Ver: http://www.schydrogen.org/documents/Factsheets/factSheet_history.pdf http://www.enq.ufsc.br/labs/probio/disc_eng_bioq/trabalhos_grad/trabalhos_g rad_2009_1/hidrogenio/hidrogenio.

pdf

H : caractersticas, aplicaes, histria, Transporte e armazenamento, mercado (preo, maiores produtores, BR), processos (mais realizados e novos projetos), comparao dos tipos de processo e futuro. Processos : agua, solar , bactria , fsseis

http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/activity/bio-hydrogen/index.aspx http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XiSUBNqFsc0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=40e4BFGAf48 Bom saber: http://www.fchea.org/index.php?id=43 http://www.ipv.pt/millenium/millenium31/15.pdf (COMPLETO) Histria do H e transporte http://www.enq.ufsc.br/labs/probio/disc_eng_bioq/trabalhos_grad/trabalhos_g rad_2009_1/hidrogenio/hidrogenio.pdf 3. COMPARAO ENTRE OS MTODOS DE PRODUO DE HIDROGNIO

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uP_z8Suoobc

Dados mercado: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/hydrogen_basics.html http://www.ihs.com/products/chemical/planning/ceh/hydrogen.aspx http://www.hydrogenambassadors.com/background/worldwide-hydrogenproduction-analysis.php http://www.fchea.org/core/import/PDFs/factsheets/Hydrogen%20Production %20Overview_NEW.pdf Preos http://www.dangerouslaboratories.org/h2homesystem.pdf Aplicaes: http://www.hytron.com.br/site/index.php? option=com_content&view=article&id=106&Itemid=62&lang=pt http://www.energetics.com/resourcecenter/products/communication/Docume nts/hydrogen-production-brochure.pdf

http://www.fchea.org/index.php?id=50 Produo com fluxogramas BOM: http://www.fchea.org/core/import/PDFs/factsheets/Hydrogen %20Production%20Overview_NEW.pdf http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/hydrogen.pdf

http://www.jcoal.or.jp/overview_en/gijutsu.html http://www.climateandfuel.com/pages/generationfour.htm http://newenergyandfuel.com/http:/newenergyandfuel/com/2008/09/25/amajor-hydrogen-production-milestone/ http://www.iwatani.co.jp/eng/newsrelease/detail.php?idx=31

Increasingdemandforliquidhydrogen The industrial hydrogen market is expected to expand with the growth of next generation emerging industries such as semiconductor and solar battery. Before supply of liquid hydrogen was started by Hydro-Edge (April 2006), most of the industrial hydrogen had been distributed in the form of compressed gas. These days, hydrogen is increasingly being sought in liquid form rather than as a compressed gas. Advantagesofliquidhydrogenincludethepossibilityforlargevolumetransportationandstorage,useoflessspaceand higherpurity.Userscanexpecttoreducetheirfinancialburdenwithdecreasedfrequencyofdeliveriesandless personnel.Utilizationofthecryogenicenergyisalsoexpectedtobedeveloped. Features of liquid hydrogen include:

http://www.ika.rwthaachen.de/r2h/index.php/Microbial_conversion_of_biomass#Direct_Photobiological_hydrogen_production http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319911019823 http://www.dangerouslaboratories.org/h2homesystem.pdf Comparao: http://www.enq.ufsc.br/labs/probio/disc_eng_bioq/trabalhos_grad/trabalhos_g rad_2009_1/hidrogenio/hidrogenio.pdf

Futuro: http://www.americanhydrogenassociation.org/ahah2economy.html

Production of hydrogen from renewable resources and its effectiveness At present, hydrogen is used mainly in a chemical industry for production of ammonia and methanol. In the near future, hydrogen will become a signicant fuel which can solve the local problems connected with an air quality. Because the hydrogen is most widespread component on the Earth, it can be obtained from a number of sources, both renewable and non-renewable, moreover, by various processes. Pure hydrogen can be acquired by the energy-demanding electrolysis of water. Global production has so far been dominated by hydrogen production from fossil fuels, with the most signicant contemporary technologies being the reforming of hydrocarbons, pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis. In the near future, biological method can be used. Hydrogen is presently used predominantly for the production of methanol and ammonia and in the rening industry. Nevertheless, hydrogen production has become a subject of interest for many global companies for its broad application and ecological aspects, and in a number of countries an intensive R&D of the methods of obtaining hydrogen through affordable technologies is being conducted. The annual production of hydrogen is now ca 55 million tons, with its consumption increasing by approximately 6% p.a. Hydrogen can be produced in many ways from a broad spectrum of initial raw materials. Hydrogen is produced predominantly from fossil fuels; oughly 96% of hydrogen is produced by steam reforming of natural gas [1e3]. Perhaps 4% of hydrogen is produced by the electrolysis of water. Electrolytic and plasma processes demonstrate a high efciency of hydrogen production but unfortunately consume the most energy [4e8]. It can be predicted that in the future, besides the steam reforming of natural gas and the gasication of coal, hydrogen production will be provided by the gasication of biomass and by enzymatic processes. It is therefore necessary to devote some attention to the biological methods, especially their efciency. The fundamental question lies in the discovery of alternatives to hydrogen production from fossil fuels with its utilization especially for means of transportation. This problem can be resolved by the utilization of alternative renewable resources and the related methods of production, e.g. the gasication or pyrolysis of biomass or photolytic cracking of water using solar energy and microorganisms as well as dark fermentation. It is not

possible to consider only the ecological perspective, because e.g. photolytic cracking of water is very environmentally friendly, but its efciency for industrial use is very low. It is clear that the processes must be taken into account not only in terms of ecology but at the same time also in terms of economics In the rst place, it is possible to consider thermochemical processes. For instance, through two-step co-pyrolysis, a signicant amount of hydrogen can be obtained from mixes of waste polymers or biomass with a marginal share of coal [9,10]. Though, very promising processes for hydrogen production are the biological processes of the treatment of biomass. Biomass is one of the most prospective renewable resources, because its energetic usage, which includes also hydrogen production, has multifaceted importance.

Life cycle analysis of processes for hydrogen production One of the most remarkable methods for large-scale hydrogen production is thermo-chemical water decomposition using heat energy from nuclear, solar and other sources.