278

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 21, NO. 1, JANUARY 2006

Fuzzy Logic-Based Fault-Type Identication in Unbalanced Radial Power Distribution System

Biswarup Das, Member, IEEE
AbstractIn this paper, a fuzzy logic-based algorithm to identify the type of faults in radial, unbalanced distribution system has been developed. The proposed technique is able to accurately identify the phase(s) involved in all ten types of shunt faults that may occur in an electric power distribution system under different fault types, fault resistance, fault inception angle, system topology and loading levels. The proposed method needs only three line current measurements available at the substation and can perform the fault classication task in about half-cycle period. All the test results show that the proposed fault identier is well suited for identifying fault types in radial, unbalanced distribution system. Index TermsDistribution system, fault identication, fuzzy logic.

I. INTRODUCTION

CCURATE, fast, and reliable fault classication technique is an important operational requirement in modern day automated power transmission/distribution system. On one hand, correct information of type of fault is readily needed for fault location algorithms. On the other hand, in digital distance protection schemes, for proper operation of the protective relays, correct determination of the fault type is a prerequisite. Because of the above-mentioned requirements, signicant amount of research work has been directed to develop accurate fault classication algorithms. However, most of these efforts have been devoted to the classication problem in transmission systems. This is probably due to the fact that a transmission system carries much more power compared to a distribution grid, and as a result, disruption of power in the former (transmission) grid affects much larger section of the power system than a disruption of power in the latter (distribution) grid. Secondly, in a transmission system, impedance relays are normally used to protect the grid and for proper operation of these relays, correct information of fault type is necessary. On the other hand, in a distribution system, normally over-current relays are used and for proper operation of these relays, correct information of fault type is not necessary. Hence, the need for reliable protection and service restoration schemes in the transmission system was felt more acutely than in the distribution system. Among the various techniques reported for fault classication in transmission system, the most widely used techniques are 1) Neural Network approach [1][5]; 2) Fuzzy and Fuzzy Neural Network based approach [6], [7]; and, 3) Expert system based approach [8][10]. Two methods,
Manuscript received June 28, 2004; revised September 24, 2004. Paper no. TPWRD-00302-2004. The author is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India (e-mail: biswafee@iitr.ernet.in). Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TPWRD.2005.852273

which combine neural network and parameter tting technique, have also been reported in the literature [11]. Recently, fault classication techniques using information of angle between the symmetrical components of the post-fault currents and voltages have been reported in [12] and [13]. Presently, due to the increased urbanization and industrialization, the amount of power carried by the distribution grids has also been enhanced quite considerably. Thus, the need of accurate fault classication schemes to facilitate rapid fault location and service restoration in distribution systems is also increasingly being felt nowadays. To meet this objective, some works have been reported in the literature [14], [15]. In [14], a decision tree based method has been developed for identifying the fault type. However, this technique identies the fault types in four broad categories (i.e., whether line-to-ground, line-to-line, line-to-line-to-ground or 3-phase faults), but does not identify the phase(s) involved in the fault. In [15], a combination of hybrid cause-effect network and fuzzy rule-based method has been used to identify the type of fault. But this technique has two limitations. First, it assumes that the information regarding any device opening or closing and the real-time measurement data (e.g., bus voltages or line current ow, if any) are known. Thus, this method requires a considerable amount of data for correct fault classication. Secondly, this method determines whether the fault is single-line-to-ground (SLG fault) or double line (LL) fault or double-line-to-ground (LLG) fault or three-phase faults, but does not identify the phase(s) (a, b, or c) involved in the fault. To address the above limitations, in this paper, a fuzzy logic based fault classication scheme is proposed. As this proposed technique is not based on ANN or expert system, there is no need for computationally expensive training of ANN or expert domain knowledge in this method. The proposed scheme can be considered as an improvement over the existing fuzzy logic based methods [15] in the sense that it determines accurately all the ten types of possible short circuit faults (e.g., a-g, b-g, c-g, a-b, b-c, c-a, a-b-g, b-c-g, c-a-g, a-b-c/a-b-c-g). The developed scheme needs only three measurements (three-line currents) available at the substation. No other information like status of switching devices (e.g., circuit breaker, isolator etc.) or bus voltages/line currents at any other part of the network is required. The developed methodology is equally effective for different loading level in the system, different fault resistance, different fault inception angle and different network congurations. The developed method has been tested with IEEE-13 bus and IEEE-34 bus radial, unbalanced distribution test feeders [16]. All the detail digital electromagnetic transient simulations presented in this paper have been carried out in MATLAB/SIMULNK environment [17].

0885-8977/$20.00 2006 IEEE

DAS: FUZZY LOGIC-BASED FAULT-TYPE IDENTIFICATION

279

Fig. 1. IEEE 13 Bus System.

II. PROBLEM IN FAULT CLASSIFICATION IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM In contrast to the transmission lines, the distribution system feeders are short in length and hence, mostly untransposed. As a result, there is a signicant amount of mutual coupling among the three-phases of the distribution feeder. Hence, for a fault on any of the phases, the other healthy phases also get affected. As an example, consider the IEEE-13 bus radial distribution feeder [16] shown in Fig. 1. The system data for this IEEE-13 bus system are given in [16]. In this system, a one cycle, line-to-line-to-ground fault (a-b-g fault) has been applied at bus number 633 and the 3-phase voltand 3 line currents have been meaages sured at the substation. The fault has been assumed to occur at 0.025 sec. The waveforms of the above six quantities are shown in Fig. 2. From this gure, it is clear that due to the mutual coupling, the healthy phase c is also affected for a-b-g fault. As a result, for any particular fault, the otherwise healthy phase(s) may also sometimes be identied as the faulted phase(s). Thus, there is a strong need to develop an appropriate technique to differentiate between the faulted and healthy phases. Moreover, the developed technique should use the minimum number of measurements possible. In this paper, a fault classication technique, which uses only three measurements at the substation of the distribution system, has been developed. The fundamental concept of the proposed fault classication technique is described below. III. FAULT CLASSIFICATION STRATEGY The fault classication algorithm is based on the angular differences among the sequence components of the fundamental fault current (FFC) as well as on their relative magnitudes. As an example, for a phase-a-to-ground fault in an unloaded system, the phasor diagram of sequence components of FFC is shown in Fig. 3. In this gure, the zero, positive, and negative sequence components of FFC relative to phase aare denoted as , and respectively. Similarly the sequence components for phases b and c are denoted as , and , respectively. In Fig. 3, the symbol stands for the complex operator .

Fig. 2. Voltage and current waveforms for a LLG fault at Bus 633.

Fig. 3. Phasor diagram for a-g fault.

From Fig. 3, the angles between the positive and negative sequence components of phase a, b, and c are given by [18] ang ang ang Arg Arg Arg Arg Arg Arg

(1)

Also, for this type of fault (i.e., a-g fault), the magnitudes of and are related by [18] and (2)

280

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 21, NO. 1, JANUARY 2006

TABLE I FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS FOR ASYMMETRICAL FAULTS

Fig. 4. Triangular fuzzy membership function. TABLE III FUZZY VARIABLES IN THE ANTECEDENT PARTS TABLE II TYPICAL VALUES OF THE DIFFERENT VARIABLES

Similar relationships as in (1) and (2) can also be written for other type of asymmetrical faults (i.e., b-g, c-g, a-b, b-c, c-a, a-b-g, b-c-g and c-a-g) and these relations are given in Table I, where, and , and are the negative sequence impedance of the line, zero sequence impedance of the line and fault impedance respectively. Now, for symmetrical faults, the zero and negative sequence currents ang and do not exist in the system. Hence, the angles ang ang are not dened for this case. Moreover, as the values of the zero and negative sequence currents are zero, the values of and are also zero. Hence, in Table I, the the factors ang and ang corresponding columns for the angles ang to the symmetrical fault case are left blank. Now, it is to be noted that the relationships given in Table I are valid only for faults in an unloaded system. Depending upon the present pre-fault power level, fault resistance, fault location, fault inception angle etc, the values of these ve quantities (i.e., ang ang are going to deviate from their ang corresponding ideal values (as given in Table I). As an example, the values of these ve quantities are shown in Table II for different faults occurring at bus number 645 of the IEEE 13 bus system shown in Fig. 1. It is to be noted that the values given in Table II have been calculated using half cycle DFT (HCDFT) algorithm [19]. The duration of the faults has been assumed to be 1 cycle. For the results given in Table II, the system and fault as conditions have been assumed as : pre-fault power level ohm and fault ingiven in [16], fault resistance . It is to be noted that the FIA has ception angle FIA been dened from the positive going zero crossing instant of the phase-a voltage.

Comparison of the results in Tables I and II reveals that for the fault undertaken, the values of these ve quantities are approximately close to their corresponding theoretical values given in Table I. Similar trends have been observed for faults at other buses also. Thus, with reference to Tables I and II, following simple rule base can be formulated for classifying the fault type from the values of these ve inputs. Rule Base for Fault Type Identication: a) If ang is approximately 0 and ang is approximately 120 and ang is approximately 120 and is high and is high then fault type is a-g. d) If ang is approximately 60 and ang is approximately 60 and ang is approximately 180 and is low and is high then fault type is a-b. g) If ang is approximately 60 and ang is approximately 60 and ang is approximately 180 and is high and is high then fault type is a-b-g. j) If is low and is low then fault type is symmetrical. Now, because of the approximations involved, the different inputs or the antecedents (i.e., approximately 60 , approximately 120 etc.) can be represented by an appropriate, corresponding fuzzy variable. As the variables in the antecedent parts are actually all fuzzy variables, the variables in the consequent parts also should be represented by fuzzy variables. Thus, the above rule base is actually a fuzzy rule base. To represent all these fuzzy variables (in both antecedent and consequent parts of the fuzzy rules), in this work, the triangular membership function has been used. A general triangular membership function is shown in Fig. 4. The function can be completely dened with reference to the points A, B, and C shown in Fig. 4. It is to be noted that the points A and C have a membership value of 0.0 while the point B has a membership value of 1.0. For further reference, these three points would henceforth be

DAS: FUZZY LOGIC-BASED FAULT-TYPE IDENTIFICATION

281

TABLE IV FAULT CODE TABLE

Fig. 5. FLS for fault classication.

TABLE V FUZZY VARIABLES TO REPRESENT FAULT TYPE

Fig. 6.

IEEE 34 Bus System.

represented as the triplet (A,B,C). Hence, any fuzzy variable can be easily dened and represented by this triplet (A,B,C). In this work, the different fuzzy variables in the antecedent parts of the fuzzy rules have been chosen as listed in Table III. To determine the appropriate triplets for representing the fuzzy variables in the consequent parts of the rule base (i.e., a-g, b-g, c-g, a-b, b-c, c-a, a-b-g, b-c-g, c-a-g) the following methodology has been adopted. Initially, in order to represent the fault type correctly, a binary coding system has been developed. In this coding system, a four bit binary number is used to represent the type of fault. The bit represents the ground, the bit represents the phase c, the bit represents the phase b and the bit represents the phase a. Thus, for a line-to-ground (a-g) fault, the four-bit number would be 1-0-0-1. Similarly, for a line-to-line (b-c) fault, the corresponding four-bit number would be 0-1-1-0. The complete chart of the binary numbers for representing all possible types of faults and their corresponding equivalent decimal numbers are given in Table IV. (EDN Now, for all types of faults, the triplets have been chosen in such a way that the triangular function corresponding to any particular type of fault is symmetric about the equivalent decimal number given in Table IV for that particular type of fault. Thus, with reference to Table IV, the different triplets, which have been chosen for representing the fuzzy fault types, are shown in Table V. Now, to utilize the fuzzy rule base described above for fault classication, the following standard fuzzy logic scheme (FLS) as shown in Fig. 5 has been used in this work.

In Fig. 5, the input quantities are presented at point P. These ang ang , which are calquantities are: ang culated from the sampled values of the during fault currents of phases a, b and c. As these quantities are crisp in nature, they need to be rst converted to their corresponding fuzzy variables (as described in Table III) by fuzzication technique before application to the fuzzy inference engine. In this work, the singleton fuzzier [20] has been used for the fuzzication task. After fuzzication, the fuzzied inputs (available at point Q in Fig. 5) are given to the fuzzy inference engine, which, following the given fuzzy rule base, gives the type of fault at its output. For implementing the fuzzy inference engine, the min operator for connecting multiple antecedents in a rule, the min implication operator and the max aggregation operator have been used [20]. It is to be noted that, the outputs from the inference engine (available at point R in Fig. 5) are fuzzy in nature (i.e., they represent the fuzzy fault type as described in Table V). To determine the crisp fault type correctly these fuzzy outputs need to be defuzzied. The centroid defuzzication scheme has been used for this purpose in this work and consequently, the actual type of fault is indicated at point S in Fig. 5. The simulation of the FLS scheme shown in Fig. 5 has been carried out by using the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox in the MATLAB environment [17]. In order to utilize the FLS for fault type identication, the ve input quantities need to be calculated from the available measurements. Now, from (1) and (2), these ve quantities depend only on the symmetrical components of the fundamental three phase fault currents. Hence, for implementing the FLS, it is necessary to calculate the symmetrical components of the fundamental fault currents (SCFFC). For this purpose, initially the steady state load current is subtracted from the during-fault current and subsequently, the half cycle DFT (HCDFT) technique [19] has been applied on the resulting current waveforms. The underlying theory and algorithm of this technique is given in [19] in detail and hence it is not repeated in this paper.

282

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 21, NO. 1, JANUARY 2006

TABLE VI FLS OUTPUT FOR IEEE 34 BUS SYSTEM, ORIGINAL LOADING, R

= 0:0 OHM, FIA = 0 .

Fig. 7. Conguration 1 of IEEE 34 Bus System.

Fig. 8. Conguration 2 of IEEE 34 Bus System.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION To test the validity of the proposed fault identication strategy, the different radial distribution systems, which have been undertaken in this work, are as follows [16]: a) IEEE 13-bus radial distribution feeder. b) IEEE 34-bus radial distribution system. Although the developed strategy has been found to be quite effective in fault type identication in both the systems, due to space constraint, the results pertaining to IEEE-34 bus system only are presented in this paper. The schematic diagram of this system is shown in Fig. 6. It is to be noted that in this work a sampling frequency of 4 kHz. has been chosen. In this system, all the ten types of short circuit faults have been applied at all the buses in this system. However, as it is not possible to include all these results in this paper due to space limitation, the numerical results corresponding to few representative cases are given here. These are shown in Table VI. For the results given in this table, the system and fault conditions as given in have been assumed as : pre-fault power level ohm and fault inception angle [16], fault resistance

FIA . It is to be noted that for each and every fault simulation study, the fault duration has been assumed to be 1 cycle (0.02 s). Now, from Tables IV and V, if the crisp output of the FLS lies between 8.5 and 9.5, a-g type of fault would be indicated and b-c type of fault would be indicated if the crisp output of the FLS lies between 5.5 and 6.5. The other types of fault would also be indicated by the FLS in a similar fashion, depending on the crisp output values. Hence, from the results given in Table VI, it is observed that the proposed fault classication technique is capable of determining the fault type accurately in all these cases. Now, in a practical distribution system, the operating conditions in a system need not be always the same. The conguration of any distribution system often changes due to the switching operations undertaken in that system. Hence, before practical implementation of the proposed technique, it is important to check the robustness of the methodology under different network conguration of the same distribution system. Toward this goal, four different other network congurations have been assumed (rather arbitrarily) for the IEEE 34 bus system.

DAS: FUZZY LOGIC-BASED FAULT-TYPE IDENTIFICATION

283

Fig. 9. Conguration 3 of IEEE 34 Bus System.

Fig. 10. Conguration 4 of IEEE 34 Bus System. TABLE VII DETAILS OF THE FAULT CASES CONSIDERED

These four different congurations are shown in Figs. 710, respectively. Moreover, the fault resistance, fault inception angle and system loading conditions during a particular fault may also vary quite signicantly. To check the robustness of the developed methodology under these different operating conditions, different combinations of network conguration, fault resistance, fault inception angle and the system loading condition have been considered for testing the fault identication performance of the proposed algorithm. The different combinations, which have been considered, are listed in Table VII. For each of these combinations listed in Table VII, all the ten types of faults have been applied at some randomly selected buses in the corresponding system considered. The buses at which the faults have been applied are also listed in Table VII.

In Table VII, the term half loading indicates that the loading at all the buses given in [16] have been reduced by 50% uniformly. Similarly, the term double loading indicates that the loading at all the buses given in [16] have been doubled uniformly. The term original loading signies the loading at all the buses originally given in [16]. Now, altogether 1030 fault simulation studies (690 cases in Table VII and 340 cases reported earlier) have been carried out to check the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. It has been found out that the proposed methodology has been able to identify the fault type correctly in all these 1030 cases. As it is not possible to accommodate the numerical results for all these 1030 cases in this paper due to space limitation, a few representative cases are presented here in Tables VIIIXI. Now, for the results in Tables VIXI, while carrying out the simulation studies, the source impedance has been assumed to

284

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 21, NO. 1, JANUARY 2006

TABLE VIII FLS OUTPUT FOR CONFIGURATION 1 OF IEEE 34 BUS SYSTEM, ORIGINAL LOADING, R

= 100:0 OHM, FIA = 60

TABLE IX FLS OUTPUT FOR CONFIGURATION 2 OF IEEE 34 BUS SYSTEM, HALF LOADING, R

= 300:0 OHM, FIA = 0

TABLE X FLS OUTPUT FOR CONFIGURATION 3 OF IEEE 34 BUS SYSTEM, ORIGINAL LOADING, R

= 400:0 OHM, FIA = 30

TABLE XI FLS OUTPUT FOR CONFIGURATION 4 OF IEEE 34 BUS SYSTEM, DOUBLE LOADING, R

= 200:0 OHM, FIA = 90

TABLE XII SOURCE IMPEDANCE (SE) CONDITIONS UNDERTAKEN FOR STUDY

Although the accuracy of the proposed method is reasonably good, before practical implementation, several other issues need to be considered. These are now discussed below. 1) In this paper, only one particular type of neutral point grounding has been considered (as given in [16]). However, the proposed technique is equally applicable to other types of neutral point grounding also. Actually, the proposed scheme is essentially dependent on the angular differences among the sequence components of the fundamental fault currents (SCFFC). Due to the variation of the grounding system, the magnitudes of these sequence components might vary, but the angular relationship remains more or less same. Hence, the proposed technique is not affected by the neutral point grounding system. 2) From the above results, it is observed that the proposed technique is more or less un-affected by the variation of the fault resistance. This is due to the fact that in an unloaded system the angular relationships among the SCFFC do not depend on the fault resistance. In this work, as the steady state currents are initially separated out from the during-fault current (thus making the system

be constant. However, in reality, depending upon the system condition at the substation end (SE), the source impedance may vary. To study the performance of the proposed algorithm in this case, the source impedance at SE has been varied as outlined in Table XII and under each of the conditions given in Table XII, a large number of simulation studies have been carried out under various combination of network conguration, fault location, , FIA, and . Comparison of the results thus obtained with those obtained with constant source impedance indicates that the variation of source impedance has a very negligible impact on the accuracy of the proposed technique.

DAS: FUZZY LOGIC-BASED FAULT-TYPE IDENTIFICATION

285

appears like an unloaded one to the algorithm), the accuracy of the proposed scheme is not much dependent on the fault resistance. 3) Although the proposed fuzzy logic based technique gives a quite acceptable accuracy of fault classication, a natural question arises whether a simpler angle and magnitude comparison based method would have been able to achieve the similar level of performance. Now, for angle and magnitude comparison based method, proper threshold values must be chosen (for the angles as well as the magnitudes). However, due to various reasons such as, numerical inaccuracy, measurement noise and error, etc., the values of the ve input quantities vary within a range centered around the ideal values given in Table I. Therefore, to set the proper threshold values, a large number of simulation studies are required, which makes the technique computationally unattractive. In fact, when these errors were considered, it was found that when the threshold values were set based on a limited number of simulations, the accuracy of the comparison based method on all the fault cases reported above reduced to a level of approximately 60%. Hence, in this work, the simple angle and magnitude comparison based method has not been adopted ultimately. V. CONCLUSION In this paper, a fuzzy logic-based fault-type identication scheme for an unbalanced radial power distribution system has been proposed. The main conclusions of this work are as follows: 1) Only three measurements (three line current measurements) are sufcient to implement this technique. 2) The proposed technique is able to identify all the ten types of short circuit faults accurately. 3) The time taken by this method is about 10 ms (for a 50 Hz system). 4) The accuracy of the proposed method is very high and not at all dependent on the type of transients encountered during a fault. 5) The proposed method is quite effective over wide range of pre-fault power level, fault resistance, system conguration, and fault inception angle. REFERENCES
[1] R. K. Aggrawal, Q. Y. Xuan, R. W. Dunn, and A. Bennett, A novel fault classication technique for double-circuit line based on a combined unsupervised/supervised neural network, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1250125, Oct. 1999.

[2] W.-M. Lin, C.-D. Yang, and J. H. Lin, A fault classication method by RBF neural network with OLS learning procedure, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 473477, Oct. 2001. [3] T. Dalstein and B. Kulicke, Neural network approach to fault classication for high speed protective relaying, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 10021011, Apr. 1995. [4] D. K. Ranaweera, Comparison of neural network models for fault diagnosis of power system, Electr. Power Syst. Res., pp. 99104, 1994. [5] K. H. Kim and J. K. Park, Application of hierarchical neural networks to fault diagnosis of power system, Int. J. Elect. Power Energy Syst., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 6570, 1993. [6] A. Ferrero, S. Sangiovanni, and E. Zapitelli, A fuzzy set approach to fault type identication in digital relaying, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 169175, Jan. 1995. [7] H. Wang and W. W. L. Keerthipala, Fuzzy neuro approach to fault classication for transmission line protection, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 10931104, Oct. 1998. [8] A. A. Girgis and M. B. Johns, A hybrid expert system for faulted section identication, fault type classication and selection of fault location algorithms, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 978985, Apr. 1989. [9] C. A. Protopapas, K. P. Psatiras, and A. V. Machias, An expert system for substation fault diagnosis and alarm processing, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 648655, Apr. 1991. [10] H. T. Yang, W. Y. Chang, and C. L. Huang, On line fault diagnosis of power substation using connectionist expert system, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 323331, Feb. 1995. [11] A. Poeltl and K. Frohich, Two new methods for fast fault type detection by means of parameters tting and articial neural networks, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 12691275, Oct. 1999. [12] T. Adu, An accurate fault classication technique for power system monitoring devices, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 684690, Jul. 2002. [13] B. Kasztenny, B. Campbell B, and J. Mazereeuw J, Phase selection for single-pole tripping : Weak infeed condition and cross-country faults, in Proc. 27th Annual Western Protective Relay Conf., Spokane, WA, Oct. 2426, 2000. [14] M. Togami, N. Abe, T. Kitahashi, and H. Ogawa, On the application of a machine learning technique to fault diagnosis of power distribution lines, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 19271936, Oct. 1995. [15] W. H. Chen, C. W. Liu, and M. S. Tsai, On line fault diagnosis of distribution substations using hybrid cause effect network and fuzzy rule based method, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 710717, Apr. 2000. [16] W. H. Kirsting, Radial Distribution Test Feeders, IEEE Trans. Power System, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 975985, Aug. 1991. [17] MATLAB Software. Mathwork Inc., (Version 6.1). [18] J. J. Grainger and W. D. Stevenson, Power System Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994. [19] S. L. Yu and J. C. Gu, Removal of decaying DC in current and voltage signals using a modied fourier lter algorithm, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 372379, Jul. 2001. [20] J. M. Mendel, Fuzzy logic systems for engineering: A tutorial, Proc. IEEE, vol. 84, no. 6, pp. 345377, Jun. 1995.

Biswarup Das (M02) was born in 1966 in India. He is presently serving as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India. His research interests are in the area of Distribution Automation, FACTS, and Power System Protection.