1 Write short notes on following: a) Ice found near New Foundland b) International Ice Patrol c) Multiyear Pack Ice

d) Ice Limits in North Pacific e) Tabular type Ice bergs (5 Marks each) 2 a) Describe Buyss Ballot law (5 marks) b) Explain why it should not be used in certain places (5 marks) c) Explain with reasons how you use Buys Ballots Law to find the direction of the centre of a TRS. (15marks) 3 a) Describe the formation of radiation fog (09 marks) b) Describe the favorable conditions for Arctic Sea Smoke. (08 marks) c) Explain the reason for frequent fog that you encounter near New Foundland (08 marks) 4. Describe the following clouds each ) a) Stratus b) Cumulonimbus (5 marks

c i) On a mountain range the windward side found to be cool and wet while leeward side is warm and dry. With a suitable diagram explain the phenomena. (8marks) ii) What type of clouds would you expect to form near the top of the mountain and the conditions required for it. (7 marks)

5 a) What are the optimum conditions for a Tropical Revolving Storm to form. (10 marks) b) Describe the actions you would take once a TRS is confirmed in the vicinity. (15 marks) 6. a) Describe Wind drift , Gradient and upwelling currents. (12 marks) b) Mark in the provided map the prominent currents in the Atlantic. (13 marks)

Answers 1 Write short notes on following: A)Ice found near Newfoundland Mainly the ice found near Newfoundland are Glacier type ice bergs from the East Greenland west Greenland area. They drift down with the labror current to Newfoundland and melts away once they are in the Gulfstream . Pack ice formed in arctic and the Canadian coast also could be found in the area but the threat to ships from this is low as they are not consolidated. B)International Ice Patrol The International Ice Patrol is an organization with the purpose of monitoring the presence of icebergs in the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans and reporting their movements for safety purposes. It is operated by United States Coast Guard but is funded by the 13 nations interested in transAtlantic navigation. he organization was established in 1914 in response to the sinking of the RMS Titanic. The primary mission of the Ice Patrol is to alert any seacraft traveling the great circle shipping lanes between Europe and the major ports of the United States and Canada of the presence of any icebergs there. C) Multiyear Pack Ice The sea ice which has survived more than one summer are called multiyear ice. Their thickness is more than 2.0m.They are danger to navigation. When the the multiyear ice not fast to ground that means when drifting it is called multiyear pack ice. D) Ice Limits in North Pacific

In the north pacific , a line drown from the NE tip of the Japan , passing just north of Aleutian island , to approximately 60 N , 160 W. E) Tabular type Ice bergs This is the most common form and is the typical iceberg of the Antarctic. These icebergs are largely, but not all, derived from ice shelves and show a characteristic horizontal banding. They may be of great size, larger than any other type of iceberg found in either of the Polar Regions. (5 Marks each)

2 a) Describe Buyss Ballot law (5 marks) Face the true wind low pressure centre, in Northern Hemisphere ,is in the right side and in the Southern Hemisphere it is the left side. b Explain why it should not be used in certain places (5 marks) It is not accurate near the equator due to lack of coriolis force and close to land as wind can be deflected off land features. c Explain with reasons how you use Buys Ballots Law to find the direction of the centre of a TRS. (15marks) The direction of the centre is depend on the angle of indraft of the wind. In a TRS the angle of indraft varies as we get closer to the centre. This happens because the wind

becomes cyclostrophic near the eyewall due to high pressure gradient and the centrifugal force. In this case the centre lies 8 points (AOI is zero)from the true wind direction .(to right in the Northern Hemisphere and to left in the Southern Hemisphere.). When in the outer storm area where with a comparatively lower pressure gradient ,the friction and coriolis force gives a an AOI of approximately 20 to 45 degrees. This makes the centre to lie 10 to 12 points from the true wind direction.

3 a) Describe the formation of radiation fog (09 marks)

Radiation fog is also called Land Fog, because it forms only over land, not over sea. During the night, land gives off its heat very quickly. On clear nights, the radiation of heat from the land surface into space is quicker as it is unobstructed by clouds. The air in contact with the ground thus gets cooled and if cooled below its dew point, a large quantity of dew is deposited. If, however, a light breeze is blowing, turbulence causes the cold from the land surface to be communicated to the air a couple of metres above the ground and shallow fog called Ground fog results. The visibility at eye level above this ground fog may be good but, in the fog, it may be only a couple of hundred metres or less. If the wind is a bit stronger, radiation fog may extend upto a height of about 150 metres or so above the ground. Strong winds cause too

much turbulence resulting in low clouds (stratus type) and no fog.

b Describe the favorable conditions for Arctic Sea Smoke. (08 marks) When very cold, dry air passes over a relatively warm sea surface, the water vapour, evaporating from the sea surface, is quickly condensed into water-droplets and it appears as if vertical streaks of smoke are rising from the sea surface. This is called steam fog or arctic sea smoke as it is commonly seen in the Arctic Ocean.

c Explain the reason for frequent fog that you encounter near New Foundland (08 marks) This type fog is called the Advection Fog .It is formed when a moist wind blows over a relatively cold surface of sea or land. When the moist air is cooled below its dew point, the excess water vapour condenses into small

droplets of water on dust or minute particles of salt, resulting in advection fog. Wind causes advection fog to form and also to spread. If the wind is quite strong, turbulence causes advection fog to form to considerable depth. However, very strong winds carry the moisture too high, resulting in low clouds (Stratus type) and no fog. On the Grand Banks of New Foundland where the warm, moist Westerlies, blowing over the warm Gulf Stream, cross over the cold Labrador Current.

4. Describe the following clouds marks ) a) Stratus

(2

This a low level layered cloud formed mainly when the atmosphere is stable . b) Cumulonimbus (3 marks) This is a cloud with great vertical extent. Forms when the the atmosphere is highly unstable or in cold fronts. This extends froms the lower atmosphere to tropopause and some time in horizontal direction to make anvil shape. This brings heavy rains, thunder and lightning. Inside the cloud high turbulent wind is present. c i) On a mountain range the windward side found to be cool and wet while leeward side is warm and dry. explain this phenomena. (10 marks)

Foehn winds are caused by the subsidence of moist air after passing a high mountain. The air is forced to move upslope when encounters a mountain barrier. As the temperature decreases with height, the moist air will become saturated and condense to form clouds and rain when it rises to a certain height. The amount of water vapour that remains in the air therefore decreases. After passing the ridge and descending along the leeside of the mountain, the air becomes warmer. Temperature of drier air will rise even faster. This results in dry and hot winds. ii) What type of clouds would you expect to form near the top of the mountain and the reasons for that? (10marks) If the atmosphere is stable and depending on weather the wind has reached its saturation then either stratus or alto stratus would form near the top of the mountain. It is called a table top cloud , if the atmosphere is unstable then cumulus type lumpy cloud would form. 5 a What are the optimum conditions for a Tropical Revolving Storm to form. (10 marks) Sea temperature greater than 26C over a large area raising air temperature and humidity. Atmospheric instability due to high Environment Lapse Rate. Instability accentuated by high humidity increasing Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate. Latitude greater than 5 where the Coriolis Force is sufficient to provide vorticity, cyclonic circulation. Low wind shear (change of wind speed with altitude) in the troposhere permitting vertical development.

 Conditions permitting divergence of airflow at altitude, removing air from the area and reducing atmospheric pressure. A tropical disturbance to initiate the process. This is likely to be convection associated with an easterly wave, the InterTropical Convergence Zone. b Describe the actions you would take once a TRS is confirmed in the vicinity. (15 marks)

Action when approach of a TRS is confirmed a) Obtain the bearing of the storm centre. b) Ascertain in which semi-circle the vessel lies. c) Take avoiding action. a) Obtain the bearing of the storm centre: Face the wind, and according to Buys Ballots law, the storm centre will lie 8 to 12 pints on your right in the NH, left inN. the SH. HEMISPHERE S. HEMISPHERE

WIND

If the pressure has fallen 5 mb below normal, allow as itlocated means the vessel is in the VEERING 12 points Vessel in that either Vessel located in DANGEROUS SEMICIRCLE SEMICIRCLE outer fringes of a well developed NAVIGABLE TRS, or that a new TRS is forming in the vicinity. If the pressure has fallen 20 mb or more below normal, allow 8 points as it means that vessel is near a well developed TRS. Vessel located in BACKINGthe eye of Vessel located in
NAVIGABLE SEMICIRCLE DANGEROUS SEMICIRCLE If pressure falling vessel in advance quadrant.

If pressure falling, vessel in advance quadrant.

STEADY

If the pressure falling vessel in PATH

Once the location of the vessel has been determined within the storm field, relative to its direction of movement, the following action is recommended: -

LOCATION DANGEROUS bow and SEMICIRCLE BACKS (A)

N. HEMISPHERE Put wind on STB bow and a/c to STB as wind VEERS

S. HEMISPHERE Put wind on port a/c to PORT as wind

NAVIGABLE a/c SEMICIRCLE VEERS (B) & PATH(C)

Put wind on STB and a/c to PORT as wind BACKS

Put wind on PORT and to STB as wind

6. a) Describe Wind drift , Gradient and upwelling currents. (12 marks) WIND DRIFT

Drift is the direct effect of wind blowing over long stretches of ocean for long periods. The frictional effect of the wind, on the sea surface, causes the sea surface to move. However, Coriolis force deflects the drift current to the right in the Northern Hemisphere (left in the Southern Hemisphere) by about 300 to 450. The maximum strength of a drift current is only up to about 2 knots. If, however, there are other strengthening factors such as gradient, shape of the coast etc. The drift current can increase two or three fold and is then called a stream. UP-WELLING Whenever a wind blows away from a long coastline for a considerable length of time, the outflow of water from the coast is replaced by an upward movement (up-welling) of sea-water, from a depth up to about 150 metres or so. Since this up-welling takes place from below, the water that comes to the surface is colder than the surrounding sea-surface. Up-welling currents are experienced along the eastern shores of oceans, in low latitudes. Here the trade winds blow off shore, resulting in up-welling. GRADIENT

A gradient current is caused by differences in level (resulting from natural slopes or build-up by winds) or by differences in density (resulting from differences of temperature or salinity). The greater the salinity, the greater the density and vice versa. The lower the temperature, the greater the density and vice versa. When different water-masses lie adjacent to each other, gradient currents are set up between them because of differences in temperature and salinity.

b) Mark in the provided map the prominent currents in the Atlantic. (13 marks)