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a 12
a 22
a 32
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a n2
a 13
a 23
a 33
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a n3
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a 1n
a 2n
a 3n
a nn
x1
x2
x3
xn
b1
b2
b3
bn
equation xn-3 can be determined. Continue up to first equation until all the unknowns are
determined. This is called backward substitution.
Forward Elimination
Step 1 : a11 becomes pivot, eliminate x1 from row2 , row3, row4,
Row2
a 21 = a 21 - ( a 21 / a 11) a 11
a 22 = a 22 - ( a 21 / a 11) a 12
a 23 = a 23 - ( a 21 / a 11) a 13
row n etc
a 21 becomes 0
a 22 changes
a 23 changes
etc up to a 1n = a 2n - ( a 21 / a 11) a 1n
a 2n changes
b2 = b2 - ( a 21 / a 11) b1 b2 changes
whatever we did to make a 21 = 0 applied the same to other elements
of that row
Row3 a 31 = a 31 - ( a 31 / a 11) a 11 a 31 becomes 0
a 32 = a 32 - ( a 31 / a 11) a 12
a 32 changes
a 33 = a 33 - ( a 31 / a 11) a 13
a 33 changes
etc up to a 3n = a 3n - ( a 31 / a 11) a 1n a 3n changes
b3 = b3 - ( a 31 / a 11) b1 b3 changes
whatever we did to make a 31 = 0 applied the same to other elements
of that row
Step3 : : a33 becomes pivot, eliminate x3 from row4 , row5, row6, etc., row n
following the same method
Now, re-write the whole matrix equation. First row , Second row , Third row remains
same, elements of other rows will be different
Continue until the variables
x2, x3, x4 . x n-1 will be
successively eliminated and all the lower triangular elements becomes zero.
Backward substitution.
After forward elimination the nth equation (last equation) become simple , it as an
equation with one variable xn , determine xn. Now , using (n-1)th equation xn-1 can be
determined. Similarly using (n-2)nd equation xn-2 can be determined. Using (n-3)rd
equation xn-3 can be determined. Continue up to first equation until all the unknowns are
determined. The method is best understood by solving problems.
x1
-3
-2
x2
-2
-4
-5
x3
x4
6
7
[ CO ] [ X ] = [ CONS ]
[ a ] [x] = [b]
Step 1 : a i j = a i j (a i1 / a 11) a 1j
i = 2, j = 1,2,3,4
b i = b i (a i1 / a 11 ) b 1
Row 2 i = 2 j = 1,2,3,4
4 (4/5) 5 = 4 (4) = 0.0
3 (4/5) 3 = 3 2.4 = 0.6
-3 (4/5)2 = -3 1.6 = -4.6
-2 (4/5) 1 = -2 0.8 = -2.8
Row 3 i = 3 j = 1,2,3,4
1 (1/5)5 = 1 1 = 0.0
2 (1/5)3 = 2 -0 .6 = 1.4
-2 (1/5) 2 = -2 0.4= -2.4
Row 4 : i = 4 j = 1,2,3,4
-4 ( -4 / 5)5 = 4 - 4 = 0
3 ( -4 / 5)3 = 3+2.4 = 5.4
-5 ( -4 /5) 2 = -5 + 1.6 = -3 .4
2 ( -4 /5) 1 = 3 0.2 = 2.8
b i = b i (a i1/ a11) b 1
i = 2 b2 = 5 (4/5)4
= 1.8
i = 3 b3 = 6 (1/5)4
= 5.2
i = 4 b4 = 7 (-4/5)4
= 10.2
4
x1
x2
1.8
x3
x4
5.2
10.2
j=2
Row 4
i=4
j = 2,3,4
b i = b i (a i2/ a22) b 2
i = 3 b3 = b3 (a32/a22)b2
5.2 - (1.4/0.6) 1.8 = 5.2 4.2 = 1
i=4
b4 = b4 (a42/a22)b2
10.2 - (5.4/0.6)1.8 = 10.2 -16.2 = -6
The modified matrix after step 2 eliminating x2 from 3rd and 4th equations.
0 8.33 9.32
38 28
x1
x2
1.8
x3
x4
1
-6
a i j = a i j (a i3 / a 33) a 3j
b i = b i (a i3 / a 33 ) b 3 i = 4, j = 3,4
= 38 38 = 0.0
b i = b i (a i3/ a33) b 3 i = 4,
b4 = b4 - (a43/ a33) b3
b4 = -6 - (38 / 8.33) 1 = - 6 - 4.56 = - 10.56
The modified matrix, after step 3 , eliminating x3 from 4th equation.
0 8.33 9.32
14.52
x1
x2
1.8
x3
x4
1
10.56
Back Substitution:
x2=1.079
x3= - 0.693
x4= 0.727
-x 1 + 3x2 = 2
-2
x1
x2
-1
x3
Step 1 :
ij
2- (2/1)* 1 = 0
-1- (-1/1) 1 = 0
3 (2/1) *0 = 3
2 (-1/1) *0 = 2
-2
x1
-9
x2
x3
Step 2 : a
ij
bi = bi - (a i2 / a22) b2
2 (1/6) 3 = 1.5
-2
x1
-9
x2
7.5
x3
1.5
Back Substitution :
7.5 x3 = 1.5 x3 = 1.5 / 7.5 = 0.2
x3 = 0.2
x2 = 0.8
x1
x2
x3
Step 1 :
ij
8 - (8/4)* 4 = 0
6 -( 6/4) 4 = 0
4 (8/4) (6) = -8
2 (6/4 (6) = -7
6 -( 8/4)8 = -10
4 (6 /4) 8 = -8
bi = bi - (a i1 / a11) b1
4 (8/4) 2 = 0
6 (6/4) 2 = 3
X1
-8
-10
X2
-7
-8
X3
Step 2 : a
ij
10
-7 (-7/-8) (-8) = 0
-8 -(-7 / -8 )( -10) = -8 +70/8 = -8 + 8.75 = 0.75
bi = bi - (a i2 / a22) b2
3 (-7/-8) 0 = 3
Modified matrix equation after step 2 :
4
X1
-8
-10
X2
0.75
x3
0.75 x3 = 3
x3 = 3/0.75 = 4
-8 x2 -10 x3 = 0
4x1+6x2 + 8x3 = 2
x3 = 4
-8x2 = 40
x2 = -5
x1 = (2+30 -32 ) / 4 =0
x1 = 0
x2 = -5
x3= 4
11
-3 -2
2 3
5
6
-5
2
2
3
Step 1 :
a i j = a i j (a i1 / a11) a1j i = 2,3 j = 2,3
2 - (2/3)3 = 0 2 - (2/3)(-3) = 4 3 -( 2/3)(-2) = 4.33
3 -( 3/3) 3 = 0 -5 (3/3 (-3) = -2 2 (3/3)(-2) = 4
bi = bi - (a i1 / a11) b1
6 (2/3) 5 = 6-10/3 = 2.667
Modified matrix is
3
0
-3
4
-2
4.33
-2 4
7 (3/3) 5 = 2
5
2.667
2
Step 2 :
a i j = a i j (a i2 / a22) a2j i = 3 j = 2,3
-2 - (-2/4)4 = 0
4 - (-2/4)(4.333) = 4+ 2.166 = 6.166
bi = bi - (a i2 / a22) b2
2 (-2/4) 2.667 = 2+(2.667/2) = 2+1.333 = 3.333
3 -3
-2
0
4.33
4
0
0
6.166
5
2.667
3.333
x2 = 0.120
x3 = 0.504
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