AP Animals

Circulatory and Cardiovascular Systems I. Vertebrate Transport a. closed circulatory system i. blood is confined to blood vessels and is kept separate from interstitial fluid fluid that bathes the body cells b. muscular heart keeps blood circulating through the body i. atria - chambers that receive blood ii. ventricles - chambers that pump blood into arties c. types of blood vessels 1. arteries - carry blood away from the heart 2. capillaries - gas, nutrient and waste exchange occurs across thin walls 3. veins - transport blood toward the heart Transport in Humans a. human heart i. located between lungs directly behind the sternum ii. titled so that apex is directed to left b. heart has two upper thin-walled atria (right and left atrium) and two lower, thick-walled ventricles (right and left ventricles) c. four heart valves direct blood flow and prevent backward movement

II.

III.

Path of Blood Through the Human Heart a. deoxygenated blood enters right atrium from both superior vena cava and inferior vena cava b. right atrium sends blood through right atrioventicular valve to right ventricle c. right ventricle sends blood through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk and arteries to lungs d. oxygenated blood returns from lungs through pulmonary veins and is delivered to left atrium e. left atrium sends blood through left atrioventicular valve to left ventricle

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AP Animals

f.

left ventricle sends blood through aortic semilunar valve into aorta and to body proper i. aorta artery that carries blood directly from the heart to other arteries g. left side of heart has a harder job of pumping blood throughout the body walls are thicker h. heart is a double pump serving the lungs and all other tissues simultaneously IV. Human Vascular Pathways a. pulmonary circuit i. circulates blood to lungs where blood is oxygenated deoxygenated blood from body collects in right ventricle pumps it to pulmonary trunk in lungs - CO2 is exchanged for O2 by the blood oxygenated blood from lungs is returned through pulmonary veins to left atrium b. systemic circuit i. aorta and vena cava are main pathways transport of oxygenated blood moves from left ventricle through aorta out to all tissues deoxygenated blood returns from all tissue via vena cava

V.

Human Heartbeat a. heartbeat/cardiac cycle consists of phases i. systole ii. diastole b. heart is in diastole about 50% of the time c. pulse measures heart rate

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AP Animals

i. wave effect caused by the rhythmic stretching of arteries as the left ventricle contracts and pumps blood through them d. heartbeat sounds are caused by the recoil of blood against the closed heart valves VI. Capillary Exchange a. two forces control movement of fluid through capillary wall; osmotic pressure & blood pressure b. at arterial end of a capillary: blood pressure is higher than osmotic pressure water exits and moves into tissues c. at venule end: osmotic pressure is higher than blood pressure water moves back into blood d. between ends of a capillary: O2 and nutrients diffuse out into tissue fluid while CO2 and other metabolic wastes diffuse into capillaries from tissue fluid Blood a. connective tissue with cells suspended in plasma b. functions as a transport medium c. composed of: plasma, blood cells & platelets Plasma a. accounts for 65% of blood volume b. contains H2O and many other molecules c. salts and proteins buffer blood d. some plasma proteins are involved in blood clotting e. some plasma proteins assist in transporting large organic molecules in blood globulins albumin Blood Cells a. all made from red bone marrow b. red blood cells (RBC) erythrocytes small discs lack a nucleus have a life span of approximately 120 days contain hemoglobin o oxygen binding protein in RBCs o hemoglobin contains four polypeptide chains each with a cofactor called a heme group contains one iron atom at its center iron binds O2 o each hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 O2 molecules c. white blood cells (WBC) leukocytes larger than RBCs

VII.

I.

II.

Ortiz, 2012 - 2013

AP Animals

III.

Platelets a. thrombocytes b. form from fragmented giant cells called megakaryocytes in bone marrow c. involved in blood clotting d. 12 different clotting factors participate in clotting Blood Clotting a. occurs in the presence of injury b. when a blood vessel is damaged, platelets clump at site of hemorrhage and partially seal the leak c. thrombus a blood clot that forms in the absence of injury; if clot is carried in the blood to a coronary artery and is large enough to block it heart attack

have a nucleus lack hemoglobin appear translucent without stain function in fighting infection types: basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes

IV.

Ortiz, 2012 - 2013