he qenertive vexion E tmes ustejovsky

predrik uronlidD kronliddlingFguFse IVth xovemer PHHP

sntrodution

he genertive vexion is desription of theory tht spei(es how to orgE nize nd design lexion in order to re)et how the entries n show in(nite polysemyF st seems like ustejovsky not only sees his work s ontriution to the (eld of omputtionl linguistisD ut s linguisti theory in its own rightF

he xture of vexil unowledge

ustejovsky presents wht he elieves re the most pressing prolems for lexil semntisX IF ixplining the polymorphi nture of lngugeF PF ghrterizing the semntility of nturl lngugesF QF gpturing the retive use of words in novel ontextsF RF heveloping riher oEompositionl semnti representtionF oint P immeditely ples ustejovsky mong the followers of ghomskyF oint R hs to do with the doule sense ofD for instneD the ver 4ke4F 4fking red4 mens mking red while 4king pottoes4 mens mking it edile y prepring it in the ovenF ustejovsky rgues tht there is only one sense for the word 4ke4D ut tht the ojet modi(es the senseF re lso disusses two priniples tht the rest of the ook uild uponD nmely tht the study of lexil semntis must e in some wy onneted to the synE tti struture of lnguge nd tht the menings of words should re)et the deeper oneptul strutures in the ognitive systemF re then sttes some si priniples for omputtionl lexil semntis E tht ler notion of semnti wellEformednessD representtions riher thn semnti roles nd reserh on other syntti tegories re neededF he rest of the hpter is desription of wht lexil semnti knowledge isF por instne the lexil semntis must e le to distinguish etween vers tht n e trnsitive nd intrnsitive nd vers tht n only e intrnsitive @sink vsF

rriveA nd t the sme time e le to tell wht they hve in ommonF enother exmple of wht the lexil semntis should e le to ount for is why it is possile to drop the omplement in sentenes like wry tried to strt her r in the morning ut not inX wry ttempted to strt her r in the morningF xumerous other exmples of verl phenomen re overedD suh s trnsiE tiveGditrnsitive vritionD spet nd sttesF emong the nominlsD the disE tintion etween mss nouns @sndA nd ount nouns @rAF hve een studiedF here re nouns tht n t oth s mss nouns nd ount nouns @eerD eE milAF here is relted issue E the group nouns tht in some wys ehve like plurl nd in some wy like singulr nounsF yther interesting nominl pheE nomen inlude reltionl nominls @neighorD sisterD ftherA nd the distintion etween strt nd onrete nominlsF elso some djetive fetures re deE sriedD suh s identl nd neessry qulitiesD individul nd stgeElevel predition nd trnsitivityF re onludes the hpter with disussion of snE terlexil reltionsD suh s ryponymyD ynonymyD entonomyD resupposition nd entilmentF

he vogil prolem of polysemy

he wy the menings vry wo types my e distinguished E ontrstive miguity nd omE

wny words n hve more thn one meningF n vryF

plementry polysemyF gontrstive miguity is when two senses more or less identlly shre the sme lexil itemD suh s the wellEknown nkGnk exmpleD where one sense is roughly 4(nnil institution4 nd the other hs something to do with riversF gomplementry polysemy is when word displys di'erent sensesD whih re mnifesttions of the sme si meningD in di'erent ontextsF ixmplesX IF tohnny pinted the doorF IF tohnny wlked through the doorF PF he store is openF PF re opened his mouthF ixmple @IA is wht is referred to s logil polysemyX gomplementry polysemy with no hnge of syntti lssF

vimittions of ense inumertive vexions

here re @t lestA three

ustejovsky ll the stndrd lexion tehnique ense inumertive vexion E eh word sense hs its own entry in the lexionF rguments ginst the use of ense inumertive vexionsX

RFI he gretive se of ords

ustejovsky tkes the word 4good4 s n exmpleF sn eh exmple QED good hs ones distint senseD nd eh of them would require n entry in ivF QF good umrell QF good mel QF good teher the distint senses would e F to funtion well F tsty F to perform some t wellF st is esy to (nd senses of 4good4 tht doesn9t (t into the list oveX QdF good hildren QeF good movie QfF good wetherF he sme goes for 4fst4D 4slow4D etF sf n iv should funtion properlyD it would need to enumerte in(nitely mny senses of every suh wordF

RFP ermeility of ord enses

en iv would mke di'erene etween the senses of 4ke4 in the sentenes elowD even if the sense of 4ke4 in the (rst sentene is inluded in the seondF RF tohn ked redF RF wry ked the pottoesF enother prolem is tht the link etween the senses of 4window4 in the sentenes elow is lost in the ivF SF he window is roken SF he mn me in through the windowF ht missed link would e needed in the interprettion of the sentene elowX SF he mn limed in through the roken windowF

RFQ hi'erenes in yntti porms

ers like 4forget4 n tke s omplement di'erent kinds of syntti teE goriesD for instne simple xsD in(nitive s nd full sentenesF sn ivD the syntti di'erenes would require seprte entries for ll of them E losing the ommon sense of the word 4forget4F ustejovsky onludes the hpter y stting tht the use of iv for desriing lnguge enfores view of tht lnguge s wonomorphi E eh word rries extly one literl sense n exE tly one syntti tegoryF ustejovsky rgues tht nturl lnguges should e desried s ekly olymorphi E eh word hs some kind of ore senseD from whih other senses n e derived with the help from the ontextD s well s one ore syntti tegoryD whose semntis under ertin irumstnes n e interpreted s some other tegory if neededF

he emnti ype ystem

IF ergument struture hesriing the logil rgumentsD nd their synttil reliztion PF ivent struture he(nition of the event type E sorts inlude eiD ygiD nd exE ssyxF QF uli struture pormlD gonstitutiveD eli nd egentive rolesF RF vexil inheritne struture elting one entry in the lexion to the other entriesF

ih entry in the genertive lexion is presented in four levels of representtionX

por onneting the four levelsD there re group of genertive deviesD ype oerionD eletive inding nd goEgompositionF hese will not e overed in this reviewF

SFI ergument struture

he rguments re divided into the following groupsX IF rue rguments ynttilly relized prmeters of the lexil item PF hefult rguments rmeters whih prtiipte in the logil expressions in the uliD ut whih re not neessrily synttilly expressedF

QF hdow rguments rmeters whih re prt of the lexil item itselfF kiked the ll with his hey nnot e relized unless for the purpose of further modifying themF ixmpleX re

wooden legF he leg wouldn9t e mentioned if the

modi(tion wooden wouldn9t e presentD sine the use of leg is uilt into the onept of kikingF RF rue djunts ruly optionl prmetersD whih re not prt of ny spei( lexil item E for instne temporl modi(tionF

SFP ixtended ivent struture

ustejovsky de(nes n event struture tht ontins the event types eiD ygi nd exssyxF re lso introdues suEeventsD so tht n event type eI n onsist of the event types eP nd eQF eP nd eQ n e prtilly ordered in timeF re lso introdues the notion of event hededness in order to mke it possile to put fous on one of the suEeventsF es n exmple one n tke the ver uild onsisting of the events ei @result of uildingA nd ygiF he ygi suEevent strts efore the iv suEeventD nd the ygi is hededD iFeF is in the foregroundF

SFQ uli struture

he uli struture spei(es four essentil spets of the mening of wordF IF gonstitutive he reltion etween n ojet nd its prtsF PF porml he fetures tht distinguishes the ojet from othersF QF eli he purpose or funtion of the ojetF RF egentive row the ojet omes into existeneF ivery item in the genertive lexion rries quli strutureD ut not ll items rry vlue for eh quli roleF por nominlsD the teli or gentive quli ontriute ontextul informtion in order to rete the proper interprettion of eginning novelD sine they enode informtion out ommon tivities ssoited with themF he forml nd gentive quli interts with the event nd rgument struture in order to lrify the roles of the rguments nd the eventsF

SFR he uli truture of xominls

sn order to del with the logil polysemy of nominlsD ustejovsky introE dues the notion of dotted typesF e dotted type llows nominl to tke one or oth of the dotted typesF por instne window is of the dotted type
physo jetFperture D whih mens tht window n tke the sense physo jet D perture or the omintion physo jet F xominls showing the sme sort

of polysemy @ountGmssD ontinerGontineeD etFA n mke use of the sme mehnismF

SFRFI

porml qule

he forml qule onerns the typing of the rgumentsF sn the se of simple typeD it is simply the type of the rgumentF sn the se of dotted typingD the forml qule de(nes the reltion etween the rgumentsF

SFRFP

egentive qule

he gentive qule desries how the nominl omes into eingD with the help of n event prediteF por instneD red nd ookies re kedF his distinE guishes the senses of king ookies nd king pottoesF fking is for potto only stte trnsition prediteF

SFRFQ

gonstitutive qule

he onstitutive qule desries prtEwhole reltionsD for instne tht hnd is prt of odyF

SFRFR

eli qule

he teli qule desries in some wy the purpose of nominlD nd hve two sutypesX hiret teli or urpose teliF he hiret teli role is used when something hs diret purposeD for instne instne

drink@xA in the se of eerF he

purpose teli is used when something is used to ful(ll nother purposeD for

ut@xA in the se of knife F

he qenertive vexion in tion

he use of quliD rgument strutureD event struture nd the dotted typE ing desried oveD together with the genertive devies type oerionD oE omposition nd seletive indingD ustejovsky mnges to get orret interpreE ttions of phrses likeX e good knife fke ke fegin ook

he word

egin is generlly onsidered to operte on eventsF he word ook is red AD the oered to eome something like reding

not n eventD ut sine the teli qule for ook ontins n event @ semnti representtion for ook is

the ook F
he logilly polysemi word infer tht

good n gets is mening from the word tht uttingD we n

it is modifyingX y looking t the teli qule for knifeD whih is for uttingF his proess is lled

good when used together with knife D must men tht the knife is good seletive inding F ke to e intrinsiE

es stted oveD ustejovsky doesn9t onsider the word

lly polysemousF snsted the ver orrows informtion from the rgumentD

keD whih ontins the informtion tht kes omes into eing y kingF