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English Test 89

Directions for Questions from 1 to 4:

Each of the following questions has a paragraph from which the last
sentence has been deleted. From the given options, choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.

1. Jardine was a tall, hard boned, personality, having none of the unction often associated in his period
with cricket. On the field, even a Harlequin cap did not lighten or brighten his pervading air of relentless
purpose. His was a realpolitik. He determined in the early 1930s to wrest back the “ashes” from Australia, and to put Bradman in a reasonable, if
still high, place. ____________________________________

j The fastest bowling could not hurry him.

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j He had played against many countries.
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j He was perhaps the first to lead the reaction against Edwardian gesture and romance and the humbug of “may the best side win”
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j His influence on the cricket field was mild.
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j All the howls and winds of the world would not deter him.
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2. To repeat the question: what is it that persuaded our ancestors to penetrate the innermost darkness of a cave and paint? Amongst those who
have tried to answer this question is David Lewis-Williams, a South African scientist who felt that the status quo on the subject matter was
inadequate. For some
reasons, our ancestors were attracted to those darkest regions of the Underworld, which were carefully explored and became a workshop to
express the earliest expressions of “art”. Still, it was not art; it was religious art: the art had a purpose.
___________________________________________________

j The walls of the caves were a portal into another dimension.

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j The question as to why our ancestors painted these drawings is furthermore riddled with preconceptions
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j The shaman creating the paintings would use the natural contours of the rock and “exteriorise” what his visions had allowed him to see.
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j The caves became the cathedrals of the Stone Age.
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j The act of painting was therefore bringing the visions of the Otherworld into this reality.
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3. Criticism is essentially a collective work which goes on from one age to another. No single critic can tell
the whole truth about a great writer or speak with the same sureness all the time and no age ever has the last word. The critic can only interpret
an author in the light of his own age. His successors will add
something to his portrait, but they will also remove what no longer appears to be true.
_______________________________________

j The individual critic therefore can only make a contribution to a portrait which in the nature of things must remain unfinished.
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j That is the justification of the critic and, indeed, of all criticism.
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j It is not the critic’s business to do ‘the common reader’s’ work for him.
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j The psycho-analytical critic claims that by examining the peculiarities of a writer’s personality he is in a better position to interpret his work.
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j His business is to stimulate the reader to make his own discoveries
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4. In the first edition of ‘Economics’, Samuelson claimed that the Keynesian “theory of income
determination” was “increasingly accepted by economists of all schools of thought,” and that its policy implications were “neutral”. For example, “it
can be used as well to defend private enterprise as to limit it, as well to attack as to defend government fiscal interventions.” However, his
explanation of the model emphasized that “private enterprise” is afflicted with periodic “acute and chronic cycles” in unemployment, output and
prices, which government had a responsibility to “alleviate”. “The private economy is not unlike a machine without an effective steering wheel or
governor,” Samuelson wrote.
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 j By the seventh edition, Samuelson was no longer using the “machine minus the steering wheel” metaphor.
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j By the fourth edition, he declared that “90 percent of American economists have stopped being ‘Keynesian economists’ or ‘anti-Keynesian
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economists’.
j Compensatory fiscal policy tries to introduce such a governor or thermostatic control device.
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j He labeled this new economics a “neo-classical synthesis”.
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j In reading Samuelson’s early editions, a student might reasonably conclude that there are no other schools of thought.
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Directions for Questions from 5 to 7:

The sentences given in the question, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is labeled with a letter. Choose the
most logical order of sentences from among the given choices to construct a coherent paragraph.

5. A. This is now orthodoxy to which I subscribe - up to a point.

B. It emerged from the mathematics of chance and statistics.
C. Therefore the risk is measurable and manageable.
D. The fundamental concept: Prices are not predictable, but the mathematical laws of chance can describe their fluctuations.
E. This is how what business schools now call modern finance was born.

j ADCBE
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j EBDCA
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j ABDCE
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j DCBEA
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j -null-
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6. A. When identity is thus ‘defined by contrast’, divergence with the West becomes central.
B. Indian religious literature such as the Bhagavad Gita or the Tantric texts, which are identified as differing from secular writings seen as ‘western’,
elicits much greater interest in the West than do other Indian writings, including India's long history of heterodoxy.
C. There is a similar neglect of Indian writing on non-religious subjects, from mathematics, epistemology and natural science to economics and
linguistics.
D. Through selective emphasis that point up differences with the West, other civilizations can, in this way, be redefined in alien terms, which can be
exotic and charming, or else bizarre and terrifying, or simply strange and engaging.
E. The exception is the Kamasutra in which western readers have managed to cultivate an interest.

j BDACE
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j DEABC
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j BDECA
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j BCEDA
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j -null-
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7. A. Similarly, turning to caste, even though being lower caste is undoubtedly a separate cause of disparity, its impact is all the greater when the
lower-caste families also happen to be poor.
B. Belonging to a privileged class can help a woman to overcome many barriers that obstruct women from less thriving classes.
C. It is the interactive presence of these two kinds of deprivation - being low class and being female - that massively impoverishes women from the
less privileged classes.
D. A congruence of class deprivation and gender discrimination can blight the lives of poorer women very severely.
E. Gender is certainly a contributor to societal inequality, but it does not act independently of class.

j EABDC
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j EBDCA
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j DAEBC
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j BECDA
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j -null-
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Directions for Questions from 8 to 10:

Each of the following questions has a paragraph from which the last sentence has been deleted. From the given options, choose the one that
completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.

8. And you know what? Life will go on. More people may be drawn to State and Madison. Chicagoans
lament the loss of the historic names that defined State Street shopping for 100 years—but not enough of them have been going there. They’ve
been going to Target or Costco or Kohl’s or Wal-Mart or any of the other specialty and big-box retailers that don’t have famous addresses and
landmark status, but have been chipping away at department store sales for years. If you’ve lived in Chicago for any period of time, especially if
you grew up here, chances are you have a favorite memory of shopping on State Street. You’re probably thinking of windows at Christmas right
now. _____________________
 j It’s a sad day for those who love Chicago’s history, and particularly for those who will lose jobs at Carson Pirie Scott.
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j But times and tastes and habits change.
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j State Street is a fun place to hang out again.
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j Two names that embodied Chicago retailing for more than a century will disappear.
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j The big-box retailers are quite aggressive as compared to the departmental stores.
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9. The fundamental sea change in this decade is the opening of developed economies’ markets to the
commoditizing influence of developing economies like India and China. In response, companies jumped to innovation. But what you really have to
do to fight commoditization is create sustainable differentiation, which means your competitors cannot or will not copy you. Innovation, which
creates sustainable differentiation, is what you want. What most companies do, and why you have the feeling that they’re just talking about it, is
they innovate but they do not achieve sustainable differentiation. __________

j Yes, they’re spending a lot on research and development, but at the end of the day, they are not substantially differentiated from their
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competitors.
j The issue has to do with, are you innovating for something that’s core or context to your business model?
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j Instead of concentrating on a few bold ideas that could revolutionize their companies, most firms put their resources in too many places, often
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creating product enhancements that don’t actually enhance the bottom line.
j They don’t drive a particular dimension of their business so far down the road that their competitors cannot or will not follow—and that is the
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gold standard.
j Enhancing the bottom line requires a market driven approach to innovation.
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10. Nonprofit organizations depend on two resources to fulfill their missions. One, of course, is money.
The other resource – just as vital but perhaps even more scarce – is leadership. Indeed, qualified
leadership candidates may be even rarer than six-figure donors. _________________

j oday, many nonprofit organizations struggle to attract and retain the talented senior executives they need to convert dollars into social
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impact.
j During the next 10 years, the nonprofit leadership deficit will become impossible to ignore
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j As one highly respected executive director recently observed, “If I have the choice between spending time with a $100,000 donor or a
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potential candidate for a senior role, hands down it’s the candidate.”
j Searches for chief executive, operating, and financial officers often turn up only one to three qualified candidates, compared with four to six
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for comparable private-sector positions.
j Many donors are least bothered where their donations are used.
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