.12.1012 et seq.
licensing documents.
Rules:
Contact
DOA, Plant Industry Division

who
engages in a business involv-
Permit
Cost
FEED DEALER'S PERMIT
Description
Any
person
The cost
cility,
is
$25.00 per calendar year for each fa-
ing or, as a part of his business, participates in
distribution point, or point of invoicing.
buying, exchanging, negotiating, or soliciting
Additional fees include a registration fee for

each product other than a pet food.
any agcommodity in the state of Montana is a commodity dealer and must obtain a license
the sale, resale, exchange, or transfer of
ricultural
Law:
MCA 80-9-201
/U?M
:
et seq.
from
tana.
DOA before engaging in business in Mon-
Rules:
4.12.201 et seq.
Contact
Exceptions
The term, commodity dealer, does not apply to: (1) a person engaged in storing, shipping, or
handling agricultural commodities
Description
Coproducts, such as
distillers'
grains or oilseed
who is being
meal manufactured
for distribution or distrib-
52
uted as commercial feed in Montana, require a

permit and registration with
house
to supervise correction of a deficiency.
DOA.
bond or equivalent based on

ity
the licensed capac-
of the warehouse
is
required for each wareor ecjuivalent se-
Exceptions
house, with a
minimum bond
A distributor who distributes only pet

exempt from
Procedures
this
foods
is
curity of $20,000.
provisioa
Law:
MCA 80-4-501
et seq.
A permit may be obtained by filing an application that includes the recjuestor's
Rules:
ARM 4.12.1012 et seq.

name, place of
facility,
business, Icxation of manufacturing
and
Contact:
distribution point or point of invoicing.
Com-
Description
Montana must be registered with EXDA and must comply

mercial feed that will be distributed in
Any person acting as a warehouseman emd of)erating a public
warehouse must obtain a

elevator,
mill,
li-
with labeling format recjuirements, brand and
cense from
DOA. A warehouse or public ware

an
warehouse,
product
name
specifications, expression of
house
is
guarantee requirements, ingredient and directions for use statements,
subterminal, grain warehouse, public warehouse, or other structure or facility in which, for
and other recjuirements

rules. Inspection fees
as defined
by the laws and
compensation, agricultural commodities are
re-
and annual statements are required.
ceived for storage, handling, processing, or

shipment.
Exceptions:
Permit:
None
WAREHOUSEMAN'S LICENSE
Procedures
Cost
Any person who wants to operate a warehouse

is
An
annual license fee per warehouse

in
based
must apply
to
DOA
on the volume of grain handled

weight
(cwt). Fees are:
hundred-
DOA. Upon
application, a
on forms provided by warehouseman must
submit evidence of an effective insurance policy, a license fee, a current cirawing showing
$35.00
$60.00
25j0O0cwt
50,000
125,000
25m
50,001
$85.00
and capacity of the warehouse, a current financial statement, a sufficient and valid bond as determined by DOA, and a
storage
facilities
125,001
250^)0
375JOO0 375XXX)
$110.00 $135.00
$160.00
sample warehouse
receipt. In addition,
DOA
250J001
must
find each
warehouse suitable
for the
over
proper storage of the agricultural commodities

stored therein.
DOA
has detailed reporting

specified in
Additional fees are required for each

censing inspection,
initial li-
and record-keeping requirements

the law.
amendment of a license, and
maintaining an employee of
DOA at a ware-
53
AIR QUALITY
contribute to air pollution
and not
later
than 120
days before installation, alteration, or use begins.
The department requires permit

Permit AIR
Cost Although it currently does not do so, DHES may
assess a fee
applications to
QUALITY PERMIT
be accompanied by plans, specifications, and any

other information necessary.
DHES has 180 days

to
from the
receipt of the
completed application
decide whether an application for a permit requires the compilation of an environmental im-
from the applicant
to cover the rea-
sonable costs of reviewing and acting

application
upon
the
pact statement (EIS).
If
an agency other than
and
to
implement and enforce the

jjermit.
terms and conditions of the air quality
Law: Montana Clean Air Act,

212
Rules:
MCA 75-2-211,
DHES is the lead agency in the EIS preparation, DHES must make a decision within 30 days after the issuance of the final EIS. When the department approves or denies the application for a permit, any person who is adversely affected may request a hearing under the provisions of the Montana Administrative Procedures Act.
ARM 16.8.1101 et seq.
Contacb DHES, Air Quality Bureau

Description
A permit is required for the construction, installation,
Permit:
OPEN BURNING PERMIT
and operation
of
equipment or
facilities
that
may directly
Cost:
None
or indirectly cause or contrib-
ute to air pollution.
Law:
MCA 7-33-2205 and 76-13-121
Exceptions
Exceptions listed in the rules include, but are not
limited
to: (1)
Rules:
residential heating units; (2) food
ARM 26.6.301-304, 501-503 and

DHES, Air Quality Bureau
16.8.1301 etseq.
service establishments; (3)
any activity or equip-
Contact:
ment associated with the use of agricultural land

Description
or the planting, production, harvesting, or stor-
age of agricultural crops
(this
exclusion does not
Any
person, institution, business, or industry
apply to the processing of agricultural products
conducting any open burning and qualifying as

a major
by commercial businesses);
(5)
(4) ventilating
open burner
is
required to have an air
systems used in buildings that house animals;

road construction (except stationary sources);
(6)
and
fied
other sotirces that emit less than speci-
open burning permit. Open burning means combustion of any material directly in the open air without a receptacle or in a receptacle
quality
other than a furnace, multiple-chambered incinerator, or
A complete list of exceptions is provided in ARM 16.8.1102.

amounts.
Procedxires
wood-waste burner Any major open

is
burning source
Appropriate permit application forms must be
filed
one
that will emit
500 tons per calendar year of
more than carbon monoxide
or 50 tons per calendar year of any other pollutant regulated by
not later than 180 days before construction
DHES except hydrocarbons. A

refers to
begins on any machine, equipment, device, or

facility that
minor open burning source

burning that
is
any open
may
directly or indirectly cause or
not a major open burning source.
54
A minor open burning source need not obtain a

permit, but
tions,
threat to public health
must comply with
all rules,
regula-
animal
life,
and
that
and safety, or plant and no alternative method of
and
special burning periods as stated in
disposal
is available.
DHES requires use of BACT for all open burning. BACT for open burning may inthe rules.
clude, but
is iK)t
limited
to: (1)
scheduling burn-
Permit
ing during periods aiKi seasons of good ventilation, (2)
PREVENTION OF SIGNMCANT DETERIORATION (PSD) REVIEW
applying dispersion forecasts,
(3)
limiting
the amount of burning during any one

(4)
Cost
time period, and
promoting alternative treatof
ments and uses of materials to be burned. Materials that
The applicant may be assessed a fee to implement and enforce the terms and conditions of
the air quality permit.
may not be disposed
by open burnfire
ing are specified in the rules. The recognized
Law: Montana Clean Air Act,

Rules:
protection agency for the area (county, state, or
MCA 75-5-211
U5.
Forest Service)
may also
require a burning
ARM 16.8.921
etseq.
permit or
may have sp>ecial requirements or esContact DHES, Air Quality Bureau

Description
fires,
tablished time periods for burning.
Exceptions
Exceptions are small recreational
tion site heating devices
construc-
When a major stationary source or major modification of a stationary source of air pollution is
used
to
warm workers,
and
and
oil
safety flares
used to dispose of dangerous
proposed
is
in
an area where ambient
air quality
gases at refineries, gas sweetening plants,

or gas wells.
better than the applicable standards, a
more
stringent review procedure
may
apply.
PSD
standards apply to
all
areas that meet ambient
Procedures
air quality standards.

is:
A nnajor stationary source

more than 250
(2) certain
open burning, an application must be submitted on forms provided by DHES. The application must contain a legal dePrior to major
scription or a detailed
(1)
any
source that udll emit
tons per year of any pollutant, or
named source
than
1(X)
categories that vnW. emit
more
map of each planned site

and the
tons per year of any pollutant.
of
open burning, the elevation of each planned

the
site,
method
of burning to be used,
Exceptions
average fuel loading or total fuel loading at each

site to
PSD standards do
not apply in areas not curvsrith
be burned. Permits are issued for one
rently in compliance
national ambient air
year. Conditional air quality
open burning per-
standards (nonattainment areas).
mits
may be
issued on a temporary basis for
Procedures
open burning of wood, wood by-product trade waste, and untreated

special categories of
DHES conducts a PSD review during

cessing of
all
the pro-
waste
wood
applications for air pollution per-
at licensed landfill sites that

rules.
meet
mits
if
air quality in the affected area is better

If
specific
requirements stated in the
Emer-
gency open burning permits
may be
than required by applicable standards.

issued to
tions are such that
condi-
allow burning of a substance not otherwise ap-
PSD standards apply, DHES
proved for burning
if
the applicant
demon-
may
all
require one year of pre-application base-
line data.
strates that the substance
poses an immediate
BACT compliance will be required for
sources that require a permit.
55
ALCOHOL PRODUCTION
Pennit
Pennit
ALCOHOL DISTRIBUTOR'S
LICENSE
ALCOHOL FUEL PRODUCER'S

PERMIT
Cost:
None
Cost
Law:
related to
MCA 15-70-501
et seq.
Bonds are required; the amounts are

plant size.
Rules:
ARM 47-27-601
et seq.
Law: 26
use 5181
CFR 19.901
et seq.
Contact:
DOT, Motor Fuels Tax
Division,
Rules: 27
Accounting Services Bureau, Gasoline Unit

Description
Prior to doing business in Montana, every alco-
Contact: U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,
and Firearms (BATF), San Francisco Office

Description
hol
distributor
must obtain an Alcohol
Distributor's License.
BATF
of the U.S. Department of the Treasury
administers federal laws and regulations concerning taxation, production, and distribution of
alcohol. Federal laws require that every pro-
Exceptions:
None
Procedures
Request application forms from DOT.
Upon apissues a
ducer of ethyl alcohol properly qualify the plant
proval of the application,
DOT
and obtain a permit before beginning operation.

Exceptions
Plants producing fewer than 10,000 gallons per
nonassignable license that continues in force vintil
surrendered or canceled. After obtaining a

is
li-
cense, a distributor
required to
file
monthly
dis-
year do not require a bond.
statements that include the number
of gallons of
alcohol manufactured or imported
by the
Procedures
Request an information packet and application
tributor, the
name
of the gasohol dealer to
whom the alcohol is sold and number of gallons

and any other information required by DOT. The information on these
sold to each dealer,
forms from the San Francisco
office of
BATF.
The application may need

not be limited
to: (1)
to include, but
may
information on the size of

lists
forms qualifies the distributor for a tax incentive
the plant, (2) site diagrams, (3)

(4) description of stills
of feedstocks,
(5) state-
on each gallon of
ethyl alcohol produced, pro-
and security, and
vided the alcohol was produced in Montana
ments regarding environmental impacts. Submit

the completed application
cable, to
from Montana products, including Montana
and bond,
if
appli-
wood or wood products, and provided the alcowas blended with gasoline for sale as gasohol or was exported from Montana and was
hol
BATF, which has 60 days to approve or respond to the application. The bonding fee must be submitted and approved before a permit can be issued.
blended with gasoline for sale as gasohol.
DOT
BATF has detailed

lise,
reporting
distribu-
has detailed record-keeping requirements and
requirements on production,
and
may request examination of any records within

three years after they are recorded.
tion of alcohol. These requirements vary depending on the size of the plant Permits remain
in effect as long as the permit holder complies
with laws and regulations.
56
BUILDING, MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL, AND PLUMBING
tion in
your area. Either agency
may require deproject
tailed plans
and information on a
and em
PERMITS
Permit
Cost
on-site inspection prior to issuing a permit.
With
some exceptions, the state and

Uniform Building Code, 1988.
local building de-
partments have adopted the standards from the
BUILDING PERMIT
fee is
The permit
based on the valuation of

for
all
construction
which the permit is issued, using the cost-p>er-sc[uare-foot method of valuation and cost-f)er-square-foot figures for the type and quality of construction.
Law:
work
Permit
Cost
MECHANICAL PERMIT
A fee schedule is listed in the rules.

Law:
MCA 50-60-101
et seq.
MCA 50-60-101
et seq.
Rules:
ARM 8.70.101
et seq.
Rules:
ARM 8.70.105 et seq.

department
Contact:
DOC, Building Codes Bureau or

department
Contact DOC, Building Codes Bureau or

local building
local building
Description
Description
must comply with the state building codes and permit regulations. If towns and counties have adopted
All construction throughout the state
local building codes,
A mechanical permit is required for the design,

construction, installation, operation,
and mainterefrig-
nance of heating, ventilating, cooling, or

eration systems; incinerators;
then enforcement
is
by
lo-
and other miscella-
cal rather than state authorities. Local authorities
neous heating appliances. The mechanical

permit also specifies the quality of materials and
site considerations.
must adopt the same standards enforced by

state,
the
may extend their jurisdiction up to 4 V^ miles outside the dty limits, and may establish their own fee schedule. All areas not regulated
but
The
its
local building depart-
ment may
of the state
administer
own program
certified to
instead
program if it
is
do so.
by the
local authority will
be under the jurisdic-
Exceptions
tion of the state.
Changes and additions

Exceptions
Detailed
rules,
lists
to the Uniform Mechani-
cal Code,
1988 are listed in the rules.
of exceptions are outlined in the
but they
may not be applicable if the town
Procediues
Contact either the local building department or
the state
tion in
or county has adopted local building codes. Exceptions to state rules include residential buildings containing fewer than five dwelling units,
private garages or storage structures used only
DOC to determine which has jurisdicarea. Either
your
agency
may
it
require
both detailed plans and information on a project

as well as an on-site inspection before
will is-
by the owner, farm and ranch buildings, and mining buildings on mine property.
Procedures
the state
sue a permit. With some exceptions, the state
and
local building
departments have adopted
the standards from the Uniform Mechanical

Code, 1988.
DOC to determine which has jurisdic-
57
Permit
Cost
ELECTRICAL PERMIT
Permit:
PLUMBING PERMIT
Cost

Law:

Uw: MCA 50-60-501
Rules:
et seq.
MCA 50-60-601
et seq.
Rules:
ARM 8.70.401
et seq.
ARM 8.70.301
et seq.
Contact DOC, Building Codes Bureau or

local building
department
Contact DOC, Building Codes Bureau or local building department

Description
Description
An electrical permit is required for any electrical installation in any new construction or remodeling. The local building department may administer
A plumbing permit is required

tion,
for the installa-
removal, alteration, or repair of plumbing
an enforcement program in
if it is
lieu of the state
program
certified to
do so.
and drainage systems and parts of systems for all commercial and public facilities. The local building department may administer an enforcement program instead of the state program,
certified to
Exceptions
Electrical
if it is
do so.
permits are not required for
installa-
tion, alteration,
or repair of electrical signal or
Exceptions
communications equipment owned or operated
by a public utility or a city. Inspection provisions
do not apply
to
work done by
regularly em-
ployed maintenance electricians on the business

premises of their employers. These provisions
The following exceptions apply. (1) Plumbing permits do not affect or apply to plumbing installations in any mines, mills, smelters, refineries, public utilities, or railroads, or plumbing installations
on farms.
work.
(3)
(2)
Permits are not required
do not apply to line work on the business premises of the employer or to ordinary and
also
customary in-plant or on-site installations, modifications,
The owner of a residential property can install the plumbing without a permit if he does the work himself. (4) Plumbfor repair
or repairs.
ing permits are not required for regularly em-
ployed maintenance personnel doing mainte-
Procedures
nance work on the business premises of

employer.
their
DOC
your
to
determine which has jurisdiction in

agency
area. Either
may
require detailed
Procedures
plans and information on a project as well as an

on-site inspection prior to issuing a permit.
With
DOC
your
to
determine which has jurisdiction

agency
in
some exceptions, the state and local building departments have adopted the standards from the
area. Either
may
require both dea project
tailed plans
and information on
state
and
NaHoml
Electrical Code, 1990.
an
on-site inspection before issuing a f>ermit.
With some exceptions the
and
local build-
ing departments have adopted the standards
from the Uniform Plumbing Code, 1988.
58
FOREST CLEARING AND
BURNING
Pennit
Permit:
TIMBER REMOVAL PERMIT
Cost
RRE HAZARD REDUCTION/

CERTinCATE OF CLEARANCE
Fees are set by the Board of

ers.
fees.
Land CommissionCheck with DSL regarding the required
Cost
Law:
is
MCA 7-8-2608-2609, 77-5-211-213
The
application fee
$25.00 plus an additional

of board feet cut.
fee based
on the number
Rules:
ARM 26.6.401
et seq.
bond
nnust be posted.
Law: MC/l
Rules:
76-13-401-414
Contact: DSL, Forestry E>ivision or Board of County Commissioners
ARM 26.6.501-503
Description
Permits for the removal of dead or inferior tim-
Contact: DSL, Forestry Division
ber from state forests are required by
DSL or by
Description
the board of county commissioners for county

forests.
A permit is required for slash disposal, timber

cutting, or timber stand
Permits
may be
issued on state or
improvements on
pri-
county forests to use dead or inferior timber for

fuel or
vate lands or right-of-w^y clearing

private
utilities.
by
public or
domestic purposes. Permits also
may be
Mon-
issued without advertising to citizens of

tana for commercial timber harvest at
commer-
Exceptions:
None
cial rates
on
state forests in quantities of less

feet,
than 100,000 board
or in cases of emer-
Procedures
gency. Farmers, ranchers,
and prospectors may

feet
DSL must be
right-of-way
notified at least 10
cleared.
days before
obtain permits to purchase timber in state forests in quantities
is
DSL
requires executing
not to exceed 25,000 board
fire
hazard reduction agreement and posting a

certificate of clearance
for repair and
development on a farm, ranch, or
bond before a
sued.
may be is-
mine.
Exceptions
In the case of a timber salvage emergency, per-
mits also
may be issued
to citizens of
Montana
without advertising for

feet of
less
than 200/X)0 board

forests.
timber in state or county
Procedures
Contact
DSL
for f)ermit application
forms and
details regtirding fees.
59
LAND USE
Pennit
LAKESHORE DEVELOPMENT
PERMIT
Permit
FLOODPLAIN DEVELOPMENT PERMIT
Cost
Law:
$10.00
Cost

As adopted by
local
The fee charged by local government varies.

Law: MC>i 76-5-101-405
Rules:
Rules:
governments
Contact Local government

Description
>U?M 36.15.101-903
Contact:
DNRC, Water Resources Division,
If
a local government has adopted lakeshore

is
Engineering Bureau or local government

Description
protection regulations, a permit
required for
any work
that will alter the course, current, or

its
cross-sectional area of a navigable lake or

artificial
A permit is necessary for any improvement, alteration, or
shore. Such activities include construction of
placement of an
obstruction
If
channels and ditches; dredging of lake bottom

areas to
filling;
in a designated floodplain or floodway.
local
remove muck, sUt, or weeds; lagooning;
governments do not adopt floodplain
manage
or constructing breakwaters, wharves, or
ment
regulations,
DNRC is required to enforce

by the Board
of Natural
docks.
the standards adopted
Upon petition from adjacent landowners, DNRC may adopt and enforce regulations.
Exceptions
Resources and Conservation.
Exceptions
A permit is not required in areas

adopted
that
have not
Open space uses that do not require structures,

fill,
local regulations, unless adjacent laixi-
or storage are allowable without permits.
owners petition
regulations.
DNRC
to
adopt and enforce
Examples include grazing, growing crops, parking
and loading areas, and forestry.

Procedures
Contact the local government to see if local regulations have been adopted regarding
lakeshore protection. Specific regulations and
Procedures
Local government or
DNRC can be contacted to
determine which has jurisdiction over the prospective location.
A permit application is autohas been notified
requirements
may
vary. Unless the applicant
matically granted 60 days after receipt of the application, unless the applicant
agrees to an extension of time, the governing
body must grant or deny permission

tion.
for the
that the permit has

will
been denied or that there

is
permit within 90 days of receiving an applicaVariances
be a delay.
to
If
the proposed project
deter-
may
be granted, but require a
mined
have a
significant impact
on the envi-
ronment,
DNRC may require the applicant to
public hearing and prep)aration of an environ-
mental impact statement (EIS) at the expense

of the applicant.
in a lake
provide information and funding necessary for

the preparation of an environmental impact
person
without the
who performs work necessary permit may

its
statement
(EIS).
After the EIS process, the time
be required to restore the lake to

conditioa
previous
required for review of a permit application will
be from 60
to 120 days.
60
MAJOR FAaUTY SITING

Pennit
watts or more of electricity;

facility
(2)
any addition to a
having an estimated cost in excess of $10
million; (3) a facility
producing 25 million cubic
CERTIHCATE OF PUBLIC NEED
feet or
more per day of gas derived from coal, or

(4)
AND ENVIRONMENTAL
COMPATIBILITY
Cost
any addition having an estimated cost of over

$10 million; or
rels of liquid
a plant producing 25,000 bar-
hydrocarbon products or more per
day, or any addition to such a plant having an
fee schedule
based on the cost of the prothe law.
estimated cost of over $10 million. Federally
posed project
is in
owned
or controlled
facilities
must
satisfy the
Law: Major
101 et seq.
Facility Siting Act,
MCA 75-20own set of
substantive criteria of the Major Facility Siting

Act. Certification is also required
from DHES to
ensure that the

its
facility will
not violate air or wa-
Rules: Each agency adopts

rules.
ter quality
standards or other laws administered
by DHES.
Contact:
DNRC, Facility Siting Bureau and
Exceptions
DHES, Air Quality Bureau and Water Quality
Excluded are crude

ies; facilities for
oil
and
i\atural
gas refiner-
Bureau
producing, gathering, transport-
Description
A Certificate of Public Need cind Environmental

Compatibility
may be required from the Board

and Conservation
for
and rwtural gas; Montana Strip and Underground Mine Reclamation Act; and federal facilities under the jurisdiction of the federal
ing,
and
distributing crude oil
facilities subject to
the
jor facilities that
ma-
government.
generate or transmit
electricity,
Procedures
produce gas from coal or liquid hydrocarbon

products or transmit them by pipeline, enrich
An
applicant for a certificate under the Major
uranium minerals, use or convert
Facility Siting
coal, or
Act must
file
a joint application
use
with
geothermal resources. Transportation
DNRC and DHES. The application will infacility,
links, aq-
ueducts, dams, transmission substations, and

other
facilities
clude information on need for the
the
associated with the production or

facilities
proposed location, alternative

dafa,
sites,
baseline
delivery of energy from covered
are inif
cluded.
The
certificate will
be required
the
fa-
proposed development constitutes a "major

cility"
is:
and other information defined in the law. The applicant must submit an original and 19 copies of the application to DNRC and send
copies to other state agencies listed in the law.
as defined imder the act
A major facility
mega-
(1)
any facility designed
to generate 50
Time requirements
are listed in the law.
for the application process
61
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Pennit BOILER OPERATING
Procedures
Within 10 days
after
purchase of any
boiler,
either traction or stationary, not specifically
exempted by law, the purchaser must report the
CERTIFICATE
Cost:
DOLI. DOLI must also be told and operated. Regular inspections are required by DOLI.
purchase
to
where the
boiler will be installed
No charge
Within 90 days of the

ers
et seq.
installation, all
Law:
MCA 50-74-101
must be stamped with the given by DOLI. Boiler operating certificates

boiler.
new boilserial number

are
Rules:
ARM 24.30.701
et seq.
issued annually after an on-site inspection of the
Used
boilers
must
also be inspected
and
Contact: DOLI, Safety Bureau
assigned a serial number.
Description
All boilers
installed
must be licensed by DOLI. All boilers and operated in Montana must follow
Permit BOILER OPERATOR'S LICENSE
the rules for safe construction, installation, op-
and repair of equipment as stated by CXDLl. The definitions and rules follow
eration, inspection,
nationwide engineering standards as published
by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).
Exceptions
Exceptions listed in the rules are:
(1) boilers
un-
der federal control,

erated at 15
(2)
steam heating boilers op(psi)
pounds per square inch

(3)
or less
six or
in private residences or
apartments of
fewer families, and
water heating or supply
boilers operated at not over 50 psi
gauge pres-
sure and temperatures not over 250 degrees F in

private residences or apartments of sue or fewer
families.
Hot water supply
boilers are
exempt
from inspections if they do not exceed any of the

follovdng: heat input of 400,000 Btus per hour,
water temperatures of 210 degrees
F,
or nominal
water-containing capacity of 120 gallons.

ever, such hot water supply boilers
still
How-
must be
equipped with safety devices.
Procedures
WASTE MANAGEMENT
written examination
in the
An applicant must pass a

law. Licenses
and meet other requirements as stated

must be renewed annually.
Permit
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT FAQLITY PERMIT

on a sliding scale based on the
Cost
Permit FIRE
Cost
SAFETY INSPECTIONS
The
fee is set
complexity of the proposed op)eration.
The
state
does not have a
fee,
but local
fire
au-
Law: Montana Hazardous Waste Act, MCi4

75-10-401 et seq.
thorities
with their
own enforcement programs
may require a fee.

Rules:
ARM 16.14.101 et seq.
Law:
MCA 50-61-101
et seq.
Contact DHES, Solid and Hazardous Waste

Rules:
ARM 23.7.101
et seq.
Bureau
Description
Contact: Department of Justice (DOJ), State

Fire Marshall;
Municipal Fire Chief; or
County Sheriff
Description
Buildings designed for assembly, business, edu-
A permit is necessary to construct or operate a haztirdous waste management facility. A hazardous waste
wastes
that,
is
a waste or combination of
because of quantity, concentration,
or physical, chemical, or infectious characteriscation, or industrial, institutional, or residential
occupancy (other than single-family private

homes) must meet
fire
fire
escape, fire alarm,
and
may kill people or make them seriously or pose a substantial hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated,
tics,
ill,
extinguisher requirements. Industrial occuis
pancy includes, but
stored, transported, disposed of, or otherwise
not limited
to, mills,
power
plants,
and processing
managed. Hazardous wastes include, but are

not limited to those that are toxic, radioactive,
corrosive, or flammable; contain irritants or
plants. Local fire
authorities
may have their own enforcement program, may require a permit, or may have
None
strong sensitizers; or generate pressure through
adopted a fee schedule.

Exceptions:
decomposition, heat, or other means.
A hazardall
ous waste management
facility
means
con-
tiguous land, structures, and improvements on
Procedures
Contact the local
fire
the land used for treating, storing, or disposing
authority or
DOJ
to see
of hazardous waste.
facility
may
consist of
who
has jurisdiction in your area. Both require
several treatment, storage, or disposal operational units. Special requirements for
compliance with the Uniform Fire Code, 1985 and
hazardous
may require inspections. Local fire authorities may require permits or a fee. Fire extinguishers
must be checked emd maintained
tervals.
waste generated by small quantity generators

can be found in the rules in ARM 16.44.402.
at regular in-
63
Exceptions
Large- and small-scale producers of hazardous
waste, as defined in
Permit
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
ARM 16.44.401, who store ARM

Cost:
SYSTEM UCENSE
None
hazanlous waste on-site in compliance with ac-
cumulation time
linuts, as specified in
16.44.415, are not required to obtain a hazard-
Law: Montana Solid Waste Management

Act,
ous waste management permit. Other exclusions are listed in
MCA 75-10-201
et seq.
ARM 16.44.103. A producer or

Rules:
owner or operator of a hazardous waste management facility may apply to the Board of Health and Environmental Sciences (BHES) for a variance from any requirement in the laws or rules. The law states various conditions under which
transporter of hazardous wastes or an
ARM 16.14.501 et seq.
Contact DHES, Solid and Hazardous Waste Bureau

Description
BHES may grant a variance.

Procedures
DHES requires a license for the disposal of solid

waste and for the operation of a solid waste
management facility.
to construct or operate a
facility
Any
person wanting
Exceptions
hazardous waste management

ply to
must ap-
DHES for a permit on forms provided by DHES. An application must contain, at a minimum, the name and business address of the applicant,
A possible exception may

who owns
that
is
apply for a person

5 acres of land
or leases
more than
not within a subdivision.
Under
certain
conditions, that person

solid waste that
is
may disfxjse of his own
up
to four
Standard Industrial
Classifi-
generated in reasonable asso-
cation (SIC) codes that best reflect the principal
ciation with his
household or agricultural
products or services provided by the facility, the

location of the
tion
operations on his
own
land as long as the dis-
proposed facility, a plan of operalist
posal does not create a nuisance or public health
and mainterunce, a
for,
of permits received
hazard.
or applied
and a description of pertinent site
characteristics.
permit
is
effective for a fixed

is
Procedures
term not
to
exceed 10 years and
subject to ei-
Any person who wants to establish and operate

management system facility must apply to DHES for a permit on forms provided by DHES. An application must contain, at a nninimum, the name and business address of
a solid waste
the applicant, the location of the proposed
ity,
ther renewal or revocation,
depending on com-
pliance with the permit's provisions. Permit

conditions are established by-case basis.
by
DHES on a case-
DHES may require detailed moni-
and reporting as conditions of the permit. An environmental

toring, record-keeping,
facil-
a plan of operation and maintenance, and a

If
assessment (EA)
may be part of the application

iixiicated
description of pertinent site characteristics.

additional information
is
review process.
If
by
the
EA, an envirequired
needed,
DHES will in-
roiunental impact statement
may be
form the applicant and postpone processing the

application.
If
before a permit can be issued. Decisions
may be
the requested additional informa-
appealed under the conditions of the Montaiia

Admiiustrative Procedures Act.
tion is not received within 90
days
after the ap-
plicant has been notified, a
new
application
64
must be submitted. Witlun 15 days

of the completed application,
after receipt
Exceptions
Exclusions listed in the rules include, but are not
DHES must notify

where the
the local health officer in the county
limited to, solid waste
management systems
li-
proposed system would be located. After DHES

issues a
and hazardous waste management systems

censed by DHES, discharges or
lated
proposed
decision,
it
must comply with

assess-
activities regu-
public notice regulations as stated in the rules.
under the
federal
imderground
injection
DHES
ment
to
also conducts
an environmental
control (UIC) program, persons disposing of

their
erty,
(EA). After a 3(kiay period for the public
own household
waste on their
own
prof>-
comment on
the EA,
DHES must
decide
and agricultural irrigation projects.
whether
to issue the license or require
an enviProcedures
ronmental impact statement.

is
An appeals process
described in the rules.
An application for an MGWPCS permit must be

filed at least
180 days prior to beginning opera-
tion. All applications
must be submitted on
forms that are obtained from
DHES and
must
WATER QUALITY
Peimit:
contain a site plan, location of treatment works
and disposal system,
list
of people
who own or
lease adjacent land, location of adjacent state
MONTANA GROUNDWATER
POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM (MGWPCS) PERMIT
surface waters, location of water supply wells
and springs within

groundwater
mile, description of wâste
or process solutions, information on existing

quality,
and any additional
infor-
Cost None
Law: Montana Water Quality Act,
5-101 et seq.
mation
DHES may
require.
is
DHES
will deter-
MCA 75-
nune
days.
if
the application
complete within 30
Rules:
ARM 16.20.1001 et seq.
Upon receipt of a completed application, DHES must make a preliminary determination of

whether a permit should be issued.
the proposed discharge
Contact DHES, Water Quality Bureau

Description
DHES
is
then required to issue a public notice regarding
Any
into
person
state
who wants
to discharge pollutants
termination.
for a public
At
least
and the preliminary de30 days must be provided
groundwater must obtain an

Groundwater
classifications
comment period. The applicant, any
MGWPCS permit.
uses.
affected agency, the regional administrator of
are established to protect water for beneficial
EPA, or any interested person may submit a

written request for a hearing.
DHES has a
policy of not allowing degra-
A hearing will be
dation of groundwater. High quality groundwater
must be maintained
at that quality unless
it
DHES determines there is good cause or sufficient interest to hold a hearing. DHES will
held
if
has been positively demonstrated that a change

is
provide a 30-day public notice of the hearing.

a hearing
is
If
justifiable for
necessary economic or social dewill not preclude present or an-
not held,
DHES
must make a
fii\al If
velopment and
decision on permit issuance within 30 days.
ticipated uses of such waters.
public hearing
is
held,
DHES must make a
deci-
sion within 60 days following the hearing.
65
The conditions of the permit may include proposed discharge limitations and conditions;
monitoring and reporting requirements,
if
ants into state waters authorized
by an
MPDES
permit must be consistent with the conditions of

the permit.
If
any;
there
is
a violation of the jjermit,
necessary schedules of compliance, including

interim dates and requirements for meeting
mit.
DHES may modify, suspend, or revoke the perDHES has a noruiegradation policy that rethan the established water quality standards be
proposed discharge
conditions.
limitations; or other special
quires that any state water of a quality higher
A permittee must request reissuance

its
of the permit at least 90 days prior to
date of
maintained at that high quality. Permits may
re-
expiratioa Operators
who have submitted per-
quire effluent limitations or other conditions on

industrial, public, or private projects or devel-
mit applications for groundwater discharge

sources under the
MPDES permit program will
opments
that constitute a
new
or an increased
be deemed to have complied with the application requirements for this permit.
source of pollution to high quality waters.
Exceptions
Federal jiermitting authority
tivities
is
involved for ac-
on Indian
reservations. For
more
infor-
Permit
MONTANA POLLUTANT
DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM (MPDES) PERMIT
mation, see the discussion on the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System flMPDES)
permit later in
this sectioa
Cost None
Law: Montana Water Quality Act,
5-101 et seq.
Procedures
MCA 75-
The application for an MPDES permit must be filed no less than 180 days prior to the operation
of a point source. Application information re-
Rules:
ARM 16.20.1301
et seq.
quired by
DHES includes, but
is
not limited
to,
plans and specifications,
site descriptions,
pro-
ConUct: DHES, Water Quality Bureau

Description
cess
and waste flow diagrams, and volume and
nature of projected discharges.

a completed application,
Upon
receipt of
DHES must make a
A permit from DHES is

struct or use
required to construct,
preliminary determination with respect to issu-
modify, or operate a disposal system or to con-
ance or denial of a permit.

for public
DHES
is
then re-
any outiet for the discharge of sew-
quired to issue public notice and allow 30 days
age, industrial wastes, or other wastes into state
comment.
If
DHES
may
denies the dis-
surface waters.
The
MPDES
permit regulates
charge permit, a hearing
be requested. All
the discharges of pollutants from point sources

into state waters.
permits are issued for a fixed term not to exceed

five years.
A point source can be any disdis-
cernible conveyance, such as a pipe, a ditch, or
a floating
charged.
craft,
from which pollutants are

facility
An
animal confinement
may
also be a point sovirce. All discharges of pollut-
66
Permit
NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM (NPDES) PERMIT
Permit
STREAM PROTECTION ACT

PERMIT
Cost None
Cost None
Law:
Law: Water Pollution Control Act, 33
1251 et seq.
MCA 87-5-501
None
et seq.
USC
Rules:
Rules: 40
Contact:
CfR
122 et seq.
Contact Department of Fish, Wildlife and

Parks (DFWP), Fisheries Division
EPA
Description
Description
A state or local government agency must obtain

a permit before engaging in a project that
Anyone who wants to discharge wastewater on

Indian reservations must obtain an
may
NPDES per-
change the existing shape or form of any

stream.
mit and comply with minimum discharge limits
by EPA. A permit also is required to modify or expand a project.

established
Exceptions
This law does not apply to any irrigation
district
Exceptions
Activities in incorporated muiucipalities
project or
any other
irrigation system. In addi-
on
In-
tion,
it
does not apply during an emergency. For
dian reservations are excluded.
a determination of
what
constitutes an emer-
gency, contact
DFWP, Fisheries Divisioa
Procedures
Any
ter
person
who wants
to discharge
wastewato
Procedures
on an Indian reservation must apply
EPA
Within 30 days after receipt of project plans,
on forms provided by that agency. After a completed application has been received,
drafts either the permit or the denial
DFWP must notify

project
the applicant whether the

affect fish or wildlife
EPA
There
would adversely
and pub-
habitat or issue a permit.
DFWP may require

If
lishes the notice of intent to issue or deny.

is
modifications to the proposed project plans.
a 30-day
comment
period,
and then the
an agreement cannot be reached, an

panel
arbitration
agency must issue a denial or approval.
EPA may include effluent limitations and morutoring
may be appointed by
the district court.
and reporting requirements as conditions of the

permit.
A permit is issued for a fixed term up to

The applicant must apply
its
five years.
for reexpira-
newal of the permit 180 days before

tion date.
67
WATER USE
Pennit
STREAMBED AND LAND PRESERVATION PERMIT (310 PERMIT)

Permit
Cost
Cost None
Law: Natural Streambed and Land Preservation Act,
BENEHCLAL WATER USE PERMIT
A sliding-scale fee schedule based on volume of

v^ter is
listed in the rules.
fees.
Refer to the rules for
Rules:
ARM 36-2-401 et seq.
required
Contact: Conservation district supervisors

or
Law: Montana Water Use Act,

301 et seq. Rules:
MCA 85-2-
DNRC, Conservation Districts Bureau
Description
AKM 36.12.101
et seq.
Any
private,
nongovernmental individual or
Contact:
DNRC, Water Rights Bureau
work in or near a stream on private or public land must apply for

corp)oration that proposes to
Description
a 310 permit.
Exceptions:
A Beneficial Water Use Permit is required to apNone

propriate either surface v^ter or
more than 35
gallons per minute or 10 acre-feet per year of
Procedures
groundwater. This permit
is
required for uses
The person conducting the work should submit

a completed application to the conservation district office.
that benefit the appropriator, other persons, or
the public. Examples of beneficial uses are agriculture, including stockwater; domestic; fish
At
their next
monthly meeting,
dis-
trict
supervisors will determine whether the
and
wildlife; industrial; irrigation;
planned activity requires a 310 permit. Following

a team inspection, the district supervisors will
approve, modify, or deny the permit application.
nicipal;
power; and recreation.
muWith some exmining;
ceptions, a person
who
intends to appropriate
water for a reservoir also needs a permit. In or-
The permit process takes approximately 60 days

or more. The supervisors
limits
der to protect
all
water
rights,
any proposed
include
up
to
one year
may extend the time when necessary. If an
changes in an existing water pennit must be ap-
proved by
change
DNRC. Such changes might
agreement cannot be reached, an arbitration panel may be appointed by the district court. E>etailed procedures for times of emergency are
listed in the
in kind of
use or location of use, diver-
sion, or storage.
conservation district rules and in the
law
(MCA 75-7-113).
68
Exceptions
been put to beneficial use, the well owner must

G)
The following exceptions apply.
A permit is
if
file
a Notice of Completion of Groundwater De-
not required prior to construction of a reservoir

or pit to be used for watering livestock
or reservoir meets certain conditions.
the pit
velopment vA\h
Procedures
DNRC.
If
the pit
Any person who
wrants to appropriate ground-
or reservoir will be
filled
with water from a non-
water or surface v^ter by building a diversion,
perennial stream, hold less than 15 acre-feet of
and be located on a piece of land larger than 40 acres, construction can begin immediately. Within 60 days of completion, an application for a Stockwater Provisional Permit must
v^ter,
impoundment, or vdthdrawal or distribution works must apply for a permit on forms provided by DNRC. Upon receipt of a completed
application,
be submitted
to
DNRC. A
notices
DNRC is required to pniblish public pertinent to that application. DNRC

an application
whole or in part within 120 days
objections
if
provisional permit
must
grant, deny, or condition
subject to prior w^ter rights v^tU be issued. If the
for a permit in
reservoir has adverse effects
on prior
rights,
after the last date of publication of notice of ap-
DNRC can require modifications to

trolled
the reserplication
if
no
have been received, or

is
voir or revoke the jsermit. (2) Outside of a con-
within 180 days
a hearing
hekl or objections
groundwater
area, a permit is not re-
quired to appropriate water by means of a well

or developed spring with a
priation of 35 gallons per
have been received.

subject to
DNRC may issue a permit

restrictions,
maximum approless,
any terms, conditions,
minute or
not to
af-
and limitations it considers necessary to protect the rights of other appropriators. For more information, consult any of DN^RC's field offices
in Billings,
Kalispell,
exceed 10 acre-feet per year. Within 60 days

ter a well is
completed, the driller must
file
with
DNRC a log report on a form provided by the

department. Within 60 days after the water has
Bozeman, Glasgow, Havre, Helena,

offices are
Lewistown, Miles Qty, and Missoula.

included in Ap-
Addresses for these

pendix
B.
69
70
SECTION 5 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
BUSINESS UCENSING
REQUIREMENTS
A bioenergy project must comply with a wide
and must obtain a number of permits and licenses to do business in Montana. A business owner must file with the
variety of laws
COGENERATION AND SMALL POWER PRODUCTION

A cogeneration or small power production facilmust be certified as a qualifying fiadlity (QF) to operate in Montana and receive a rate based on the provided cost of power. A QF must meet
ity
and
rules
Secretary of State for
any of the following
that
certain requirements as stated in
Montana law,
pri-
are applicable to the business: a certificate of

partnership, articles of incorporation, registration of
MCA 69-3-601. Those requirements state that

the facility must:
(1)
produce electricity as a
an assumed business name, or
registra-
mary energy source from biomass, waste,

water, wind, or other renewable resource or any
tion of a trademark.
ties
Other business responsibili-
may
include obtaining a local business
combination of those resources; or

electricity
(2)
produce
license, obtaining a federal tax identification
number, registering with the state DOR as an employer for income tax purposes, filing a state
withholding tax registration, registering for un-
and useful forms of thermal energy, such as heat or steam, used for industrial or commercial heating or cooling purposes
through the sequential use of energy
cogeneration;
known as
facilities
employment
iiASurance, or obtaining worker's
and
(3)
have a power production
compensation insurance.
capacity that, together with any other located at the
The Business Licensing Center of DOC, Business
same site, is not greater than 80 megawatts; and 4) be owned by a person not
primarily engaged in the generation or sale of
electricity
Development Division has a toll-free number and produces the Montana Business Licensing
Handbook, which offers a brief summary of many
of the business licenses
other than electric

facility.
power from a small
power production
and permits required by

Devel-
the state,
and Guide to Montana's Economic

for the toll-free
FERC controls the certification process for a QF.

There are two ways
first
opment and Business Development Programs. See
to obtain certification.
The
Appendix B
number and
the se-
option
is self-qualification,
which
is
accom-
lected bibliography for a complete citation for
plished by notifying
the facility
FERC
of the existence of
the publications.
and supplying other information
71
required
less
by the agency. While

the disadvantage
is
this
method has
Utilities
owned or controlled by a municipality,

excluded from PSC jurisdiction.
paperwork, takes less time, and does not refee,
town, county, or city-county water or sewer

district are
quire a
tion
that the certifica-
may be challenged.
Later delays and eco-
Rates and services for such systems are deter-
nomic problems can

apply to
ing fee
result.
The alternative is
to
mined by the local govenung body or district.

Facilities located in
FERC for certificatioa
Detailed facility
information as listed in 1 8 CFR 292207 and a fil-
district
served by a private
must accompany the application. For more information on the certification processes, call or vmte FERC in Washington, D.C., at the address listed in Appendix B.
Facilities that are
company
or an electric cooperative negotiate
rates and contracts directly with that cooperative. More information on electric cooperatives in Montana is available from the Montana Electric Coof>erative Association. See Appendix B
connecting to a
utility
can get
for
its
address and the addresses of
all electric
guidelines from that
utility. Facilities
also
must
state
cooperatives in
Montana.
comply with state electrical standards, apply for

an
electrical permit,
and be inspected by
Cogeneration
facilities that
produce
electricity
inspectors prior to initiating service.
may be
of
liable to
producer's license
pay an electrical energy tax. Montana law states that

production of
electric-
The PSC determines
rates
and conditiorw
each person or organization engaged in the generation, manufacture, or

ity
those rates for contracts between cogenerators
and small power producers and the following

Montana-Dakota Utilities Company, Montaiw Power Company, and Pacific Power and Light Company. Various types of contract
utilities:
and
electric
energy for barter,
sale, or ex-
change must pay an electrical energy producer's

tax of $.0002 per kilowatt-hour. For information,
contact EXDR, Natural Resource

tion
and Corpora-
agreements can be negotiated

ties.
v^dth these utili-
Tax Division.
For more information, contact the appropri-
ate utility:
Gary Paulsen, System Operations

Montana-Dakota Utilities Company
400 North Fourth Street
Bismarck,
DAM SAFETY
The
Dam Safety
Act
(MCA 85-15-101-502) re
ND
58501
701-222-7649
quires construction and operating permits for
high-hazard dams.
A high-hazard dam is a dam
Robert Stuart, Director of Power Contracts
that
impounds 50 acre-feet or more of w^ter and

this pro-
Montana Power Company

40 East Broadway
Butte,
would Ukely cause a loss of life if it fails. DNRC,

Water Resources Division administers
723-5421
MT
59701
gram; issues permits; establishes safety standards for the design, cor\struction, operation,
Dennis Wedam, Area Engineer
Power and Light Company 448 Main Street

Pacific
KalispeU,
MT
59901
752-7461
and maintenance of high-hazard dams; conducts periodic inspections; establishes fees commensurate with recovering inspection costs; and provides copies of the law and administrative rules (ARM 36.14.101 et seq.) on request.
72
FORESTED AREAS
Requirements regarding harvesting of timber
HIGHWAYS/TRANSPORTATION
DOT regulates various asp)ects of transportation
and activities adjacent
loads;
to
and removal of slash and wood waste for commercial uses vary depending on land ownership.
highways. Permits are
required for special fuels; restricted routes or
Boards of county commissioners; DSL,
temporary
trips;
oversized vehicles; out-
Forestry Division; USPS;

ter forest
and
BLM all adminis-
door advertising; highway right-of-way, encroachments, and approaches; and

mains.
utility
lands in Montana.
permit
is
required from
DSL
for slash dis-
posal
on private or state
laivis.
A permit is also
DOT, Gross Vehicle Weight

regulates travel
Division generally
required from
DSL for timber cutting or timber

by public or
to
by
trucks, truck-tractors, buses,
stand improvement on state lands, and for

right-of-way clearing
ties.
and equipment. Permits handled by

clude, but are not limited
mit;
to:
DOT in-
private
utili-
temporary trip perlicense;
Permits
may be issued
county residents
temporary special fuel
overwidth,
to
tic
use dead or inferior timber for fuel or domespurposes. Farmers, ranchers, and prosjjec-
overheight, and overlength permit; gross vehicle
weight fees
receipt; liquefied
petroleum
tors
may also obtain permits for timber removal

forest
gas license; restricted route-load jjermit; and

proportional license (apportionment).
is
from state
repair
land in quantities not to exceed
A permit
from
25J0O0 board feet for domestic purjX)ses in the
required for outdoor
advertising visible
and development of a farm, ranch, or mine. Permits may be issued to Montana citizens for commercial purposes at commercial
rates without advertising for timber in state forests in quantities of less than 100,000
and primary highways. Applications for permits may be obtained at any DOT district
interstate
office.
(See
Appendix B.)
board
feet
Permits are required from
DOT, Maintenance
inter-
or in emergency cases due to
fire, insects,
or
Bureau for approaches, which include construction of
blowdown.
any of
(See Forest Clearing
and Burning,
driveways and other approaches
page 59.) For more information, contact DSL or

its field
secting public streets
and highways, and eninclude

facilities
offices at the
addresses listed in
croachments,
which
and
all
private
Appendix
Timber
B.
structures, devices,
placed upon,
over, or under the right-of-w^y. Encroachments

sales
on
federal lands administered
by
also include ditches, dikes, flumes, canals,

bridges,
BLM and USPS are advertised for competitive bids. BLM may negotiate iixiividually with purchasers for small amounts of timber in special
instances. For
and water, sewer,
electric,
natural gas,
and communications Unes. Permits to construct utility mains and lines along state highway
rights-of-way are granted by
more information,
contact each
DOT, Mainte-
national forest office or each office of
BLM at the
nance Bureau. City councils and county commissioners grant similar approval along city
sfreets
addresses listed in Appendbc B.
and county
roads.
Transporters of hazardous waste must obtain
an
identification
number from SHWB.
Trans-
73
p>orters
who maintain offices, terminals, depots,

facilities
page 67 and Water Quality, pages 50 and
65.)
or transfer
their
within Montana related to

activities
Minimimi discharge
limits are established
by
hazardous waste transportation

also register with
EPA and
apply
to all discharges except
where
must
DHES,
Solid
and Hazfill
more intensive treatment is needed to meet water quality
ardous Waste Bureau. Detailed reporting rules

require hazardous waste generators to
stream standards.
EPA administers a
out
continuing monitoring program to ensure that

drinking water systems are free from pollutants.
manifest forms with the source, amount, and

destination of the wastes.
The
the receiving hazardous waste

cility
transporter and management fato ac-
EPA has the statutory authority to regulate hazardous wastes on Indian reservations and
quires hazardous waste producers to
re-
must sign and date the manifest
knowledge receipt of the waste shipment.
comply
re-
with detailed record-keeping and reporting
quirements. (See Waste Management, pages 47
INDIAN RESERVATIONS
The seven Indian
erally fall
and
63.)
reservations in
Montana gen-
under the
jurisdiction of
EPA
The seven Indian agencies in Montana and their corresponding tribes are listed in Appendix B.
in re-
gard to
air quality,
water quality, and hazard-
ous wâste management. Information on these
programs can be obtained from the Helena

fice of
of-
LOCAL AREAS
Local agencies, the board of county commissioners, or the city or local
EPA. (See Appendix B
for the address
and telephone number.)
government may
affect a bioenju-
The Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation, the Flathead Indian Reservation, and the Fort Peck Indian Reservation are designated as Qass
I
have laws or regiilations that can
ergy project. Local governments often have

risdiction
over building and construction, land

roads,
for air quality purposes. All other reserva-
use,
utilities,
and some environmental

jurisdiction over the
tions are designated Class H. Because
some
off-
concerns such as air quality. Local building de-
reservation projects affect areas in or adjacent to
partments
may assume
reservation lands,
EPA
is
sometimes asked
to
building, mechanical, plumbing, or electrical
enter into cooperative pollution
management
and/or the
In-
permits required for construction projects.

local building
If
programs v^th the

U.S.
state, the tribes,
department administers
but
its
own
Department of the
Interior,
Bureau of
program, the standards must be equal

enforced by
to those to 4 Vi
dian Affairs (BIA). (See Air Quality, pages 39
DOC,
may
extend up
and 54.)
miles outside the city limits,

to a locally
and may be subject
imposed
fee schedule. (See Building,
EPA also administers programs to control water

pollution
Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing Permits,
and provide safe drinking
water.
The
page 57.)
Local
fire authorities also
NPDES
permit protects surface water and

enforcement
groundwater from pollution and controls the

treatment and discharge of municipal and
industrial wastewater. (See
may have their own require a permit, may program,

a fee schedule. Fire safety
NPDES
Permit,
and may adopt
74
inspections
may be conducted
page 63.)
locally
by the
On
air
county lands, a burning permit
may be rethe open
municipal
fire chief
or the county sheriff. (See
quired to ignite an op)en
fire directly in
Fire Safety Inspections,
without a receptacle or in a receptacle other
than a furnace, multiple-chambered incinerator,
Local authorities often administer land use

regulations
or waste-wood burner. (See

mit,
Open Burning Per-
tion of a bioenergy project.
cmd restrictions that may affect locaChoosing a site for a

limited by zoning regulations,
page 54.)
plant
may be
floodplain or wetland restrictions, or lakeshore
preservation requirements.
The
local
planning
NAVIGABLE WATERS
DSL, Lands Division, has
ers, lakes,
board or board of county commissioners can

provide more information on land use regulations.
jurisdiction over riv-
waters in
and streams designated as navigable Montana and maintains a current list
Supplying
electric
power, natural gas, and wa-
of navigable waters in the state.
When there will
ter to a site is usually regulated
The
city
on a local level. or town council or board of county and other mains
be activity on a
the low-water
river, lake,
or stream between
mark and
the high-water mark,
commissioners must grant permission for construction of gas, water, sewer,
consult
DSL
for permitting
and other
require-
ments.
within the city limits and for construction of

utility
mains and
lines along city streets
and
county roads.
Qty or town councils may permit
extension of utility lines outside dty limits.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

All bioenergy projects
Written permission
is
required from the board

pational safety
any excavation, construction, or other encroachment across cotmty roads. Highway encroachments include all private structures, devices, and facilities
of county commissioners for
must comply with occuand health laws and rules. The
administering agency will be either the U.S. Oc-
cupational Safety and Health Admiiustration
placed upon, over, or under the right-of-way.
(OSHA)
or DOLI, Safety Bureau, depending on

is
These include ditches, dikes, flumes, canals,

bridges,
whether the project

private project.
considered a public or a
and water, sewer,
public project involves serstate,
electric,
natural gas,
vices
and connmunications lines.

If it is
performed by public employees for
dty, or county governments.
Whenever
public
necessary to connect to the local sewage

facility,
employees or employers are involved in a

project,
treatment
the facility operator
must be
enforcement will be by DOLI, Safety
informed of the quantity and type of sewage
Bureau. All other employees and employers are
an applicant plans
it
to discharge to
make certain
under the jurisdiction of (DSHA.

All public bioenergy projects are required to
does not overload the current treatment
capacity.
comply with the Montana Safety

50-71-101 et seq.
Act,
MCA
A municipality or county may establish a local

eiir
No
licenses or permits are
pollution control program. (See
Urban Ar-
involved, but a variety of rules require compliance.
eas/Municif)alities,
page
76.)
75
For all private bioenergy projects under the

risdiction of
ju-
ARM
posed
16.42.101,
DHES
establishes
maximum
OSHA that have one or more em-
noise exposure levels that represent conditions

that nearly all
ployees and for all federal employees, Montana
workers
may be
repeatedly exto
laws and rules are superseded by federal laws
to without adverse effect
on the ability
and rules.
project,
In the
CFR, the construction industry
hear and understand normal speech. In
ARM,
all
standards apply to the building phase of a
DHES
also establishes
maximum
to
threshold
and
the general industry standards ap-
limit values for air
contaminants that nearly
ply to the operational phase of a project
OSHA
workers
may be exposed
effects.
day
after
day with-
does not require a license or permit, but does require compliance with
all
out adverse
the federal rules.
OSHA
and
has general, scheduled on-site health during an inspection, prob-
For information on the Boiler Operating Certificate, Boiler Operator's License,
safety inspections for businesses classified

If,
and
fire safety
as high hazard.
inspections, see Section 4, Occupational Safety
lems are fovmd, the owner or contractor can be

issued a citation or fined.
gates
and Health, page 62.
OSHA also investior accidents.
any complaints,
11
fatalities,
more employees must comply with record-keeping and posting reBusinesses with
or
quirements, which include posting an informa-
URBAN AREAS/ MUNiaPAUTIES

A municipality or coimty may establish and administer a local air pollution control
its
and filing an OSHA form with a log and simmiary of all occupational illnesses and accidents. More information on OSHA
tional poster
program
in
standards can be obtained from the

fice in Billings,
OSHA oftelephone
jurisdiction
is
if it is
consistent with the state

state
which has a
toll-free
program and
law,
approved by the
Board of
number. (See Appendix B.)

EXDLI's Safety Bureau has a volvmtary Safety
Health and Environmental Sciences. Montana
MCA 75-2-301, explains the requirements
Consultation Program for businesses. The pro-
gram provides
free occupational safety
and
restrictions involving local programs. The law allows a local program to establish more stringent or more extensive requirements than
and
health consultations on request. DOLI requires an agreement prior to participating that requires
the state requires. For instance. Great Falls has

stricter
permit requirements for open burning.
any serious occupational safety and health violations noted. There are no fines or citations for violations.
correction within a reasonable time of
Butte, Helena,
that regulate
and Missoula have adopted rules and control the emissions from
burning devices, which
insert,
For more information, contact DOLI,
residential solid fuel
in-
Safety
Bureaa
(See
Appendix B.)
clude any fireplace, fireplace
wood stove,
wood-burning
heater,
wood
stick boiler, coal-
DHES, Occupational Health Bureau, has the authority to regulate occupational noise
fired furnace, or coal stove.
The
rules cover de-
and
in-
vices that
produce
less
than 1/XX),000 Btus per

estab-
door emissions in workplaces that are under the

jurisdiction of state
hour in a private residence or commercial

lishment.
and
local
governments.
The
rules regulate
new
installations,
DHES does not require or issue permits, but has

established standards in these
visible emissions
fuels,
during
air pollution alerts,
two
areas. In
and
special permits.
76
WATER USE
Montana are classified according to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Nonattainment areas exCities
and towns
in
Any
person
who wants
to appropriate surface
water or groundwater must apply to
DNRC,
ceed allowable limits for certain air pollutants.

Bioenergy projects locating in nonattainment areas
Water Rights Bureau

mestic, fish
for a Beneficial
Water Use
Permit. Beneficial uses include agricultural, do-
may need
to
meet
stricter
requirements re-
and
wildlife, industrial, irrigation,
garding emission
ticular
rates,
depending on the par-
mining, municipal, power generation, and recreation. (See
problem pollutants and the known

and 54.)
Water Use, page
68.)
concentrations of those pollutants. (See Air

Quality, pages 39
Water rights in Montana are in the process of being reviewed by the courts.
Any entity asserting

file
EPA
or
has established ambient air standards for
a claim for an existing use of water must a certificate of water

right.
for
airborne particles with a diameter of 10 microns
Such
entities
may in-
Each Montana community has been placed into one of three groups based on the
less.
clude individuals, partnerships, associations,

public or private corporations, dties or municipalities, counties, state
probability of exceeding these standards. (See
agencies or the State of
Air Quality, pages 44 and
46.)
Montana, and federal agencies of the United States of America, acting on their own behalf or
as trustee for an Indian or Indian
tribe.
For more
information on water rights, contact any
DNRC
Water Resources Regional

dix B.)
Office. (See
Appen-
11
78
APPENDIX A MONTANA BIOENERGY FACILITIES
The following are

ties in
lists, first
by technology and
facili-
Helena Wastewater Treatment Plant

316 North Park
Helena, Montana 59623
447-8455
then by location, of operating bioenergy
Montana. For details see the forthcoming
DNRC publication, Montana Bioenergy Facilities.
Kalispell
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Box 1997
PROJECTS LISTED BY
KalispeU,
Montana 59903
TECHNOLOGY
ALCOHOL PRODUCTION FACILITIES
AlcoTech
752-6600 Ext. 207
Missoula Wastewater Treatment Plant

435
Ryman
Montana 59802
Missoula,
721-0111
PO Box 154
Ringling,
Montana 59645
547-2116
COMBUSTION FACILITIES
American Timber Company
BIOGAS FACILITIES
Billings
PO Box 128
Olney, Montana 59927
881-2311
PO Box 30958
Billings,
Montana 59111
657-8352
Champion International Corporation Drawer 7 Bonner, Montana 59823

258-2100
Plant
Bozeman Wastewater Treatment
K) Box 640
Bozeman, Montana 59715
586-9159
Champion
International Corporation
PO Box
Libby,
1590
Montana 59923
293-4141
79
Darby Lumber,
Inc.
Montana Southern
Agricultural Research Center
PO Box 390
Darby, Montana 59829
821-3261
748 Railroad Highway

Huntley, Montana 59037
348-3400
F.H. Stolze
Land and Lumber Company
Northern Cheyenne Pine Company
PO Box
1429
Falls,
PO Box 627
Montana 59912
Ashland, Montana 59003
784-2367
Columbia
892-3252
Rathead Post and Pole

Star Route,
Pack River Lumber Company

58719 Highway 93
Poison,
Box 13
Dixon, Montana 59831

246-3591
Montana 59860
883-5908
Glacier
Log Homes,
Inc.
Park County Solid Waste Recovery System

328 North
5560 Highway 93 South

VVhitefish,
M Street
Montana 59047
Montana 59937
Livingston,
862-3562
222-6232
Louisiana Pacific Corporation
Plum Creek Manufacturing Limited

Partnership
Kentucky Avenue
Deer Lodge, Montana 59722
846-1600
PO Box 149
Belgrade,
Montana 59714
388^221
PO Box 4007
Missoula,

Partnership
)
Montana 59806
728-3910
PO Box 160
Columbia
Falls,
Montana 59912
Mineral County Public Library
892-2141
PO Box 430
301 Second Superior,
Avenue East Montana 59872-0430

Partnership
822-4562
PO Box 28
Fortine,
Montana 59918
Missoula White Pine Sash
Company
882-4436
PO Box 7009
Missoula,
Montana 59807

Partnership
728-4010
PO Box 188
Pablo,
Montana 59855
675-2610
80
Pyramid Mountain Lumber,
Inc.
WOOD PELLET PLANTS

Belgrade
251
PO Box 549
Seeley Lake, 677-2201
Montana 59868
Wood Products
Belgrade,
St.
Arden Drive Montana 59714
Ignatius Elementary School
388-8866
PO Box 400
St.
Ignatius,
Montana 59865
Bitterroot
Timber Products
745-2971
PO Box 53
821-4428
St.
Labre Indian School
PO Box 216
784-2746
Blackfoot Forest Products
PO Box 188
Lincoln,
Montana 59639
Stolze
Conner Lumber Company
362-4868
PO Box 410
821-3241
Eureka
Pellet Mills
PO Box 667
Eureka, Montana 59917
296-3109
Stone Container Corporation
PO Box 4707
Missoula,
626^1451
Montana 59806
HooDoo Mountain Pellets

1870 South
Libby,
Highway 2 Montana 59923
Thompson River Lumber, Inc.
293-5019
PO Box 279
Thompson
Falls,
Montana 59873
Rocky Mountain Mills
755-9166 or 827-4311
Box 46
Ravalli,
Montana 59863
W-I Forest Products, LP
745-2492
PO Box 369
Thompson
827-3511
Falls,
Montana 59873
81
PROJECTS LISTED BY LOCATION

Ashland Northern Cheyenne Pine Company
St.
Kalispell
Kalispell
Libby
Labre Indian School
Champion
Pellets
HooDoo Mountain
Lincoln
Belgrade Belgrade
Wood Products

Partnership
Billings
Blackfoot Forest Products
Livingston
Park County Solid Waste Recovery System
Billings
Bonner
Champion
Bozeman Bozeman Wastewater Treatment Plant

Columbia
F.
Missoula Louisiana Pacific Corporation Missoula Wastewater Treatment Plant Missoula White Pine Sash Company Stone Container Corporation
Falls
Olney American Timber Company

Pablo
H. Stolze Land and Lumber Company Plum Creek Manufacturing Limited Partnership

Partnership
Darby
Bitterroot
Timber Products
Poison
Darby Lumber Company, Inc. Stolze Conner Lumber Company
Pack River Lumber Company

Ravalli
Deer Lodge
Rocky Mountain
Ringling
Mills
Dixon Rathead Post and Pole

Eureka Eureka
Fortine
AlcoTech
Seeley Lake
Pyramid Mountain Lumber,

Pellet Mills
St.
Inc.
Ignatius
St.
Ignatius Elementary School

Partnership
Superior
Mineral County Public Library
Helena Helena Wastewater Treatment Plant
Huntley
Thompson Falls Thompson River Lumber, W-I Forest Products, LP

Whitefish
Glacier
Inc.
Montana Southern Agricultural

Research Center
Log Homes,
Inc.
82
APPENDIX B AGENCIES/ORGANIZATIONS
BUREAU OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH

University of
Big
Horn County
Electric Cooperative, Inc.
PO Box AE
Lodge Grass, Montana 59050
639-2341
Montana Missoula, Montana 59812
243-5113
Central Montana Electric
G & T Cooperative
705 Lincoln Lane
EASTERN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER

PO Box 1350
Sidney,
Billings,
Montana 59101
248-7936
Montana 59270
Fergus Electric Cooperative, 313 West janeaux Street
Inc.
482-2208
Box 58
ELECTRIC COOPERATIVES
Montana
Electric
LewTStoum, Montana 59457

538-3465
Cooperative Association
Flathead Electric Cooperative, Inc.
PO Box
Great
1306
Falls,
Montana 59403
510 LaSalle Road

KalispeU,
761-8333
Montana 59901
755-5483
Beartooth Electric Cooperative,
Inc.
PO Box
1119
Glacier Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Red Lodge, Montana 59068

446-2310
PO Box 358
410 East Main Street
Cut Bank, Montana 59427

Big Flat Electric Cooperative, Inc.
873-5566
POBoxH
Malta,
Montana 59538
Goidenwest
654-2040
PO Box 245
Wibaux, Montana 59353
795-2423
83
Hill
County
Park
Electric CoojDerative, Inc.
Highway 2 West
PO Box 908
Livingston,
PO Box 430
Havre, Montana 59501
265-2511
Montana 59047
222-3100
Ravalli
County
Electric
Co-Op, Inc
Lincoln Electric Cooperative,
Inc.
PO Box 109
Corvallis,
PO Box 628
Eureka, Montana 59917
296-2511
Montana 59828
961-3211
Sheridan Electric Cooperative,
Inc.
Lower Yellowstone Electric Association 310 Second Avenue Northeast Sidney, Montana 59270
482-1602
PO Box 227
Medicine Lake, Montana 59247
789-2231
Southeast Electric Cooperative,
Inc.
Marias River Electric Cooperative,

910 Roosevelt
Shelby,
Inc.
PO Box 368
Ekalaka,
Highway Montana 59474
Montana 59324
775-8762
434-5575
Sun River Electric Cooperative, Inc.
McCone Electric Co-op, Inc.
PO Box 21
Fairfield,
PO Box 386
Circle,
Montana 59436
Montana 59215
467-2526
485-3430
Tongue River Electric Cooperative,

Mid-Yellowstone
Inc.
PO Box 138
784-2341
PO Box 386
Hysham, Montana 59038
342-5521
Missoula Electric Cooperative,

1950 Sherwood Street
Missoula,
Inc.
Upper Missouri G & T Electric Co-Op, PO Box 1069 Sidney, Montana 59270
482-4100
Inc.
Montana 59801
549-6115
Valley Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Northern
PO Box 392
Glasgow, Montana 59230
367-5315
PO Box 287
Opheim, Montana 59250
762-3352
84
Vigilante Electric Ccx)p)erative, Inc.
Fort Belknap
Agency
225 East Bannack Street
PO Box 98
Harlem, Montana 59526
353-2901
PO Box 71
Dillon,
Montana 59725
683-2327
(Gros Ventre and Assiniboine Tribes)
Yellowstone Valley Electric Co-Op,

Huntley, Montana 59037
348-3411
Inc.
Fort Peck
Agency
PO Box 637
Poplar,
Montana 59255
768-5312
Federal System
(Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes)
Bureau of Reclamation
Great Plains Regional Office
U.S.
Northern Cheyenne Agency
POBox40
Lame Deer, Montana 59043
477-8242
Department of the
Interior
PO Box 36900
Billings,
Montana 59107
(Northern Cheyenne Tribe)
657-6535
Rocky Boy Agency
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY COUNCIL

See
Box
Elder,
Montana 59521
MONTANA ENVIRONMENTAL QUAL-
395-4476
ITY COUNCIL
(Chippewa Cree Tribe)
INDIAN AGENCIES
Agency Browning, Montana 59417
Blackfeet
INTERMOUNTAIN RESEARCH
STATION
338-7544
(Blackfeet Tribe)
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, INTERMOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION

See U.S.
Crow Agency Crow Agency, Montana

638-2672
INTERSTATE COMMERCE
59022
COMMISSION
See U.S.
INTERSTATE
COMMERCE COM-
(Crow
Tribe)
MISSION
Agency
Flathead Indian
PO Box 278
Pablo,
MONTANA AGRICULTURAL
STATISTICS SERVICE
See U.S.
Montana 59855
675-2700
(Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes)
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, MONTANA AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS
SERVICE
85
MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE
Growth Through Agriculture Council
Agriculture Development Division
Agricultvire
Regional Offices
(direct
correspondence to Fish
Manager)
Region
and Livestock Building
PO Box 67
490 North Meridan Road
Kalispell,
Sixth
and Roberts

752-5501
Montana 59903
444-2402
Region 2
Plant Industry Division
3201 Spurgin
Agriculture and Livestock Building

Sixth
Road Missoula, Montana 59801
and Roberts Helena, Montana 59620
542-5500
444-3730
Region 3
1400 South Nineteenth
COMMERCE
Building Codes Bureau

994-4042
Region 4
1218 East Sixth Avenue

444-3933
PO Box 6609
4600 Giant Springs Road
Great
Falls,
Montana 59406
454-3441
Business Licensing Center Business Development Division
Region 5
2300 Lake Elmo Drive
Billings,
Avenue Helena, Montana 59620

1424 Ninth
800-221-8015 or 444-4109
Montana 59105
252-4654
Science and Technology Alliance
Region 6
Rural Route!, Box 4210
46 North Last Chance Gulch, Suite 2B


228-9347
449-2778
MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF FISH, WILDLIFE AND PARKS

Fisheries Division
Fish, Wildlife
Region 7
Rural Route
1,
Box 2004
Miles City, Montana 59301
232-4365
and Parks Building

Region 8

1420 East Sixth
444-2449

1404 Eighth
444-4720
86
MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Cogswell Building
Energy Division
Conservation and Renewable Energy Bureau
444-6750
Facility Siting
444-2544
Bureau
444-6791
Air Quality Bureau

444-3454
Oil and
2535
St.
Gas Conservation Division

Johns Avenue
Occupational Health Bureau

444-3671
Solid
Billings,
Montana 59102
656-0040
and Hazardous Waste Bureau
444-1430 or 444-2821
Water Resources Division

Engineering Bureau
444-6646
Water Quality Bureau

444-2406
MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

Fire Marshall
Water Rights Bureau

444-6610
Bureau
Scott Hart Building,
Room 371
Montana Water Resources Regional Offices

Billings Field Office
303 North Roberts

444-2050
1537 Avenue D, Suite 105

Billings,
Montana 59102
657-2105
MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY

Safety Bureau
Serving: Big Horn, Carbon, Stillwater, Sweet
Grass, Treasure,
and Yellowstone Counties
PO Box 1728
444-6401
Bozeman
Field Office
111 North Tracy

586-3136
Serving: Gallatin, Madison,
MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION

1520 East Sixth
and Park Counties
Glasgow
839
First
Field Office
Avenue South
PO Box 1269
228-2561
444-6873
Conservation and Resource Development

Division
Conservation Districts Bureau
444-6667
Serving: Daniels,
Phillips,
McCone, Richland, Roosevelt, Sheridan, and

Dawson,
Garfield,
Valley Counties
87
Havre Field Office 1708 West Second Street
Missoula Field Office
Holiday Village Professional Plaza, Suite 105
PO Box 1828
Havre, Montana 59501
265-5516
Serving: Blaine, Chouteau, Glacier, Hill, Liberty,
PO Box 5004
Missoula,
Montana 59806
Granite, Mineral, Missoula,
72M284
Serving:
and
Pondera, Teton, and Toole Counties
Ravalli Counties
Helena Field Office
MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC

SERVICE REGULATION
2701 Prospect Avenue, Building

1520 East Sixth
444-6695
Serving: Beaverhead, Broadwater, Deer Lodge,
Jefferson,
Lewos and Clark, Powell, and Silver

Public Service
Bow Counties
Kalispell Field Office
Commission
444-6199
3220
Highway 93 South
Montana 59903
Utility Division
PO Box 860
Kalispell,
444-6180
752-2288
Serving: Flathead, Lake, Lincoln,
and Sanders
REVENUE
Natural Resource and Corporation Tax Division
Mitchell Building
Counties
Levdstown
311
Field Office

444-2441
West Janeaux PO Box 438 Lewistown, Montana 59457

538-7459
Property Assessment Division
Steamboat Block Building

Serving:
Cascade, Fergus, Golden Valley,
Helena Avenue
444-0811
Judith Basin, Meagher, Musselshell, Petroleum,
and Wheatland Counties

Miles City Field Office
5
North
Prairie
MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF STATE

LANDS
Capitol Station
1625 Eleventh
PO Box 276
Miles City, Montana 59301
232-6359
Serving: Carter, Custer, Fallon,
Prairie,
Avenue
Powder River,

444-2074
Rosebud, and Wibaux Counties
88
Field Operations
Southwestern Land Office

1401 Twenty-Seventh
Avenue
Central Land Office

8001
Missoula,
Montana 59801
North Montana Avenue
542^200

444-3633
TRANSPORTATION
Highway Building 2701 Prospect Avenue
444-6201
Forestry Division
2705 Spurgin Road

Missoula,
Montana 59801
542-4300
Land Administration Division

1625 Eleventh
Engineering Division
Right of
Way Bureau
444-2074
444-6057
Eastern
Land Office
Gross Vehicle Weight Division

444-6130
PO Box 1794
321
Main Street Miles City, Montana 59301

232-2034
Motor Fuels Tax Division Accounting Services Bureau

Gasoline Unit
444-7275
Northeastern Land Office
PO Box 1021 USDA Building

613 Northeast Main Street
LewistowTi,
District Offices
Montana 59457
Billings District
538-5989
424 Morey
PO Box 20437
Northwestern Land Office
Billings,
Montana 59104
PO Box 490
2250 Highway 93 North
KalispeU,
252-4138
Montana
59901
Butte District
752-7994
PO Box 3068
Butte,
Montana 59702
Southern Land Office

528 South Moore Lane
Billings,
494-3224
Montana 59101
Glendive
District
259-3264
503 North River
Avenue
PO Box 890
Glendive, Montana 59330
365-5296
89
Great Falls District

104 Eighteenth
U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
and Conservation
Avenue Northeast
Agricultural Stabilization
PO Box 1359
Great
Falls,
Montana 59403
Service
727-4350
PO Box 670
Bozeman, Montana 59771-0670
587-6872
Missoula District
2100 West Broadway
PO Box 7039
Missoula,
Forest Service
Montana 59807
Intermountain Research Station
549-6491
324 Tvênty-Fifth Street
Ogden,Utah 84401
MONTANA ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE

ASSOCIATION
See
801-625-5434
ELECTRIC COOPERATIVES
Montana Agricultural Statistics Service PO Box 4369 Helena, Montana 59604

449-5303
MONTANA ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY COUNCIL
Room 106, State Capitol
444-3742
National Forest Offices
Beaverhead National Forest
PO Box 1258
610 North Montana Street
Dillon,
PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION

See
Montana 59725
MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC
683-5900
SERVICE REGULATION
Bitterroot National Forest
U.S.
ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
316 North Third Street
Hamilton, Montana 59840

363-3131
Omaha District POBoxS

Omaha, Nebraska 68101-0005
402-221-4133
Custer National Forest
PO Box 2556
2602
First
U.S.
BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO,
Billings,
Avenue North Montana 59103
AND FIREARMS
Regional Director (Compliance)
221
657-6361
Deerlodge National Forest
Main Street, Eleventh Floor
PO Box 400
Federal Building
San Francisco, California 94105

415-744-7011
400 North Main Street

Butte,
Montana 59703
496-3400
90
Flathead National Forest
Bureau of Land Management*
PO Box 147
1935 Third
Kalispoll,
Montana State Office

222 North Thirty-Second Street
Avenue East Montana 59901
PO Box 36800
BUlings,
755-5401
Montana 59107-6800
255-2885
Gallatin National Forest
PO Box 130
Federal Building
*Headquarters for three-state area: Montana,
North Dakota, and South Dakota

587-6702
District Offices
Butte Distinct Office
Helena National Forest

Federal Building
301 South Park Street
PO Box 3388
106 North Parkmont
Butte,
Montana 59702
Drawer 10014, Room 334 Helena, Montana 59626

449-5201
494-5059
Lewistown
Airport
District Office
PO Box 1160
Kootenai National Forest
Rural Route
3,
Road
Box 700
Lewistown, Montana 59457

538-7461
506
Highway 2 West Libby, Montana 59923

293-6211
Miles City District Office
PO Box 940
Lewis and Clark National Forest
PO Box 871
1101 Fifteenth Sh-eet North
West of Miles City Miles City, Montana 59301

232-4331
Great
Falls,
Montana 59403
721-7720
Lolo National Forest
Fort Missoula, Building 24
U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

Avenue
Missoula,
Montana 59801
Drawer 10096
301 South Park
329-3797
Helena, Montana 59626-0096
U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
449-5432
Bureau of Indian Affairs

316 North Twenty-Sixth Street
Billings,
Montana 59101
657-6315
91
U.S.
FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY

.
Western Regional Office

21
1
COMMISSION
,, , . ,. r^ jf, Division of Interconnection and System ^
.
Main Street,
Suite 500
... Analysis
Branch
San Francisco, California 94105 ^....

415-744-6520
,
Qualifying Facilities and Interconnection

U.S.
825 North Capitol Street Northeast
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION

Montana 59101
Washington,
202-208-0200
DC
20426
9 ôrth Twenty-Fifth Street
BUlings,
800448-7087
U.S.
INTERSTATE COMMERCE
COMMISSION
Public Information Office
Twelfth Street and Constitution Avenue
Northwest
Washington,
202-275-7252
DC
20423
92
APPENDIX C BIOMASS RESOURCES

INTRODUCTION
Montana's
sbcty-seven of those firms are listed in the 1991
edition of the Directory of Montana's Forest
wood products, agricultural, and muproduce a wide variety of biomass

in
Products Industry
by DSL, which
that
is
referenced in
lists
nicipal sectors
the bibliography. This directory
sawTnills
resources.
These resources have been detailed
and other operations

ply timber or residues.
might market wood
publications such as Energy from Crops and Agricultural Residues in
wastes and logging contractors
who might sup-
Montana (Haines
1987), Mill
Residue Availability in
1987),
Montana (Keegan and Fong Montana

plans to
Mill residues are the least expensive residue
available. Table 13 lists the
and
Forest Residue Availability in
(Keegan and Hearst 1988).
DNRC
publish a collection of these energy resource inventories in the forthcoming Montana Bioenergy
Resources.
sawdust available
the
amounts of bark and from 1977 to 1988. Details on

mill residues can
amounts
of
all
be found in
Mill Residue Availability in Montana,
by Charles
Keegan and Tat Fong.

DSL, Forestry Division in Missoula has surveyed
timber resources in Montana and published the
results in five publications that cover all land in
Montana, regardless of ownership. More current

information about
would be available in the wooded areas of Montana shown in Figure 15. The map shows forested areas of Montana
Forest residues
bnd under federal ovsoiership

district offices
excluding the alpine regions. Wilderness areas,

national parks,
can be obtained from BLM
or from
any of the ten national

Montana.
forest headquarters in
able as
the
and other areas may be unavaila source of biomass, but are included on
For more details on forest residue,
BBER of the University
of
Montana
in
map because areas occasionally are available
Missoula and the Intermountain Research Station in
for salvage.
Ogden, Utah, have informative publica-
see Forest Residue Availability in Montana, by

Charles Keegan and A. Lorin Hearst.
Several commercial and institutional
facilities
tions pertaining to timber resources, mill resi-
dues, and forest residues.
WOOD RESOURCES
Montana has approximately 800 commercial logging firms, and many of them can be considered commercial biomass suppliers. One hundred
use
wood
pellets to fuel
wood
furnaces or boil-
Montana. The state's six pellet plants, listed in Appendix A, Montana Bioenergy Facilities, supply dealers around the state and also sell
ers in
directly to larger customers.
93
Addresses for
cies that
all
of the state
and
federal agenre-
8.
These crop and residue resources were deter-
compile information on biomass
mined from information published by MASS.
sources in Montana are listed in Appendix B.
Table
14,
Information Sources for Biomass
MASS
is
a joint federal
and
state
agency su|>
Availability, lists agencies
and others who could
ported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture
help identify and locate biomass materials.
(USDA) and DOA.

statistical
It is
the primary source for
information on farming and ranching
operations in Montana. Another source for data
AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES
Biomass feedstocks for energy can include wheat, barley, oats, and com for ethanol production (see Table 15), rect
on agricultural residues
Stabilization
in
is
is
USDA,
Agricultural
and Conservation Service (ASCS)
Bozeman.
A secondary source of information

some
of these sources
DOA.
Publications by
straw from grain crops for di-
are listed in the bibliography.
combustion
(see Table 16), safflower
and
canola oilseed for conversion to diesel fuel extenders or substitutes, and
manure
for biogas
SOUD WASTE RESOURCES

At the time of
this writing the solid
production or direct combustion. Grains or

other agricultural crops can be purchased from a
waste
dis-
grower or a grain
try
elevator. Agricultural indus-
posal regulations are being rewritten by EPA.
wastes are often available directly from the
industry involved.
Crop residues such
as straw
are available from farmers or ranchers
and
are
generally located in areas illustrated in Figure

16.
The new regulations favor recycling, waste reduction, and combustion over landfilling, which is listed as a last resort. DHES, Solid and Hazardous Waste Bureau can identify municipal
solid
Safflower and canola oilseed are available in

Figures
1
waste sources (see Table
7)
and new regu-
some areas of Montana shown in
7 and
lations.
TABLE 13
AVAILABLE BARK AND SAWDUST
(Thousands of Dry Tons)
COUNTY GROUPS
O c^ u
D
IT) 11
H
Q
UJ ~
5 u
[I!
H w
O
H
en <:
tu
<
95
TABLE 14
INFORMATION SOURCES FOR BIOMASS AVAILABILITY
Resources
TABLE 15
POTENTIAL ETHANOL PRODUCTION (IN GALLONS) FROM DISTRESSED GRAINS BASED ON A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL HARVEST*
Table 15 (continued)
TABLE 16
TOTAL STRAW AVAILABLE (IN DRY TONS) AFTER CONSERVATION*
Table 16 (continued)
COUNTY
1985
1986
1987
< H CD
CD
D .J
o
<
tD tu
CO
<
101
O
Z O
Q O
J3
tL,
O
U3 ac
102
H O
(4
o
00
D o o <
i-i
o z
JS
CO
103
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O
*
McGuckin, Michael, of Idaho Hardwôods.
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.
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KEY
Densification
and
pellets
O +
*

Direct combustion
and pyrolysis

Cogeneration
Oilseed extraction
11
Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation. March 1982. Proceedings

-
tt
and Intermountain Range and

Working
Circles
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4, 5, 6, 7,
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and
8.
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<>
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of Natural Re-
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Sixth Edition. Helena,

MT.
.
Forthcoming. Montana Bioenergy
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Helena,
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From Wood Waste:
Feasibility of a Plant
^ Montana
Anaconda, Montana. #451-811 A. Helena,

of Natural Re-
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and Conservation, Forestry Division and Intermountain Range and Experiment Station. December 1979. Timber Resources of
Gallatin, Park
4*
June 1985. Fuel Grade Ethanol
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Production Using
Selected Sites in
Wood Waste
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At
soula,
MT.
Forestry
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Industry Contractors. Missoula,
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MT.
Mycotech Bioproducts,
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1989.
1991. Directory of Montana's For-
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for Ethanol Fuel Production via Solid State
_,

Culture.
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Resources of Lincoln, Sanders, Flathead and
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Conservation.
Working
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J.
Missoula,
tt Nuxoll,
Tom, and Dan

of a
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,
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Portable
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Chip
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Sawmills For Use as Fuel at a

.

Station. April 1983.
Pulp Mill
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in Missoula. #NPCC-621 Helena, MT: Montana Department of Natural Re-
sources of Mineral, Missoula

ties:
and
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Working Circle 2. Missoula, MT.
O OMNI Environmental Services, Inc.

,
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Station.
ber 1986. Compendium of Environmental and

Safety Regulations
Residential
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and Programs Affecting

Appliances.
Resources of the Headioater Counties: Working

Circle 3. Missoula,
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PNWA-30b.
Portland, OR: Bonneville
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112
* ON4NI
Inc.
January
4-
Robbins, John
E.
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1988. Environmental Impact of Adwnced Bio-
Factors Affecting The Bioconversion of Cattle
mass Combustion Systems.

Portland,
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BPA PNWA-34.
Manure And
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801,
Cellulosic Material Mixtures
To
OR: Bonneville Povêr Adminis-
#486-761, 401-772, 403-782, 404-
and 458-811. Helena, MT: Montana Department of Natural Resources and
Peppersack, Jeff, and Gerry Galinato. January

1987. Idaho Directory of Biomass Energy Facilities.
Conservation.
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Runnion, Ken, Raelen Williard, Howard

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E.
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Jeff
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Perlmutter, Steven
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\4ay 1988. Montana Helena,
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dex of Environmental Permits.
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Polette,
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1978.
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Tube Wood
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and A.
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of Natural Re-
Gasbarro. July 1987. Potential For

Rafferty, K., of
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Wood Chips With Coal in Internal Alaska. BPA PNWA-23. Portland, OR; Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.
F.
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Retrofit
Considerations for Biomass Fuel Use at Seven

Selected Correction Facilities in Washington
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State
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BPA PNWA-10.
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Renevâble Technologies,
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Ambient Temperature Starch Hydrolysis For

Barley.
#417-821. Helena,
MT: Montana
Scarrah,
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Warren P., of Montana State UniverAugust

1986.
Department of Natural Resources and Conservation.
Chemical Processing of
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#84-1041. Helena,
June 1987. Commercial Develop-
ment of
ation.
MT: Montana DepartNatural Resources and Conserv-
ment Ambient Temperature Starch Hydrolysis.

#84-1044. Helena,
MT: Montana Departand Conserva-
ment
tion.
KEY
Densification
and
pellets
O +
*

Direct combustion
and pyrolysis

Cogeneration
Oilseed extraction
113
Scarrah,
sity.
Warren p., of Montana
State Univerof Safflcacer
Simons, Carl
E.
A.,
Paul D. Christianson, James

Pritchett, of
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Houck, and Lyle C.
OMNI
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June 1988.
#86-1065. Helena,
ment
tion.
Woodstorv Emission Sampling Methods Comparability Analysis
and In-Situ Evaluation
of
New
Technology Woodstoves.
BPA PNWA-
30g. Portland,
OR: Bonneville Power Ad-
Schnitzer Steel Products
Company and
1984. Biomass
ministration.
Ebasco Services,
Inc.
August
Energy Production
Products Company.
lem, OR;
at the Schnitzer Steel
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J.
June 1988.
Guide
to
BPA PNWA-71.
Sa-
Washington's Permits for Biomass Energy
Oregon Department
of Energy.
Olympia, WA: Washington State

Office.
Energy
-k
Seton, Johnson,
&
Odell,
Inc.,
and Port
of
it Smith,
Morrow County. August

Cogeneration
Feasibility
1983.
Biomass
Sherwin
K.,
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Utiliza-
Study.
BPA
1982.
tion
Timber Thinning Project For
PNWA-64. Salem, OR: Oregon Department of Energy.
Of Wood Residue. #317-811. Helena, MT: Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation.
Shaffer, Daniel L., of the
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Alaska Charcoal
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-*
Production Feasibility Study.

37.
BPA PN^WA-
Anchorage, AK: Alaska Department
of
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September 1983.
Electric
Stoeckley, Robert.
Generation
October 1986. Contamination
of
Home
Wood-Fired Steam Engine.
Diesel Engine Lubrication Oil by Plant Oil
#301-821. Helena,
Derivative Fuels.
#84-1040. Helena,
MT:
ment
tion.
Montana Department
of Natural Re-
+
.
Stookey, Lawrence L. June 1984. Construction
November
1988. Plant Oil Diesel
and Operation
of a Portable Still to Pro-
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Grade Etha-
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#439-811.
of
ment
tion.
Department
Conservation.
Montana Natural Resources and

Helena, MT:
Sif ford, Alex.
July 1987. Directory of Oregon

Facilities.
Stout,
B.
B.,
J.
A.
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of
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Salem, OR: Or-
Ottenbreit. October
1985. The Feasibility of
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Using Biomass For Fuel At the University
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Conservation.
114
Tillman, D. A., of Ebasco Services, Inc.

1984.
April
Helena, MT:
Montana Department
of
Wind River Nursery: Wood GasificationFaciliiy, Aiijilicahilily of the
Based Coêmration
Marenco
land,
Gasifier.
BPA PNWA-20.1.
Port-
January 1987. Bionote: Future of

Household Waxi Burners Tough
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to Call.

April 1984.
Hel-
of Natural
Wood
at the
20.2.
Win J River Nursery:
Gasification-Based Cogeneration Facility
Wind River Nursery. BPA PNWAPortland, OR: Bonneville Power Ad-
January 1987. Bionote: Industry
Investigates
Wood and Coal
Fuel to Replace Oil.
ministration.
Helena, MT:
Montana Department
of
Todd, Peggy, and Howard
E.
Haines,
Jr.
January 1987. Bionote: Energy Potential
of
January 1987. Bionote: Solar

of Natural
Leafy Spurge, Cattails and Fuel Beets. Helena,
Power Prevents Stock Water Freezing. Helena,

of Natural Re-

Re
United States Code. 1988. Washington, DC:

U.S.
Government Printing Office.
searchers
November 1987. Bionote: Find Way to fvlake Safflower Oil

.
ReInto
Diesel Fuel.
Van Hersett, David C, of Resource Development Associates, and Rayson Brothers

Logging Co.
Project.
ment
tion.
of
MT: Montana DepartNatural Resources and ConservaHelena,
May
1985.
Libby Bioenergy
#84-1045. Helena,
MT: Montana
through
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E.
Haines,
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Au-
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in
Make
Break-
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Helena, MT: Montana Department of
if
and the Sandpoint Cogeneration
Study Group.
May
1983. Final Report: To
Conduct a Detailed Wood-Fired Cogeneration

Study of the Sandpoint, Priest River and Banners Ferry Areas of Northern Idaho.
Feasibility
Vranizan, John M., Peter Neild, Linda S. Craig, Lawrence F. Brown, Robert L. Gay,
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Project
Carroll,
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Boise, ID: Idaho Depart-
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ment of Water Resources.

Vichorek, Dan. January 1987. Bionote: Corn
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BPA PNWA-
35.
Portland,
OR: Bonneville Power Ad-
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Cobs
to be
Burned
in Place of Fossil Fuels.
KEY
Densification
and
pellets
O +

Direct combustion
X
tt
and pyrolysis

Cogeneration
Oilseed extraction
115
Ward, David M. July 1982 A Comprehensive Survey Of Biological Methane Production From Agricultural, Domestic and Industrial
Resources of Montana.
Winsor, Herbert C.
November 1980.
Bionote:
An
In
Investigation Into Utilizing
Wood Waste
The
Le^vis
and Clark County Area For
#402-772, 402-782,
Space Heat In Medium-Sized Buildings. #301801.
and 435-811. Helena, MT: Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation.
Helena,

and Conservation.
1986. Bionote:
Woodell,
Patricia.
November
Walters, Lawrence.
December
1984. Biomass
An
Inventory of Industrial and Commercial
Conversion Using Gasification and Catalytic
Boilers
Burning Wood or Related Biomass
Combustion: Process Design and Application.
Fuels in Alaska.
Anchorage, AK: Alaska
#LJW-650. Helena, MT: Montana Depart-
Energy Authority, Department of Commerce and Economic Development.
ment
tion.
and Conserva-
4"
Wrench, Richard G. April 1982.

#322-811.
Bionote: De-
Wiatr, Stanley, M., of Eastern

lege.
Montana Col-
March
1984. Bionote: Fuel Beets
velopment of an Efficient Fireplace Insert

Stove.
Prospective Energy Crop For Montana. #821005.
Department of
Conservation.
MT: Montana Natural Resources and

Helena,
Helena,

and Conservation.
<y
.
October 1984.
Bionote:
Overall
June 1984. Bionote: Biomass Po#445-81 1 A. Helena,

of Natural Re-
Efficiency
Of An
Integrated Energy Produc-
tential of Leafy Spurge.
tion

And a Fireplace Insert. #84-1036. Helena, MT: Montana Department of Natural Resources and
Managetnent System
Conservation.
.
August
1986. Bionote: Energy and

of Cattails in
Biomass Potential
#445-811. Helena,
Montana.
ment
tion.
KEY
Densification
and
pellets
O
4*

Direct combustion
X
it
and pyrolysis

Cogeneration
Oilseed extraction
*
116
INDEX
Agricultural Residues, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17, 20, 22,

23, 25, 26, 29, 33, 34, 38, 94,
Alcohol Fuel Producer's Permit,

Alcohol Plants, 12,79
5, 14, 15, 51,
56
96
Agricultural Resources, 10, 12, 13, 36, 94, 96-103

Agriculture, 52-53
Anaerobic Oigestion,
Lx, 2,
10, 11, 16-18, 31, 40, 51
Animal Confinement
15, 36,
Facilities, 16,
66
commodities,
52
Asbestos, 42
feed dealer's permit, 14, 15, 36, 52 feed registration, 15, 52

grain storage, 53
BACT, see
BATF, see
76
Beneficial
6, 42, 54-55, 75, 76
Best Available Control Technology
Air Quality, 39^7, 54-55

air pollution, indoor, air toxics, 43,
U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and
Firearms
46
Water Use Permit,
14, 18, 21, 24, 27, 51,
burning permits,
68-69, 77
Indian reservations, 41, 43, 45, 47, 74

local
Benzene, 35, 42
programs, 76
xii,
Benzopyrene, 49
14, 24, 27,
nonattainment requirements,
43,46,55,77
Beryllium, 42
Best Available Control Technology (BACT),
ix,
odor control,
12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 22, 24, 25, 28,
19,25,28,41,55
Bioenergy,
ix, 2, 19,
31,33,37,42
25
79-82
PM-10 ambient air quality standards,

43,44,46-47,77
12, 14,
Bioenergy
Facilities, 39,
16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, 27, 28, 35, 37, 40, 42,
Bioenergy Projects
economic
factors, 3,
39
pollutants, 13, 17, 20, 22, 23, 26, 29, 32, 34, 36,
environmental considerations, 39, 43, 46, 47,

49, 50, 74, 75,
38,39,40,42
prevention of significant deterioration,
18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 27, 43, 45, 46,
14,
77
financing, 6
55
occupational safety and health, 75-76

planning,
2, 3, 4, 33, 35, 46,
urban areas/municipalities, 76-77

wilderness areas, 45
Air Quality Construction and/or Operating
Permits,
5, 6, 12, 14, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 27, 33,
75
sale of products, 6
site selection, 3,
75
wastes, 47-50
37,39,41,51,54
Alcohol Oistributor's License,
14, 15,
Bioenergy Technologies,
56
Biogas,
be, 2, 10, 16, 17,
2, 9,
10
20, 25, 31, 32,
94
Alcohol Fermentation,
2, 10, 11, 12-15, 40, 51, 56
Biogas
Facilities,
79 93-104
Biomass,
x, 2, 16, 19, 22, 25, 32, 33,
117
Biomass Energy, see Bioenergy Biomass Resources,

27,30,33,62
Boiler Operator's License, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 24,
10, 25, 93-104
Electrical
Energy Producer's License,

72
14, 18, 21,
24, 27, 30,
Boiler Operating Certificate, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 24,
Electrical
Energy Producer's Tax,
18, 21, 24, 27,
30,72
Electrical Permit, 5, 14, 18, 21, 23, 24, 27, 30, 31,
27,30,33,62-63
35, 37, 51, 58, 72, 74

3, 15,
Bonding Requirements,
Building Permits,
56
Energy Costs, see inside back cover

Environmental Impact Statement
23, 24, 27, 30,
(EIS),
Briquettes, see Dcnsification

5, 6, 14, 18, 21,
see
Montana Ermronmental
mental Policy Act
Policy Act
31,35,37,51,57,74
Building Regulations
Environmental Policy Act, see Montana Environ74

Ethanol,
biomass energy
fire
projects, 6,
xi, 10, 12, 13, 15,
43, 56, 94, 97-98
safety insf)ections, 14, 18, 21, 24, 27,

63, 74-75
Business Licensing, 14, 18, 21, 24, 27, 71
Facility Siting, see
Major Facility Siting

14, 15, 36,
Butanolx, 10,13,49
Feed Dealer's Permit,
52
Feedstocks, 12, 13, 17, 20, 22, 23, 26, 29, 32, 33, 34,
36,37,38,93-104
Canola,
x, 10, 35, 36, 94,
103
FERC, see
54
Fire
U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory
Carbon Monoxide,
Compatibility,
28, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47,
Commission
Certificate of Public
Need and Environmental

61
Hazard Reduction/Certificate of Clearance,

24, 27, 59
5, 21, 33,
Qean Air Act,

Cogeneration,
71-72
Federal, 19, 41, 42, 43, 46, see
Fire Safety Inspertions, 14, 18, 21, 24, 27, 63, 74-75
also Air Quality
and Montana Clean Air Act
Rax Seed, 35
Floodplain Development Permit, 14, 18, 21, 24,
27, 60, 75
x, 2, 10, 11, 19-21, 25, 26, 40, 51,
Combustion
Facilities,
see Direct Combustion
Fluorides, 42, 44
Commodity
Creosote, 49
Dealer's License, 14, 15, 36, 52
Forests
and
Forestry, 59, 73
6, 42,
burning,
fire
51
24,
Cubes, see Dcnsification
hazard reduction agreements,
59
forest residues, 10, 12, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26,
27, 29, 30, 33, 34, 37, 38, 51, 93, 94, 95,
96
Dam Safety, 72
Dcnsification,
xi, 2, 10, 1 1,
removal of dead or inferior timber,

22-24, 40, 51
30, 33, 37, 59, 73
24, 27,
wood pellet plants, 22, 23, 24, 81, 93 wood pellets, 22, 23, 24, 93, 96
Diesel Fuel Substitute, see Oilseed Extraction
Direct Combustion,
2, 10, 11,
slash disposal, 33, 37, 42, 59, 73
timber sales on federal lands, 73 timber sales on state lands, 73
25-27, 40, 51, 79, 94
EARC, see Eastern
Agricultural Research Center
Garbage Dumps, see Waste Disposal Gas Wells, 31

Gasification,
xi, 2, 10, 11,
Eastern Agricultural Research Center, 35, 83

Electric Cooperatives, 72, 83-85
28-30, 40, 49, 51
Gasohol,
xi, 14, 15,
56
Gastilino License
Tax on Gasahol, 14
118
Hazardous Waste Act, see Montana Hazardous

Wasle Act
I
Landfill, 28, 48, 55

lijndfill
Gas,
xi, 2, 10,
1,
31-32, 40, 51
lazardous Waste Management

14,18,21,24,27,49,63-64
I-acility
Permit,
Lead, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47

Liquefaction,
xi, 2, 10, 1 1,
33-34, 40, 49, 51
Hazardous Waste Reporting Requirements,

14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 27, 28, 33, 35, 37,
12,
Lowest Achievable Emission Rate G-AER), 46
48-50, 74
Hazardous Wastes, see

Highways, 73-74
advertising, 73
Transportation
and Waste
MACT, see Maximum Available Control

Technology
Major
Facility Siting, 5, 21, 33, 51, 61
approach permits, 73
driveways, 73
Maximum Available Control Technology, 46

Mechanical Permit,
35,37,51,57,74
5, 14, 18, 21, 23, 24, 27, 30, 31,
encroachments, 73, 75
utility
easements, 73, 75
6,
Mercury, 42
vehicle regulations,
73
Methane,
47
xii, 10,
xii,
16, 17, 28, 29, 31, 28, 29, 43, 49
32
Hog Fuel,
12, 16, 20, 22, 25, 28, 33, 37,
Methanol,
10,
Hyacles Process, 33
MGWPCS Permit, see Montana Groundwater

54
Pollution Control System Permit
Hydrocarbons,
10, 34, 38, 49,
Hydrogen Sulfide, 42, 44
MiU Residues,
94,96
10, 22, 23, 25, 26, 29, 33, 34, 38, 93,
Indian Agencies, 85
Montana Administrative Procedures Act, 54, 64 Montana Ambient Air Quality Standards, 41,
42, 43, 44, see also National
Indian Reservations, 74
air quality, 41, 43, 45, 47,
Ambient Air
74
Quality Standards
hazardous waste disposal, 74

water quality,
Indian Tribes
66, 67,
74
Montana Clean Air Act, 41, 54 Montana Environmental Policy

64,65
Act, 39, 54, 60,
water
rights,
77
Montana Groundwater Pollution Control

System
(MGWPCS) Permit, 5, 12, 14, 18, 19,
21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 33, 37, 48, 50, 65-66
LAER, see Lowest Achievable Emission Rate Lakes, Rivers, Streams, and Wetlands
alteration of lake area or shore, 60
alteration of stream, 67, 68
Montana Growth Through Agriculture

Program,
6,
86
dam safety, 72
navigable waters, 75
Montana Hazardous Waste Act, 48-50, 63-64 Montana Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (MPDES), 5, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 24, 27,
48, 50,
66
Lakeshore Development Permit,

27, 60,
14, 18, 21, 24,
75
Land Use Regulations,seealsoP/a/>i^fl(/Zom^

bioenergy projects,
3, 5, 6, 20, 37, 51, 74,
75
Montana Safety Act, 75 Montana Science and Technology Alliance, 6, 86 Montana Solid Waste Management Act, 64-65 Montana Water Quality Act, 22, 25, 28, 33, 37,
48, 65-66
floodpbins and floodways,

27, 60,
14, 18, 21, 24,
75
Montana Water Use
Act, 68-69,77
lakeshores, 14, 18, 21, 24, 27, 60, 75

local areas, 74-75
119
MPDES, see Montana
Pollutant
Disdmrge
Pellet Plants, see Dcnsification
and Wood
Pellet
Elimination System
Plants
\Naste
Municipal Waste, see Solid
municifxil
Pellets, see Dcnsification
and Wood
Pellets
Phenol, 49
Phosphorus, 42
NAAQS, see National Ambient Air Quality

Standards
Planning and Zoning

bioenergy projects,
19, 25,
2-7, 20, 27, 33, 35,
46
National Ambient Air Quality Standards,

41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 55,
local areas, 75-76
77
Plumbing Permit,
5, 14, 18, 21, 23, 24, 27, 30, 31,
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
35,37,51,58,74
(NPDES),
5, 14, 18, 21, 24, 27, 66, 67,
74
PM-10 Ambient Air Quality Standards,

44, 46-47, 77, see also Particulates
12, 14,
Natural Streambed and Land Preservation Act, 68
16, 18, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 35, 37, 40, 42, 43,
Navigable Waters, 75
Nitrogen Oxides, 29, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46
Noise, Occupational, 76
Prevention of Significant Deterioration fl^D),

xii, 14, 18, 19,
xii,
21, 24, 25, 27, 41, 43, 45, 46, 55
Nonattainment Permitting Requirements,

14,18,21,24,27,43,46,77
PSD, see Prevention

Pyrolysis,
xii, 2,
of Significant Deterioration
1 1,
10,
37-38, 40, 49, 51
NPDES, see National
Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System
Qualifying
Facility, xii, 21, 27, 71
Occupational Safety and Health, 62-63, 75-76

air pollution, indoor, 76
Rapeseed, see Canola

Refuse-Derived Fuel,
xiii,
12, 16, 19, 20, 22, 23,
boilers
and boiler operators,
14, 15, 18, 20,
25, 26, 28, 29, 33, 34, 37, 38,
47
21,24,27,30,33,62
federal rules, 75-76
fire
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 48
safety inspections, 14, 18, 21, 24, 27,

63, 74-75
Safety, see also Fire Safety Inspections
and
occupational noise, 76
standards, 14, 18, 21, 24, 27, 75-76
state
Occupational Safety and Health
alcohol plants, 12
programs, 75-76
12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 27, 28,
anaerobic digestion, 18
landfill gas, 31
Odor Control,
31,33,37,42
Oilseed Extraction,
xii, 2, 10, 11,
Safnowers,
35-36, 40, 51, 94
10, 35, 36, 94, 96,
102
Sawmill Wastes, see Mill Residues
Open Burning Permit, 6, 42, 54-55, 75, 76 OSHA, see U.S. Ocmpational Safety and Health
Aidministration
Sewage Treatment
Skygas, 28
Slash
Facilities, 16,
75
SIP, see State Implementation Plan
Ozone, 42,
43, 44,
46
Removal Permit, see Timber Removal Permit Solid Waste, see also Refuse-Derived Fuel and Waste
disposal, 12, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 33, 35, 37,
40, 47-50,
Particulates,
xii, 13, 17,
20, 23, 26, 29, 34, 35, 36,
94
37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, see also
municipal, 17, 20, 26, 29, 34, 38, 94, 104

Solid
PM-10 Ambient Air
Quality Standards
and
Waste Management
Act, see
Montana
Solid
Total Suspended Particulates
Waste Management Act
120
Solid
Waste Management System
License, 12, 14,
U.S. Occupational Safety
and Health
16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 33, 35, 37,
Administration, 92, see also Occupatioml

Safety
47, 64-65
and Health
19, 20, 21, 25, 26, 40,
Solid
Waste Resources,
94, 96, 104
Utilities
Special Occupations Tax, 14, 15

State Implementation Plan (SIP), 43, 47
cogeneration,
2, 10,
1,
51,71-72
electric cooperatives, 21, 72,
Straw, 12, 13, 16, 25, 26, 94, 99-101
83-85
Stream Protection Act Pemiit,
14, 18, 21, 24, 27, 14,
67
Unes, 73, 75
Streambed and Land Preservation Permit,

18,21,24,27,68
Sulfur Dioxide, 29, 32, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47
mains, 73, 75
Vinyl Chloride, 42
Sunflowers, 10, 35, 36, 96
Warehouseman's
Tax Incentives
gasohol, 14,15,56
License, 14, 15, 36, 53
Waste
disposal, 3,
6, 12,
47-50, 63-65, 94
property tax reductions, 14, 15
garbage dumps, 31
Taxation
electrical
hazardous wastes,
energy producei^s
72
tax, 31 tax, 18, 21, 24,
12, 16, 19, 22, 25, 27, 28,
33, 35, 37, 48-50, 63-64, 73-74
27, 30,
Indian reservations, 74
landfills,
gas well license
48
gasoline license tax on geôhol sold in
solid wastes,
nonhazardous,
12, 13, 16, 17,
Montana,
14, 15
19, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36,
special occupations tax, 14, 15
37,38,47-48,64-65
Timber
Cutting, Sales, Stand Improvement,

23, 24, 27, 30, 33, 37,
see Forests and Forestiy
Water Pollution Control Water Quality, 50, 65-68

animal confinement
Act, 67
Timber Removal Permit,

59,73
Total
facility, 16,
6, 35,
66
discharge of pollutants,
Particulates (TSP),
xiii,
37, 40, 48, 50, 74
Suspended
pollution, groundwater, 12, 48, 50, 65-66, 74

40, see
pollution, surface water, 12, 48, 50, 66, 67,
also Particulates
68,74
Transportation, 73-74
Water Quality
48, 49, 73-74
Act, see
Montarm Water
hazardous wastes,
Quality Act
motor carriers, 73
Water
Rights, 51, 68-69, 77. 87

51, 68-69,
wood
f>ellets,
24
Water Use,
77
TSP, see Total Suspended Particulates
Underground Storage Tanks, Leaking, 49 U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms,
14,15,56,90
U.S. Federal
Wood Pellet Plants, 22, 23, 24, 81, 93 Wood Pellets, 22, 23, 24, 93, 96 Wood Resources, 25, 93-94, 95, 96 Wood Stoves, 22, 25, 76 Wood Waste, 10, 19, 20, 22-23, 25, 26, 29, 33, 34,
38, 42, 73,
93
Energy Regubtory Commission,

Zoning, see Phumin;^ and Zoning
21,71-72,92
Zoning Pennit,
5,
75
121
122
MONTANA ENERGY COST COMPARISON CHART
Department of Natural
Resources and Conservation
Energ)' Dhision
Helena,
1520 East Sixth Avenue 59620-2301
MT

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3 (DENERGY

MONTANA STATE LIBRARY

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

Gallons Per Minute

Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Stabili2ation and Conservation Service

Best Available Control Technology

Lowest Achievable Emission Rate

Department of the Treasury, Bureau Alcohol, Tobacco, and R rearms

Maximum Available Control Technology

Research, University of Montana

Deportment of the Interior, Bureau of

Pollutant Discharge Elimination

Municipal Solid Waste

Department of Energy, Bonneville

National Environmental Policy Act

Code of Federal Regulations Carbon Monoxide

Compounds of Nitrogen and Oxygen

and Health Ad-

With an Aerodynamic Diameter

Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation

Particulate Organic Matter

Montana Department of Agriculture Montana Department of Commerce

Montana Public Service Commission

Pounds Per Square Inch

Montana Department of Justice

Resource Conservation Recovery Act

Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, Energy Division

Compounds of Sulfur and Oxygen

Department of Agriculture Department of Agriculture, Forest

Envirorvmental Quality Council

Energy Regulatory Commis-

Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Water Quality Bureau

STATE LiE?<ARY AVE.

Biomass Program Engineer

MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION

author and project manager; Carole Massman,

DNRC, assistant editor; and

DNRC, desktop publishing technician.

thank you goes

to all of the individuals in businesses

ministration (BPA). Such support does not constitute an endorsement by

BPA or DNRC of the views

of the preparers. Neither

from the use of

pleteness, or usefulness of the information found herein.

guidebook be used as a starting place

guidebook may be necessary

not a substitute for working closely uith

agencies during the development of a project.

guidebook was developed from written and

communications with each

regulatory agency. Regulatory stahJtes

and programs are

periodically changed. Thus, information

tion are contacted

Inside front cover

How to Use the Guidebook

SECTION 2. BIOENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

Direct Combustion: Boilers

SECTION 3. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

Laws and Regulations

Prevention of Significant Deterioration

SrCTION4. rCRMITS BY CATEGORY