Adverse Climatic C 00 Sach

.
'
COHOOL
ADVERSE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS AND IMPACT ON CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING AND COST
BY
ROBERT J. SACHUK
A REPORT PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COMMITTEE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
Summer 1988
5/5-/
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
List of Tables
List of Figures
ill iv
List of Abbreviations
Chapter
INTRODUCTION
Chapter II Chapter III Chapter IV
CALCULATION OF PRODUCTIVITY EFFICIENCIES FOR THE EXAMPLE PROJECT SITE

ESTIMATING PROJECT SCHEDULE AND COST BASED ON CLIMATIC CONDITIONS CONCLUSION
15
33 37
Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D
DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMPLE PROJECT

USE OF LOTUS 1-2-3 FOR CPM NETWORK CALCULATIONS
44
DEVELOPMENT OF SCENARIOS C, D,
AE
. .
53
.
METHOD FOR DERIVING PRODUCTIVITY AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY
65
Appendix E
CALCULATION OF AVERAGE MONTHLY TEMPERATURES USING THE SIMPLE AVERAGE METHOD
67
Appendix F
CALCULATION OF HEATING REQUIREMENTS AND.. 108 COSTS FOR TEMPORARY ENCLOSURE FOR SCENARIOS C, D, AND E
112
113
References
Bibliography
11
. .
LIST OF TABLES
Table
2-1.
Page
Construction Productivity Efficiencies as a Function of Temperature and Relative Humidity

.
2-2.
Calculated Average Monthly Temperatures for .... MWTC Bridgeport Using the Simple Average Method
13
2-3.
Calculated Productivity Efficiencies for MWTC Bridgeport Using Koehn/Brown Relationships

Monthly Temperatures and Calculated Efficiencies for Scenarios C, D, & E
Critical Dates for Temporary Shelters for Scenarios C, D, & E
14
3-1
20
3-2.
23
3-3.
Expected Winter Protection Costs and Profit .... as a Function of Mean Daily Temperature
Expected Winter Protection Costs and Profit .... as a Function of Duration of Winter Protection
List of Activities for Example Project
29
3-4.
31
A-1.
40
41
A-2.
C-1
Example Project CPM Network Based on Contractor's Actual Schedule

CPM Network for Scenario A CPM Network for Scenario B CPM Network for Scenario C CPM Network for Scenario D CPM Network for Scenario E
55 57
59
C-2 C-3
C-4.
61
C-5
E-1 E-2. E-3.
63
71
January Temperature Statistics
Minimum Daily Temperatures for January Maximum Daily Temperatures for January
72 73
111
. .
. . .
Table
E-4
E-5.
Page
February Temperature Statistics

Minimum Daily Temperatures for February
74
75
76 77
E-6.
Maximum Daily Temperatures for February

March Temperature Statistics
E-7
E-8 E-9
Minimum Daily Temperatures for March Maximum Daily Temperatures for March
78
79
E-10. April Temperature Statistics
80
81
E-11
Minimum Daily Temperatures for April
E-12. Maximum Daily Temperatures for April
82 83
84
E-13
May Temperature Statistics
E-14. Minimum Daily Temperatures for May
E-15
Maximum Daily Temperatures for May

June Temperature Statistics
85 86 87
E-16
E-17. Minimum Daily Temperatures for June
E-18. Maximum Daily Temperatures for June
88
89
E-19
July Temperature Statistics
E-20. Minimum Daily Temperatures for July
90
91
E-21
Maximum Daily Temperatures for July

August Temperature Statistics
E-22
92 93
94
E-23. Minimum Daily Temperatures for August
E-24. Maximum Daily Temperatures for August E-25. September Temperature Statistics
95
96 97
E-26. Minimum Daily Temperatures for September

E-27. Maximum Daily Temperatures for September
E-28
October Temperature Statistics
98
E-29. Minimum Daily Temperatures for October
99
IV
Table
E-30. Maximum Daily Temperatures for October
Page
100
101
E-31
November Temperature Statistics
E-32. Minimum Daily Temperatures for November E-33. Maximum Daily Temperatures for November
102 103
E-34. December Temperature Statistics E-35. Minimum Daily Temperatures for December
E-36. Maximum Daily Temperatures for December E-37. Computation of Index of Seasonal Variation
104
105
106
107
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
2-1.
Page
Construction Productivity as a Function of Temperature and Relative Humidity (Graph)
....
..
10
3-1.
Comparative Cost Forecast For Example Project
26
VI
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABS MAX MAX TEMP
Absolute maximum maximum temperature
ABS MIN MIN TEMP
Absolute minimum minimum temperature

Average
AVG
BTU
CD
British thermal unit

Calendar day
Critical path method
Cubic feet
CPM
CU FT
D
.
Duration
Defense Contract Audit Agency
DCAA
EF EIFS
ES
*F
^
Early finish
Exterior Insulation Finish System
Early start
Degrees Farenheit
Late finish
LF
LS
Late start
MEAN MAX TEMP
Mean maximum temperature
MEAN MIN TEMP

MWTC
NCDC
RH
Mean minimum temperature
Mountain Warfare Training Center

National Climatic Data Center
Relative humidity
Simple average method
SAM
TEMP
WD
Temperature
Work day
vii
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION
The success of a construction project from the point
of view of the contractor can be defined in different terms.
However, of all possible definitions the most impor-
tant may be the profit generated by a single project. In cases where the project management concept is used, the
construction manager is tasked with the overall management

of design, procurement, construction operations.
In these
types of projects, the construction manager also has the
greatest amount of influence in controlling costs and generating profit.

However, in the case of competitively adver-
tised, fixed-price government construction contracts, the
extent of contractor influence is normally limited to the
procurement/construction portion of the project's life

cycle.
Therefore, the contractor's degree of success is
highly dependent on two different operations that occur

during procurement and construction phases of the project.
The first operation, project planning, involves estimating
the labor, materials, equipment, and preliminary schedule
needed to execute a project as established by the owner's

design.
The second operation, the implementation phase, is
In the
for the most part dependent on the prior planning.
case of a fixed-price contract, the project cost as
presented in the base bid also becomes the control amount

upon which the contractor's control budget is based.
There-
fore, what estimating and planning is done in the prepara-
tion of the base bid can be considered essential to the
success of the construction project.

However, there is a certain amount of uncertainty in
the bidding process.
Material quotes may be based on mateThe mate-
rials that do not conform to the specifications.
rial take-off may contain errors that result in quantities
different than what is required.
Equipment costs are based
on what the estimator considers to be the most efficient
piece of equipment for the job while not knowing what will
be available at the time the equipment is needed.
Overall, the items noted above can be considered to be
controllable and therefore not subject to creating substantial additive costs.

In comparison, however, estimating
labor productivity is the most complicated part of the
estimating process.
Many of the factors influencing labor
productivity are highly qualitative in nature, and a great

deal of experience and judgement is needed to develop the
type of qualitative information that is required.
However,
the productivity component also offers the contractor by far the greatest opportunity to control his labor costs,
assuming that the contractor also has some basic understanding of the factors that influence the variable in this
equation
Preliminary estimates of productivity are normally

based on either average or historical productivity rates.
However, average productivity rates normally do not consider climatic effects.
Historical productivity rates consid-
er climatic effects only if prior construction projects
have been executed in similar conditions.
Therefore, for
the estimator that is basing productivity solely on average
productivity or dissimilar historical rates, there is a

high probability that adverse climatic conditions will
result in unforeseen additive costs that only serve to
deduct from the desired profit.

The ability to anticipate adverse climatic conditions
also has legal implications.
As noted above, a schedule
that does not address or take into account climatic condi-
tions will more than likely be subject to delay.
However,
precedence has been set that daily variations in weather

patterns should be expected.
Precedence goes on to state
that climatic conditions are only to be considered adverse
when a condition arises and that condition is considered to

be occurring at an unusual time of the year.
Therefore if
the climatic condition is not unusual for the particular
time and place, or if a contractor should have reasonably
anticipated it, the contractor would not be entitled to

relief [1].
Therefore, the question that arises is how does a
contractor estimate productivity for a project subjected to

adverse climatic conditions and how do these efficiencies
impact on schedule and cost estimates.
Additionally, what
alternatives are available to the contractor in completing

a project subject to adverse climatic conditions. It is therefore the intent of this report to demon-
strate one method of estimating productivity efficiencies and to demonstrate their impact on construction scheduling
and cost.
Additionally, it is intended to investigate
alternatives available to the contractor.

In order to demonstrate the impact of adverse climatic
conditions on project schedule and cost, an actual construction contract was selected as the basis for comparison.
The project selected is a two story building of approximately 4800 square feet for fire station use including an appa-
ratus room, a dormitory area, a living/dining area, alarm

room,
reception room, and administrative spaces.
This
facility is located at the Marine Corps Mountain Warfare
Training Center (MWTC), Bridgeport, California.
Construc-
tion was started in September 1984 and was completed in
December 1985.
Further information concerning the project
and details concerning the construction execution are found

in Appendix A (Page 37).
CHAPTER II
CALCULATION OF PRODUCTIVITY EFFICIENCIES FOR THE EXAMPLE PROJECT SITE
All types of productivity are influenced by air temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity, precipitation, and
light.
Therefore, it is universally accepted that opera-
tions in adverse climatic conditions suffer from a loss of
productivity
the extent of which depends upon, in part,
the type of activity and the degree of protection.
Adverse conditions, here limited to both warm and cold

conditions, create varying degrees of problems.
al,
In gener-
the effect of adverse climatic conditions on construc-
tion projects plays a major part on the success of the project.
Adverse conditions have been shown to require
considerable planning due to the impact on [2]:

1)
Arrival of personnel
2) 3) 4)
5)
Transportation of equipment Delivery of materials Construction of temporary shelters

Environmental protection
However, not only does severe conditions effect different facets of a construction project, but it also can have
a severe impact on individuals.
In extreme conditions,
studies have indicated that workers would more likely be subject to the following factors [3,4]:
1)
Errors in judgement
2)
3)
Carelessness
Complaints
General lethargy
4)
5)
Irritability and poor mental attitudes

Decrease in quality of workmanship
General slowdown of work pace
6)
7) 8)
Unscheduled stoppage of work

injuries take the form of sunburn,
In warm climates,
cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke.
These types of
injuries can be prevented by utilizing preventive measures

such as ensuring adequate salt and water intake, proper
work/rest cycles and adequate acclimatization.
These pre-
ventive measures, however, generally result in an overall

slowdown and, therefore, reduced productivity.
In comparison, cold weather brings about a wider range
and a more severe degree of injury.
Wind chill guidelines
indicate that in an equivalent temperature of -25 F (which

can occur with an actual thermometer temperature of 10 F
combined with a 20 mile per hour wind) exposed dry skin may
freeze within one minute.
It has also been shown that
frostbite can occur in relatively warm temperatures (30*F)

if the skin is wet and the wind speed is 15 miles per hour.
Prevention of cold weather injuries is complicated in

a construction environment.
Normally, proper clothing is
required for exposed workers with the materials being lightweight and designed with a great degree of mobility.
Howev-
er, protective clothing creates the problem of maintaining
a worker's skin dry.
This results in a decrease in the
body's pain threshold of approximately 5'F and the risk of

frostbite is greatly increased.
In order to reduce the effect of cold weather, tempo-
rary shelters are often built [5].
However, these tempo-
rary shelters result in increased field overhead costs
attributable to the cost of the shelter itself, the cost of

heating the shelter, and the cost of maintaining the shelter.
Therefore, it can be inferred that a cold weather
environment will have a greater impact on productivity,

schedule, and costs.
The problem, therefore is to estimate
productivity rates, establish a construction schedule, and

determine costs based on anticipated climatic conditions.
In order to do this,
1)
the contractor must do the following:
Estimate efficiencies that are based on climatic
conditions
2)
Establish a construction schedule based on average production rates.
3)
Apply calculated efficiencies to the average

construction schedule and calculate a new schedule based on climatic conditions.
4)
Reevaluate field overhead requirements based on

a new schedule
(i.e., determine requirements for
temporary shelters and heating equipment in cold

weather)
The first step involves the contractor utilizing the
basic methodology in creating a construction schedule.
As
seen in the third step, the efficiencies are then applied

to the average productivity rates, thereby modifying the
individual activity durations and the overall schedule.

The difficulty, however, is utilizing a valid and repeatable method to calculate efficiencies in a cold weather
climate
As illustrated in Appendix D (Page 65), E. Koehn and
G.
Brown provide one method to calculate productivity effi-
ciencies whereby they derived two non-linear relationships

for both cold and warm weather climates [6].
For the pur-
pose of this paper, these relationships will be utilized to
determine the impact of adverse climatic conditions on

project schedule and cost.
The expected productivity effi-
ciency values as determined by these authors follows as

Table 2-1. These productivity values are also graphically
It should be noted that these
illustrated in Figure 2-1.
values represent efficiencies for a broad range of temperatures and humidities.

For the example project, productivi-
ty efficiency values were calculated for specific site
conditions.
These values are shown in Table 2-3.
TABLE 2-1. CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTIVITY EFFICIENCIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY
Relative Humidity {%)

Temperature
20
(
*F)
25
45
65
85
95
0.28 0.44
0.59
0.25
0.18 0.38 0.55

0.69 0.81
0.06
0.29
-10
0.42
0.57
0.10
0.36 0.24
0.51
0.49 0.66 0.79 0.89

0.96
1.00
1.00 1.00
10
0.71 0.81
0.70
0.81
0.58
0.75
20
30
0.72
0.87
0.89
0.96
1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00
0.90
0.96
1.00
1.00
0.90
0.96
1.00
0.88
0.96
1.00 1.00 1.00
40
50
0.96
1.00
1.00
1.00
60
70
1.00 1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
80 90
0.97
0.95
0.93 0.78 0.54

0.21
0.95
0.81
0.94
0.92
0.77
0.88
0.71
0.82
0.61
100
110
120
0.80
0.58 0.29
0.58
0.55 0.25
0.47
0.15
0.33
Source: Enno Koehn and Gerald Brown, "Climatic Effects on Construction," Journal of Construction Engineering and Management ASCE, Vol. Ill, No. 2, June 1985, 129-137.
.
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10
As noted above, the first step is to estimate efficien-
cies based on historical weather data.
In doing so, one
must decide what data will be used and how to use it.
Generally, average temperature and humidity data is easily
obtainable from various sources.
However, as in the case
of weather data obtained from the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center

(NCDC) for the example project, weather data may not be
representative of the project location.
For the purpose of
data collection, the NCDC utilizes only specific population

centers, usually supported by an airport.
In the case of
the example project and as indicated in Appendix A (Page

37), major population areas were twenty-five miles to the
south (Bridgeport, California) and seventy miles to the
north (South Lake Tahoe, California) of the site.

fore,
There-
it may be necessary to calculate the average monthly
temperature and relative humidity prior to calculating
efficiencies
For the purpose of this report, it is assumed that
available average temperature and humidity data is not

available for the example project site.
Therefore, proce-
dures used to calculate the required data are presented.

For the purpose of these calculations, available tempera-
ture data was taken from Bridgeport, California as weather
systems affect both the example project site and the town
simultaneously.
Humidity data was taken from South Lake
11
Tahoe records.
Elevations of both data sources are within
1000 feet of the example project site.

In order to firmly establish seasonal trends, tempera-
ture and humidity data for a twenty year period was obtained.
This provided five hundred sixty (560) to six
hundred twenty (620) daily mean temperature data points for

any given month from which a statistical analysis could be
made
Prior to utilizing the productivity relationships
established by Koehn and Brown, a determination had to be

made as to what was to be considered a proper average or
typical temperature.
Ultimately, it was the goal of this
analysis to establish an average monthly temperature for

each respective month from which productivity estimates
could be made.
However, with daily minimum, mean, and
maximum temperatures available, a determination had to be

made as to whether forecasts were based on absolute, mean,
or statistically derived temperatures.
Invariably, the data can first be considered a seasonal variation in that there is a more or less regular move-
ment within the year which occurs year after year.

fore,
There-
in a time series with seasonal variation each month
has a typical or average value position in relation to the
year as a whole.
The problem of seasonal variation there-
fore is to determine this typical or average position of
each month
12
Of the various methods used for measuring the seasonal
variation occurring within a time series, the Simple Average Method (SAM) was selected to analyze the available
temperature data [7].
Typically, SAM analyzes monthly
values to establish a typical value for each of the twelve

months.
However, with approximately 22,000 minimum and
maximum daily temperatures, the method was modified to

first establish a typical value for each day of the month. The typical daily values were then used to establish a
typical value for each of the twelve months.
The resulting A detailed
monthly values are shown in Table 2-2 below.
description of the procedures used involving SAM and the

analysis of the available temperature data is provided as
Appendix E (Page 67).
TABLE 2-2. CALCULATED AVERAGE MONTHLY TEMPERATURES FOR MWTC BRIDGEPORT USING THE SIMPLE AVERAGE METHOD
MONTH
JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
AVERAGE MONTHLY TEMPERATURE F

(
"
24.95 27.94 33.28 38.47 47.40 55.18 60.99 59.57 52.90 43.43 34.85 27.20
+ + + + + + + + + +
2.59 1.47 1.41 1.29 0.91 0.71 0.67 0.66 0.98 1.18 1.43 1.30
13
With average monthly temperature data calculated,

average productivity efficiencies for each month could be
calculated using the Koehn/Brown relationships.

these calculations are shown in Table 2-3 below.
Results of
TABLE 2-3. CALCULATED PRODUCTIVITY EFFICIENCIES FOR MWTC BRIDGEPORT USING KOEHN/BROWN RELATIONSHIPS
AVG MEAN TEMPERATURE
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
(%)
MONTH
JANUARY
CF)
25 28
33
CALCULATED PRODUCTIVITY EFFICIENCY

0.84
0.87
74 76
FEBRUARY
MARCH
64
59
57
51 41
0.92 0.95 0.99

1.00 1.00 1.00
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
38 47
55 61 59 52 43 34 26
JULY
AUGUST
37
SEPTEMBER
43 55
59
1.00
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER DECEMBER
0.98
0.93 0.85
67
14
CHAPTER III
ESTIMATING PROJECT SCHEDULE AND COST BASED ON CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

In order to evaluate the impact of climatic conditions
on a construction project's schedule and cost, it was decid-
ed to establish five scenarios in which both schedule and
cost could be traced.
Prior to developing these scenarios,
it was necessary to duplicate the contractor's CPM schedule
in a form that could be easily cost loaded and modified. In order to accomplish this, the CPM network was duplicated
on a Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet.
Use of Lotus 1-2-3 in the
construction of this CPM network and a listing of all cell

formula is included as Appendix B (Page 44).
Two separate formats were used to provide for scheduling and cost loading.
The first format, as seen in Appen-
dix C (Page 53), Tables C-1 through C-5, utilizes a prece-
dence network format to calculate early start, late start, early finish, late finish, float, and determine whether the
activity is on the critical path.
The second format, not
shown in this report, utilized early start-early finish
information to construct a Gantt chart upon which daily

cost information for each activity was loaded.
This cost
loading information was then used to construct cost forecasts

.
15
Scenario A was based on the actual CPM schedule used by

the contractor. For this scenario, a total of 466 calendar
days was used to accomplish the project.
From the contrac-
tor's schedule of prices, the cost of the project to the
government was $663,810.
Of the total project cost, total
direct labor and material costs equalled $520,406, including $2,125 for maintenance during winter shutdown.
Field
overhead costs equalled $117,384 or $253.53 per calendar

day.
These field overhead costs included superintendent
and quality control personnel wages, job trailer costs,

utilities, laboratory services, etc.
The remaining amount,
$26,020 is attributed to a profit of approximately 5%.
The
productivity efficiencies in this actual case are assumed

to be at 100% and therefore not affected by climatic condi-
tions
Scenario B (Table C-2, Page 57), is based on the ideal

case of the actual CPM without any time taken for winter
shutdown.
Without this time period, total project time is

In comparison, total direct
reduced to 289 calendar days.

costs were calculated
at $73,017.
at $518,281 and total field overhead
Based on the actual cost to the government

this would have left a total of $72,512 or
It should be noted however
(the base bid),
12.26% attributable to profit.
that it is considered unreasonable to assume that construc-
tion execution will reach ideal conditions.
Therefore,
Scenario B shall only be used as the basic schedule from
16
which Scenarios C,D, & E are constructed.
Scenario B,
therefore, shall not be considered in any further com-
parative analyses.
As it is being hypothesized that temperatures affect
the productivity and therefore scheduling and cost, the
ideal case was then used as the basis for calculating the
contract duration after applying the calculated productivity efficiencies.

In order to allow for a comparison be-
tween different climate scenarios, it was decided to first

use the mean temperature data to modify the project schedule.
It was then decided to create worst and best case
scenarios by arbitrarily subtracting from and adding to the
monthly mean temperatures.

Scenario C, the precedence network based on mean climatic conditions, was created by using the calculated produc-
tivity efficiencies indicated in Table 2-3 (Page 14) to
modify the ideal case in Scenario
B.
For Scenario D, the average monthly temperature minus ten degrees was used.
For Scenario E, the average monthly

In both scenarios,
temperature plus ten degrees was used.
the resulting efficiencies were then factored into the
resulting CPM schedule.

Table 3-1 (Page 20) shows the monthly temperatures and
efficiencies used for Scenarios C, D, and
E.
Once productivity efficiencies were established for the
MWTC construction site, they were then factored into the

cost loaded Gantt chart.
Simply, the procedure utilized
17
was to take the monthly efficiency corresponding with the
starting date of the activity and dividing the activity
duration by the efficiency.
This would result in a modiFor those activi-
fied, usually longer, activity duration.
ties that extended over multiple months, the efficiency
used corresponded with the longest partial duration.
Going
through each activity of the network resulted in a listing

of modified activity durations.
This was then used to
calculate total direct cost per activity day.
These direct
costs were then inserted into the cost loaded Gantt chart.
The cost loaded Gantt chart was then set up to calculate
total direct costs per day and cumulative direct cost per
day.
The modified activity durations were then inserted into

the precedence network spreadsheet to determine float and
critical activities.
This also served the purpose of veri-
fying the early starts and finishes of each activity and

the overall project duration.
As seen in Table C-3 (Page 59), Scenario C, based on
mean climatic conditions, resulted in a total project duration of 306 calendar days.
Total direct costs again were
calculated at $518,281.
$77,327.
Field overhead was calculated at
Based on the actual cost to the government
($663,810), a total of $68,202 is left for potential profit.
As seen in Table C-4 (Page 61), Scenario D, based on
temperatures ten degrees below the calculated monthly mean
18
temperatures, resulted in a total project duration of 327
calendar days.
$518,281.
Total direct costs were verified at
Field overhead costs were calculated at $82,651.
Based on the actual cost to the government, a total of

$62,878 is left for potential profit.
As seen in Table C-5 (Page 63), Scenario E, based on
temperatures ten degrees above the calculated monthly mean

temperatures, resulted in a total project duration of 296
calendar days.
$518,281.
Total direct costs were verified at
Field overhead costs were calculated at $74,284.
Based on the actual cost to the government, a total of

$71,245 is left for potential profit.
The costs noted above for Scenarios C through E, however,
are misleading.
In the actual execution of the example
project, the contractor shut down the job from the begin-
ning of October through to the beginning of April.
A re-
view of the activities surrounding this shutdown also indicates that the work done immediately before and after the
shutdown did not require any extraordinary measures to

protect work or construction personnel.
In the actual
schedule, the first activity that occurred that would re-
quire monitoring of weather conditions (concrete placement)
didn't occur until June.
In addition,
the exterior finish-
es that were also temperature dependent (the exterior insu-
lation finish system (EIFS) and the roof membrane) were
completed prior to the onset of winter.
Therefore, all
19
TABLE 3-1. MONTHLY TEMPERATURES AND CALCULATED EFFICIENCIES FOR SCENARIOS C, D, & E
Temperature (Efficiency)
Scenario
Month
January25
C
Scenario D (Mean Temp

-
Scenario E (Mean Temp

+
(Mean Temp)
(0.84)
10
15
'F)
10
'F)
35
(0.71)
18
(0.93)
38 (0.95) 43 (0.98) 48 (0.99)
57
February
March
April
28 (0.87)
33
(0.75)
23 (0.83)
(0.92)
38 (0.95)
47
28 (0.88)
37
May
June
(0.99)
55
(0.95)
45
(1.00)
65 (1.00)
71
(1.00)
(0.98)
51
July
61
(1.00)
(1.00)
49 (1.00)
42
(1.00)
69 (1.00)
62 (1.00)
53
August
59
(1.00)
September
52 (1.00) 43 (0.98)
34
(0.97)
33 (0.92)
24
October
November December
(1.00)
44 (0.98)
36
(0.93)
26
(0.84)
16
(0.85)
(0.74)
(0.94)
20
work that was temperature dependent was done at a time
where little or no protection was required.

Scenarios C, D, & E, however, force temperature
dependent activities into the winter thereby requiring some

level of protection.
The cost of this protection, then,
will offset the potential profit.

For the purpose of this report, arbitrary decisions are
made concerning weather protection.
A review of contract
specifications indicates the following areas as temperature

dependent
1)
Section 03301, Cast-in-place Concrete

Section 04230, Reinforced Masonry
2)
3)
Section 07111, Elastomeric Waterproofing,

Sheet Applied
4) 5)
Section 07240, Exterior Insulation Finish System
Section 07920, Sealants and Caulking

Section 09310, Ceramic Tile Section 09650, Resilient Tile
6)
7)
8)
Section 09910, Painting of Buildings
Scenarios C, D, and E were then evaluated to establish
weather protection requirements.

It was first assumed that the target period for weather
protection would be from the beginning of October through

to the beginning of April, matching the winter shutdown
period in the actual contract.
From within that period,
each scenario was reviewed to identify where in the schedule the first temperature dependent activity occurred.
21
Then, each scenario was reviewed to establish the end of
the last temperature dependent activity within the protec-
tion period.
This period was then noted as the duration in
which some sort of weather protection and supplemental
heating would be required.

After initial review of the three scenarios, it was
decided that it would be assumed that one enclosure could

be constructed to protect the construction area.
It was
therefore assumed that the enclosure would allow for ten

feet of clear space around the building and for a fifteen foot clearance above the structures highest elevation.
This then required an enclosure of 77 feet wide by 87 feet

long by 52 feet high for a total of 348,348 cubic feet of
enclosed and heated space.
For the purpose of this report,
it was assumed that the enclosure would be constructed of
heavy duty steel tubular scaffolding along the perimeter
covered with a reinforced, oil resistant, fire retardant,
polyethylene tarpaulin.
It was also assumed that both the
scaffolding and the tarpaulin were rented.
Due to the
nature of the enclosure, it was also assumed that fourteen
calendar days would be required to both set up and remove

the enclosure.
From current pricing data, it was estimated
that both set up and removal would cost a total of $5,000
each time and that rental would cost $6,020 per month.
Taking set up, protection and removal periods into
consideration. Table 3-2 (Page 23) indicates the time periods for weather protection for the three scenarios.
Calcu
22
TABLE 3-2. CRITICAL DATES FOR TEMPORARY SHELTERS FOR SCENARIOS C, D, & E
Scenario
Activity-
Description
Start construction of shelter
14
D
20 NOV 84
.
E
30 NOV 84
NOV 84
Complete construction of shelter, start heating Complete heating, start demolition of shelter Complete demolition of shelter
28 NOV 84
DEC 84
14 DEC 84
15 MAR 85
APR 85
APR 85
29 MAR 85
17
APR 85
15
APR 85
23
lations for estimated fuel costs and heater rental also are
to be included in the estimates for winter protection.
These costs are summarized below.
Assumptions and calcu-
lations concerning these costs are found in Appendix F

(Page 108).
Based on these heating scenarios, potential profit for

Scenario C is affected as follows:
Set up of shelter: Shelter rental: Shelter removal: Heater rental: Heater fuel:
$5,000 $21,177 $5,000 $5,113 $12,060
Total Cost for Protection:
$48,350
$68,202
Potential Profit:
Anticipated Profit after subtracting protection costs
$19,852

Scenario D is affected as follows:
$5,000 $23,750 $5,000 $5,728 $14,236
$53,714
$62,878
$9,164
Potential Profit:

Scenario E is affected as follows:
$5,000 $21,573 $5,000 $5,160 $11,449
24
$48,182
$71,245
Potential Profit:
$23,063
The impact of the winter protection costs on the overall cumulative costs is graphically shown on the cost fore-
casts in Figure 3-1.

The following is a summary of all factors used to
compare Scenario A, the actual project, to Scenarios C, D,

and E.
In terms of critical activities. Table C-1
(Page 55)
identifies a total of twenty five activities deemed critical.
Review of Scenarios C,
D,
and E and the application
of the productivity efficiencies to the 69 activities indi-
cate that the activities originally deemed critical remain
critical after the application of the efficiencies.
This
then serves to validate the method in which the efficiencies were factored.
In addition,
the application of productivity efficien-
cies had little impact on the available float.
Overall,
the efficiencies applied had little effect on the duration of the individual activities.
Scenario C, with a mean
efficiency of 0.94, only resulted in a seventeen (17) calendar day increase in the overall schedule.
This would leave
little time available to add to the float of all the
non-critical activities.
Even in the worst case. Scenario
D where temperatures ten degrees below the mean were consid
25
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26
ered, the mean efficiency stands at 0.88.
This results in
increases in float above 30% in only three of the 44
non-critical activities.
All remaining non-critical
activities gain one or two days in float.

In the case of overall project duration,
there is a
definite advantage to working during periods of adverse

climatic conditions.
Scenarios A, C, D, and E have overall
project durations of 466, 306, 327, and 296 calendar days,

respectively.
The first advantage is that the contractor
can reduce direct costs by eliminating a caretaker force
during the winter shutdown period.
Though, for the example
project, this equates to only less than one percent of the
direct costs, this could increase substantially for other
projects depending on the severity of the weather and on

the amount of the work in place that must be maintained.
The primary advantage to a shorter project duration is

the reduction in field overhead costs.
As indicated previ-
ously, the example project was estimated to incur field
overhead costs of $117,384.
Field overhead costs for Sce-
narios C, D, and E, in comparison ranged from $74,284 to

$82,651.
costs.
This alone represents a 29-36 percent decrease in

For a fixed-price construction project, this sav-
ings becomes potential profit.
However, as indicated previously, working through
adverse climatic conditions does come without additive

costs.
In Scenario A,
the actual construction project, the
contractor's period of winter shutdown resulted in minimal
27
costs ($2,125) due to caretaker maintenance.

C,
D,
In Scenarios
and E, the cost for a temporary shelter and supple-
mental heating would have cost the contractor an average of

$50,082.
This cost would then have an impact on the
potential profit.
In terms of the potential profit, Scenario A estimates
a profit of $26,020,
or 5.0% of the direct costs.
In com-
parison. Scenario C estimates an anticipated profit of
$19,852 after deducting the cost of weather protection.

This anticipated profit represents only 3.8% of the direct
costs, a decrease from the actual 5%.
Scenario D estimates
an anticipated profit of $9,164, only 1.7% of the estimated
direct costs.
Lastly, Scenario E estimates an anticipated
profit of $23,063, or 4.4% of the estimated direct costs.

It should be noted, however,
that for the purposes of esti-
mating project costs, only those values generated by Scenario C would be considered.
A review of the estimated temper-
atures for the three scenarios indicates that the temperatures used in Scenarios D and E are well outside of the
range of values generated for Scenario C.
A cursory review
of this data would indicate that there is little probabili-
ty that the daily mean temperatures would continuously be
outside of the range of the calculated mean value.
If mean
temperature values were to continuously remain outside of

the expected range, the contractor would then have reason
to claim unusual adverse conditions thereby setting the
stage for damages.
28
In order to test the validity of the procedures,
sensitivity analysis was conducted by, first, varying the

expected mean temperature during the winter protection
period and evaluating the resulting anticipated profit, and

secondly, by varying the length of the winter protection
period and evaluating the resulting profit.

Scenario
C,
In both cases,
the mean temperature case was used.
In the case of varying the expected mean temperature
during the winter protection period, it was anticipated an

increase in the mean temperature would reduce the requirement for heating and therefore reduce winter protection
costs and increase profit.
Temperatures for the months
November through March were increased incrementally using

the average standard error for the months in question.
The
resulting winter protection costs, profit, and mean temperature for the winter protection period were then calculated.
Results are shown below in Table 3-3.
TABLE 3-3.
EXPECTED WINTER PROTECTION COSTS AND PROFIT AS A FUNCTION OF MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE. EXPECTED PROTECTION COSTS
$48,344 $48,227 $48,111 $47,994 $47,878 $47,644 $47,598
AMOUNT OF INCREASE
(F)
EXPECTED PROFIT
$19,858 $19,974 $20,091 $20,207 $20,324 $20,557 $20,604
RESULTANT MEAN TEMPERATURE F
0.00 1.64 3.28 4.92 6.56 9.84 10.50
29 31 33 34 36 39 40
29
The significance of Table 3-3 above is that as hypothesized, an increase in the average mean temperature during
the winter protection period will decrease the winter pro-
tection costs and therefore increase the profit.
However,
of particular note is that once the average mean tempera-
ture is above 40 'F, there is no longer a requirement for
winter protection.
Therefore, winter protection costs

However, once the mean temperature for
would equal zero.
the winter protection period goes below 40 *F, the contrac-
tor can plan on spending a minimum of $47,598.
This cost
would include set up, rental of both shelter and heaters,

dismantling the shelter and minimal fuel costs.
At no time
is this analysis, does the expected profit match or exceed
that of the actual case.
Of major significance is that a
major increase in average mean temperature will produce

little in the way of savings.
Of equal significance is the probability of the average
mean temperature increase to a degree in which winter protection costs can be disregarded.
It should be pointed out
that an increase in mean daily temperatures for the entire
winter protection period are unrealistic just by the nature

of the available temperature data.
Sensitivity analysis was also conducted on the length

of the winter protection period.
In doing this analysis,
it is anticipated that a decrease in the length of the
winter protection period will also decrease the overall winter protection costs and increase expected profit.
In
30
Scenario C, heating and a temporary shelter was provided

from 28 November to 15 March, a total of 107 calendar
days.
Two additional data points were then calculated for
winter protection periods ending 28 February and 31 March.
Results of this analysis are found below in Table 3-4.

TABLE 3-4.
EXPECTED WINTER PROTECTION COSTS AND PROFIT AS A FUNCTION OF DURATION OF WINTER PROTECTION
LENGTH OF WINTER PROTECTION
(CD)
EXPECTED PROTECTION COSTS

$43,381 $48,350 $54,383
EXPECTED PROFIT
$24,821 $19,852 $13,819
93 107 124
As hypothesized, the shorter the winter protection
period, the lower the winter protection costs.
Of signifi-
cance is that the decrease in the winter protection duration brings about a greater degree in reduced costs than
increased mean daily temperatures.
However, as indicated
one reason for de-
in the previous sensitivity analysis,
creasing the winter protection period may be the arrival of
warmer weather.
This would mean that the mean daily temper-
atures would require to be above 40 'F for a period of over

30 days before anticipated increase in order to match the
anticipated profit identified in Scenario
A.
Basing in-
creased savings solely on anticipated temperatures decreasing the length of the winter protection period may be totally unreasonable and expose the contractor to undue risks.
31
Alternatively, the contractor may consider decreasing

the winter protection period by compressing the activities
that fall in that protection period.

be considered.
Two things must then
The first is that if the contractor com-
presses the activities planned to occur during the winter
protection period, will the activities filling the available float also require protection. Overall, this may
result in completion of the entire schedule in a shorter

time period but not reduce the required shelter time.
What
would be expected, however, is that the decrease in the

overall schedule would result in a decrease in overhead
expenses that occur over the entire project duration.
The
second consideration must be given to whether compression

of the schedule will result in additive direct labor and
material costs.
These compression costs would then only
serve to decrease anticipated profit.
32
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION
As can be seen in the previous discussions, there are
distinct advantages in working during anticipated adverse

conditions.
However, there are numerous distinct disadvan-
tages that have not been discussed.

In estimating productivity during periods of adverse
climatic conditions, one can only predict the outcome based

on occurrences to date.
In the previous discussions,
it is
assumed that a contractor would be able to work continuously through periods of adverse climatic conditions based
solely on temperature predictions.
Realistically, however,
one can expect that the contractor will experience occur-
rences of work stoppages and delays in delivery of materials during this same time due to not only unusual tempera-
tures but also due to oncoming weather systems (i.e., snow,

ice, high winds).
For the example project site, the primary difference
between the actual project schedule (Scenario A) and the

schedule based on mean temperature data (Scenario C) represents an decrease in profit of $6,168, or a difference of 1.19% of the actual direct costs.
However, even this de-
crease indicates that it probably will be economically
33
non-advantageous to conduct construction operations twelve

months of the year for this specific project at this specific site.
Other factors must be considered in working during
adverse conditions which would also reduce a contractor's
anticipated profit.
For example, in the case of winter
accident costs, it has been clearly shown that the frequency as well as the severity of accidents is substantially
higher in the winter, and therefore the additional cost of winter accidents must be considered in the overall cost
considerations [8]
Additionally, one must concern them-
selves with the loss of personnel during periods of adverse
weather conditions.
On one hand, if the contractor contin-
ues work through periods of adverse weather, he or she must
also anticipate loss of experienced personnel as a result

of accidents or the employees desire to work under better
conditions.
On the other hand, if the contractor shuts
down during long periods of adverse weather, he or she can

also anticipate loss of personnel prior to start-up due to
the desire to remain employed during that period.
The construction project is essentially an investment

for the contractor from which a certain amount of return or
profit is generated.
Therefore, as a prudent investor, a
contractor would tend to limit bids to low risk projects.

In the case of adverse weather conditions,
the probability
for unforeseen conditions is high.
Unless the contractor
anticipates these unforeseen conditions and plans and docu-
34
ments accordingly, there is little chance for the contractor to recover from damages [9],
In the case of the example project, only proper plan-
ning and documentation during the construction project
would result in a successful execution of the project.

This prior planning would require estimations of weather
conditions similar to what has been done in this report.

Then the contractor would be required to document the actual occurrences and note the differences.
Without this
information, the contractor would have no basis to recover
damages
Without proper planning and documentation, the contractor is only subjecting himself to high risks if pursuing
work during periods of adverse weather conditions.
If this
were determined to be the case with the actual execution of

the example project,
it is only logical that the contractor
would choose to utilize a winter shutdown period.

In conclusion, this report presents one procedure for
estimating productivity based on temperature and humidity

and traces the impact that these conditions have on scheduling and cost.
In addition,
this report provides some of
the analysis required in making a decision as to whether or
not a contractor should work during periods of adverse
climatic conditions.
While these analyses may be prelimi-
nary in nature, it is suggested that they may be sufficient
enough to evaluate risks when initially bidding on projects.
With this in mind, if the alternative of working
35
through adverse weather conditions is selected, further
refinement of these estimates, together with constant
monitoring and adjustment, will be necessary to ensure

successful execution of the project and attainment of one's
profit objectives.
36
APPENDIX A
DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMPLE PROJECT
The Marine Corps Mountain Warfare Training Center
(MWTC), Pickel Meadows,
is located on a portion of the
Toiyabe National Forest in a region defined by the Sierra
Nevada Mountains to the west, the Sweetwater Mountains to

the northeast. Mono Lake to the southeast, and Lake Tahoe
to the north.
It is in northwestern Mono County, Califor-
nia, approximately 20 miles northwest of Bridgeport, the
county seat, and 17 miles southwest of Walker.
Both towns
are located on the major north-south access through the

region. Interstate 395.
Between Walker and Bridgeport,
California, Highway 108 intersects with Interstate 395, and

the Center is four miles west along the east-west route to
the Sonora Pass, one of the few passes through the moun-
tains
The climate of the region varies considerably with
elevation, which ranges from 4,400 feet to 12,512 feet
above sea level.
The yearly average temperature in the
Bridgeport area is 25 'F minimum and 61 *F maximum, with the

lowest temperature recorded approximately -31 *F in January
and the highest temperature recorded approximately 96 *F in

August.
The Pickel Meadows base camp represents subalpine
conditions with an average annual precipitation
37
of 20 to 40 inches occurring from midwinter through late
spring.
May.
Snow can remain on the ground from December until
The 45,635 acres of land that compromise the Center

are rugged and and contain steep slopes ranging between 15
to 50 percent.
The topography generally slopes from west
to east with the highest peaks forming the western boundary
of the training area and the lowest elevations along State
Highway 108 and the West Walker River.
The base camp has a
total of 420 acres and has an elevation of 6,760 feet over-
looking the West Walker River floodplain.

The Fire Station project was one of a nine-project,
$20 million military construction program started in 1983.
This program replaced all "temporary" structures constructed in 1952.
Construction of the fire station commenced in
September 1984 and was completed in December 1985 [10].

The project itself was to construct a two story building of approximately 4,800 square feet for fire station
type use.
The facility included an apparatus room, a dormi-
tory, a living/dining area, an alarm/reception area, and
administrative areas.
Foundations were constructed using
spread footings and columns with concrete block foundation

walls.
Interior and exterior walls were mostly concrete
block with gypsum board on metal studs being used in limited areas.
Interior supports were steel beams and purlins.

6
The lower level floor consisted of a
inch concrete slab
reinforced with wire mesh on a
inch base.
The upper
38
level floor consisted of a 3-1/4 inch concrete slab rein-
forced with wire mesh on a
inch steel deck.
Roofing
consisted of a standing seam metal roof on a structural

steel deck.
Doors consisted of hollow metal and wood in
hollow metal frames. Windows consisted of steel frames with

tinted insulated glass.
Interior finishes consisted of a
combination of exposed concrete floors, painted walls,

exposed ceilings, vinyl asbestos tile floor coverings, and acoustical tile ceilings.
The mechanical system consisted
of a forced area heating system and the building was fully
fire sprinkled.
As seen in Table A-1 (Page 40), List of Activities,
the contractor utilized a total of 69 activities.
Table
A-2 (Page 41), Example Project CPM Network Based on Contrac-
tor's Actual Schedule (Listed by Activity Number, Ascending

Order)
,
indicates that the actual contract was performed

Of particular note in
over a period of 463 calendar days.
this network is Activity 4, Winter Shutdown, where the
contractor terminated all construction operations (other

than caretaker maintenance) for a period of 177 calendar
days.
Of additional note are the temperatures that could

As indicated in Appendix E (Page 67),
have been expected.
mean minimum monthly temperatures for this period ranged

from 8-21
*F.
Mean maximum monthly temperatures ranged
from 42-66 *F.

25-43 'F.
Mean mean monthly temperatures ranged from
39
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Based on the contractor's Schedule of Prices, pricing

data obtained from Defense Contract Audit Agency (DCAA)
audits, and a base bid of $721,055, direct costs (labor and
material) equalled $520,406, field overhead costs totaled

$117,384, home office overhead costs totaled $57,245, and
leaving $26,020 attributable to profit.
It is noted that
as determined by the DCAA audits, home office overhead was
estimated based on an estimated eleven percent of direct

costs.
Therefore, in the analyses done in this report, it
is assumed that direct costs remain constant throughout the
comparisons.
Only the duration over which the expenditures

Therefore, all costs comparisons are
are incurred change.
performed with no consideration given to home overhead

costs only for the purpose of simplifying the comparisons.
43
APPENDIX B
USE OF LOTUS 1-2-3 FOR CPM NETWORK CALCULATIONS
As indicated previously in Chapter III, the contrac-
tor's actual schedule was duplicated on a Lotus 1-2-3
spreadsheet in order that impact on activity duration and

slippage of activities could be evaluated instantaneously.
The spreadsheet critical path network utilizes basic
formulas found in any network analysis formulas are as follows:
.[ 11
These basic
Early Start
ES
the earliest time that an activity can start ES + Duration

=
Early Finish
Late Finish Late Start
= =
EF LF
LS
= =
ES
the latest time that an activity can finish

LF - D
= =
Float
LS - ES
In addition, basic calculations indicate that when
Float
0,
then the activity is considered critical.
Information on the spreadsheet used for the CPM

network occupied the following ranges of columns and rows:
1)
Duration for Activities 1-36 Duration for Activities 37-69

Rows 48-83
Columns C, Rows 6-41
2)
Columns C,
44
3)
Early Start Dates for Activities 1-36

Rows 6-41
Columns G,
4)
Early Start Dates for Activities 37-69

Rows 48-83
Columns G,
5)
Late Start Dates for Activities 1-36 Rows 6-41
Column H,
6)
Late Start Dates for Activities 37-69
Column H,
Rows 48-83
7)
Early Finish Dates for Activities 1-36

Rows 6-41
Column
I,
8)
Early Finish Dates for Activities 37-69

Rows 48-83
Column
I,
9)
Late Finish Dates for Activities 1-36
Column
J,
Rows 6-41
10)
Late Finish Dates for Activities 37-69 Rows 48-83
Column J,
11) 12) 13)
Float for Activities 1-36 Float for Activities 37-69
Column K, Rows 6-41 Column K, Rows 48-83

-
Critical Activity Flag for Activities 1-36
Column L, Rows 6-41

14)
Critical Activity Flag for Activities 37-69
Column L, Rows 48-83

Therefore, combining basic network calculations and
the column/row notation used in Lotus 1-2-3, network
calculations for the example project as they would be found

on the spreadsheet are as follows:
45
1)
Early Start/Early Finish Cell Formula
Act
No.
1
Early Start Cell Descrptn

G6 G7 G8 G9 GIO Gil G12 G13 G14 G15 G16 G17 G18 G19
Early Start Formula/Value Used in Cell

DATE (84,
+ 16
Early Finish Cell Descrptn

16 17 18 19
Early Finish Formula/ Value Used in Cell

+G6+E6 +G7+E7 +G8+E8 +G9+E9 +G10+E10 +G11+E11 +G12+E12 +G13+E13 +G14+E14 +G15+E15 +G16+E16 +G17+E17 +G18+E18 +G19+E19
9, 4)
2 3 4 5 6 7
+ 17 + 18 + 19 + 110 + 110
8 9
MAX(I11,I12) MAX (11 1,1 12)

+ 112 + 112 + 115 + 115
10
11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19
G20
G21 G22 G23 G24 G25 G26 G27 G28 G29 G30 G31 G32 G33 G34 G35 G36
eMAX(I13,I14, 116,117) @MAX(I13,I14, 116,117) MAX(I18,I19, 120) @MAX(I18,I19, 120) MAX(I18,I19, 120)
+ 122 + 121 + 121 + 121
110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136
+G20+E20
+G21+E21 +G22+E22 +G23+E23 +G24+E24 +G25+E25 +G26+E26 +G27+E27 +G28+E28 +G29+E29 +G30+E30 +G31+E31 +G32+E32 +G33+E33 +G34+E34 +G35+E35 +G36+E36
20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
MAX(I23,I24, 125) MAX(I23,I24, 125) MAX(I23,I24, 125) MAX(I26,I28)

+ 130
MAX(I31,I32)
+ 133 + 133
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
G37
MAX(I27,I29, 134,135) @MAX(I27,I29, 134,135)

+ 136
+ 136 + 136 + 136 + 136 + 136 + 136 + 136
137
+G37+E37
038 G39 G40 G41 G48 G49 G50 G51 G52 G53 G54
+ 136
MAX(I37,I38) @MAX(I37,I38)
46
138 139 140 141 148 149 150 151 152 153 154
+G38+E38 +G39+E39 +G40+E40 +G41+E41 +G48+E48 +G49+E49 +G50+E50 +G51+E51 +G52+E52 +G53+E53 +G54+E54
Act
No.
44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
Early Start Cell Descrptn

G55 G56 G57 058 G59 G60 G61 G62 G63 G64 G65 066 067
Early Start Formula/Value Used in Cell

+ 139 + 139 + 139
Early Finish Cell DescrDtn

155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167
Early Finish Formula/Value Used in Cell

+055+E55 +G56+E56 +G57+E57 +G58+E58 +G59+E59 +G60+E60 +G61+E61 +G62+E62 +G63+E63 +G64+E64 +065+E65 +G66+E66 +G67+E67
MAX( (155,156,157) + 154 + 159 + 153 + 153 + 153 + 153 + 161 + 161
MAX(I40,I41,I48
149,165) MAX( (140.
165)
.
G68 069
.149,
.149, .149,
168
169 170
171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179
+068+E68
+069+E69 +O70+E70
+G71+E71 +072+E72 +G73+E73 +074+E74 +075+E75 +076+E76 +077+E77 +G78+E78 +079+E79
58
59
eMAX((I40.
165)
G70
071 072 073 074 075 076 077 078 079
eMAX( (140.
165)
60
61
62 63 64 65 66 67 68
MAX(I63,I66,I67) MAX(I63,I66,I67) MAX(I63,I66,I67) MAX(I63,I66,I67) @MAX(I63,I66,I67) MAX(I63,I66,I67) @MAX(I63,I66,I67) MAX(I63,I66,I67) @MAX(I50. .152,158, 160,162. .164,
168. .178)
+ 179
69
2)
083
183
+083+E83
Late Start/Late Finish Cell Formula Late Start Cell Descrptn

H6 H7 H8 H9 HIO Hll H12 H13 H14
Act
No.
1
Late Start Formula/ Value Used in Cell

+J6-E6 +J7-E7 +J8-E8 +J9-E9 +J10-E10 +J11-E11 +J12-E12 +J13-E13 +J14-E14
47
Late Finish Cell Descrptn

J6 J7 J8 J9 JIO Jll J12 J13 J14
Late Finish Formula/ Value Used in Cell

+H7 +H8 +H9
2 3 4 5 6 7
MIN(H10
+ H12
Hll)
8 9
MIN(H13 MIN(H13 MIN(H19 MIN(H19.
.H14) .H16) .H20) .H20)
Act
No.
10
11
Late Start Cell Descrptn

H15 H16 H17 H18 H19 H20 H21 H22 H23 H24 H25 H26 H27 H28 H29 H30 H31 H32 H33 H34 H35 H36
Late Start Formula/Value Used in Cell

J15 J16 J17 J18 J19 J20 J21 J22 J23 J24 J25 J26 J27 J28 J29 J30 J31 J32 J33 J34 J35 J36 J37 J38 J39 J40 J41 J48 J49 J50 J51 J52 J53 J54 J55 J56 J57 J58 J59 J60 J61 J62 J63 J64 J65 J66 J67 J68
Late Finish Formula/ Value Used in Cell
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31
+J15-E15 +J16-E16 +J17-E17 +J18-E18 +J19-E19 +J20-E20 +J21-E21 +J22-E22 +J23-E23 +J24-E24 +J25-E25 +J26-E26 +J27-E27 +J28-E28 +J29-E29 +J30-E30 +J31-E31 +J32-E32 +J33-E33 +J34-E34 +J35-E35 +J36-E36 +J37-E37 +J38-E38 +J39-E39 +J40-E40 +J41-E41 +J48-E48 +J49-E49 +J50-E50 +J51-E51 +J52-E52 +J53-E53 +J54-E54 +J55-E55 +J56-E56 +J57-E57 +J58-E58 +J59-E59 +J60-E60 +J61-E61 +J62-E62 +J63-E63 +J64-E64 +J65-E65 +J66-E66 +J67-E67 +J68-E68
48
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
H37 H38 H39 H40 H41 H48 H49 H50 H51 H52 H53 H54 H55 H56 H57 H58 H59 H60 H61 H62 H63 H64 H65 H66 H67 H68
.H35) .H37) .H37) .H41, H48. .H52) MIN(H53. .H54) MIN(H53. .H54) @MIN(H55. .H57) MIN(H67. .H70) MIN(H67. .H70) MIN(H67. .H70) @MIN(H67. .H70)
@MIN<H17. MIN(H19. eMIN(H19. @MIN(H21. MIN(H21. MIN(H21. MIN(H25. +H24 MIN(H28. @MIN(H28. @MIN(H28. +H31 MIN(H36. +H31 MIN(H36. +H32 +H33 +H33 @MIN(H34. eMIN(H36. MIN(H36. @MIN(H38.
.H18) .H20) .H20) .H23) .H23) .H23) .H27)

.H30) .H30) .H30) .H37)
.H37)
+H79 +H79 +H79 MIN(H61. +H59 +H58 +H58 +H58 +H79 +H60 +H79 MIN(H65. +H79 +H79 + H79 MIN(H67. MIN(H71. @MIN(H71. +H79
.H64)
.H66)
.H70) .H78) .H78)
Act
No.
58 59
Late Start Cell Descrptn

H69 H70 H71 H72 H73 H74 H75 H76 H77 H78 H79 H83
Late Start Formula/ Value Used in Cell

J69 J70 J71 J72 J73 J74 J75 J76 J77 J78 J79 J83
Late Finish Formula/Value Used in Cell

+H79 +H79 +H79 +H79 +H79 +H79 +H79 +H79 +H79 +H79 +H83 + 183
60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69
+J69-E69 +J70-E70 +J71-E71 +J72-E72 +J73-E73 +J74-E74 +J75-E75 +J76-E76 +J77-E77 +J78-E78 +J79-E79 +J83-E83
3)Float Cell Formula

Act
No.
1
Float Cell Descrptn

K6 K7 K8 E9 KIO Kll K12 K13 K14 K15 K16 K17 K18 K19 K20 K21 K22 K23 K24 K25 K26 K27 K28 K29 K30 K31 K32 K33 K34 K35
Float Formula Used in Cell

@IF( H6-G6=0,"
",II6-G6)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10
11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
'
eiF (H7-G6=0," ",II6-G6) IF(,H8-G6=0," " ,1I6-G6) @IF [H9-G6=0," 'M16-G6) IFI H10-G10=0," ,H10-G10) IFI[H11-G11=0," ',H11-G11) IF('H12-G12=0," ',H12-G12) IFI[H13-G13=0," ',H13-G13) IF( H14-G14=0," ,H14-G14) @IFI[H15-G15=0," ',H15-G15) IF(,H16-G16=0," ,H16-G16) IFI[H17-G17=0," ',H17-G17) IF( H18-G18=0," ,H18-G18) IF [H19-G19=0," ',H19-G19) IFI H20-G20=0," ,H20-G20) IFI[H21-G21=0," ',H21-G21) IF( H22-G22=0," ',H22-G22) eiF (H23-G23=0," ',H23-G23) IF( H24-G24=0," ',H24-G24) IF [H25-G25=0," ',H25-G25) IF( H26-G26=0," ',H26-G26) IF (H27-G27=0," ',H27-G27) @IF( H28-G28=0," ',H28-G28) IF (H29-G29=0," ',H29-G29) IF('H30-G30=0," ',H30-G30) IF (H31-G31=0," ,H31-G31) IFI H32-G32=0," ,H32-G32) IF (H33-G33=0," ',H33-G33) IF< H34-G34=0," ',H34-G34) IF [H35-G35=0," ',H35-G35)
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
49
Act
No.
31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Float Cell Descrptn

K36 K37 K38 K39 K40 K41 K48 K49 K50 K51 K52 K53 K54 K55 K56 K57 K58 K59 K60 K61 K62 K63 K64 K65 K66 K67 K68 K69 K70 K71 K72 K73 K74 K75 K76 K77 K78 K79 K83
Float Formula Used in Cell
38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52
53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69
4)
eiF (H36- G36: @IF (H37- G37: eiF (H38- -G38: @IF (H39- 039: IF (H40- G40: IF (H41- G41: @IF (H48- G48: IF (H49- G49: IF (H50- G50: IF (H51- G51: @IF (H52- G52: IF (H53- G53: @IF (H54- G54: IF (H55- G55: IF (H56- G56: IF (H57- G57: IF (H58- G58: IF (H59- G59: IF (H60- G60: IF (H61- G61: IF (H62- G62: IF (H63- G63: @IF (H64- G64: IF (H65- G65: IF (H66- G66: IF (H67- G67: IF {H68- G68: IF (H69- G69: IF (H70- G70: IF (H71- G71: IF (H72- G72: IF (H73- G73: IF (H74- G74: IF (H75- G75: IF (H76- G76: IF (H77- G77: IF (H78- G78: IF (H79- G79 = IF (H83- G83:
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,H36- G36 ,H37- G37 ,H38- -G38 ,H39- G39 ,H40- G40 ,H41- G41 ,H48- G48 ,H49- G49 ,H50- G50 ,H51- G51 ,H52- G52 ,H53- G53 ,H54- G54 ,H55- G55 ,H56- G56 ,H57- G57 ,H58- G58 ,H59- G59 ,H60- G60 ,H61- G61 ,H62- G62 ,H63- G6 3 ,H64- G64 ,H65- G65 ,H66- G66 ,H67- G67 ,H68- G68 ,H69- G69 ,H70- G70 ,H71- G71 ,H72- G72 ,H73- G73 ,H74- G74 ,H75- G75 ,H76- G76 ,H77- G77 ,H78- G78 ,H79- G79 ,H83- G83
Critical Activity Flag Cell Formula

Crit Fig Cell Descrptn
L6 L7 LB L9
Act
No.
1
Critical Activity Flag Formula Used in Cell
2 3
IF(H6-G6=0," -- C IF(H7-G6=0," -- C IF(H8-G6=0," C IF(H9-G6=0," C
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50
Act
No.
5 6 7
Crit Fig Cell Descrptn

LIO Lll L12 L13 L14 L15 L16 L17 L18 L19 L20 L21 L22 L23 L24 L25 L26 L27 L28 L29 L30 L31 L32 L33 L34 L35 L36 L37 L38 ^L39 L40 L41 L48 L49 L50 L51 L52 L53 L54 L55 L56 L57 L58 L59 L60 L61 L62 L63 L64 L65
Critical Activity Flag Formu la Used Ln Cell

.
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51
52 53 54
IF(H10-G10=0 IF(H11-G11=0 IF(H12-G12=0 IF(H13-G13=0 IF(H14-G14=0 IF(H15-G15=0 eiF(H16-G16=0 @IF(H17-G17=0 IF(H18-G18=0 IF(H19-G19=0, IF(H20-G20=0 9IF(H21-G21=0, IF(H22-G22=0 IF(H23-G23=0, IF(H24-G24=0 IF(H25-G25=0, eiF(H26-G26=0 IF(H27-G27=0, IF(H28-G28=0 IF(H29-G29=0, IF(H30-G30=0, IF(H31-G31=0, IF(H32-G32=0, IF(H33-G33=0, IF(H34-G34=0 IF(H35-G35=0, IF(H36-G36=0, IF(H37-G37=0, IF(H38-G38=0 IF(H39-G39=0, IF(H40-G40=0, IF(H41-G41=0, @IF(H48-G48=0, IF(H49-G49=0, IF(H50-G50=0, IF(H51-G51=0, IF(H52-G52=0, @IF(H53-G53=0, IF(H54-G54=0, IF(H55-G55=0, eiF(H56-G56=0, IF(H57-G57=0, @IF(H58-G58=0, IF(H59-G59=0, IF(H60-G60=0, IF(H61-G61=0, IF(H62-G62=0, IF(H63-G63=0, IF(H64-G64=0, IF(H65-G65=0,
51
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Act
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55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69
Crt Fig Cell Descrptn

L66 L67 L68 L69 L70 L71 L72 L73 L74 L75 L76 L77 L78 L79 L83
Critical Activity Flag Formula Used in Cell
eiF(H66-G66=0," @IF(H67-G67=0," IF(H68-G68=0," IF{H69-G69=0," IF(H70-G70=0," IF(H71-G71=0," IF(H72-G72=0," IF(H73-G73=0," IF(H74-G74=0," IF(H75-G75=0," IF(H76-G76=0," IF{H77-G77=0," IF(H78-G78=0," IF{H79-G79=0," @IF(H83-G83=0,"
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52
APPENDIX C
DEVELOPMENT OF SCENARIOS
C,
D,
& E
As indicated in Appendix B (Page 44), the contractor's
actual schedule was simulated on a Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet

in order that different scenarios involving activity dura-
tion changes could be instantaneously monitored during the

process. For the sake of continuity within this Appendix,
Table C-1 shows the contractors actual schedule in the

Lotus format.
With the basic (actual) schedule in place, it was then
decided to develop the ideal case.
This case. Scenario B,
assumed that all durations indicated on the actual schedule

were at an ideal productivity efficiency of 100 per cent.
In addition,
it was assumed that winter shutdown would be
of no consequence in the ideal case resulting in the respec-
tive activity duration to be reduced to zero.

in Chapter 3,
As indicated
total project time is reduced to 289 calendar
days.
The CPM network for Scenario B follows as Table C-2
(Page 57)
With an ideal schedule assumed to be independent of
temperature influences, it was then decided to create an
expected mean, worst, and best case scenario to identify

trends and impact.
Scenario C, based on mean climatic
conditions, was created by using the calculated productiv-
53
ity efficiencies indicated in Table 2-3 (Page 14) to modify the ideal case in Scenario B.
This resulted in a total

The CPM network for
project duration of 306 calendar days.
Scenario C follows as Table C-3 (Page 59).

As seen in Table C-4 (Page 61), Scenario D, based on
temperatures ten (10) degrees below the calculated monthly

mean temperatures, total project duration was calculated as
327 calendar days.
Lastly, as seen in Table C-5 (Page 63), Scenario E,
based on temperatures ten (10) degrees above the calculated
monthly mean temperatures, total project duration was calculated as 296 calendar days.
54
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64
APPENDIX D
METHOD FOR DERIVING PRODUCTIVITY AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY
For the purpose of this report, efficiencies in produc-
tivity were solely based on the non-linear equations derived by E. Koehn and G. Brown [12].
In deriving these
productivity efficiencies, the authors employed historical

data for various activities and crafts encompassing a total
of 172 data points.
From this data, two nonlinear relation.
ships, shown below as Eqs
and
2,
were derived relating

-
productivity with temperature and relative humidity
one
for cold or cool weather, and another for warm or hot weather.
Eq.
is applicable from -20 *F to 50 'F and Eq.
from
70*F to 120'F.
Pc
0.0144T
-
0.00313H
+
O.OOOIOTT^
0.000029H2
(1)
0.0000357TH
-I-
0.647
-
Pw = 0.0517T
-
0.0173H
-
0.00032T*
0.0000985H2
(2)
0.0000911TH
1.459
where
Pc
= =
productivity factor for cool or cold weather; productivity factor for warm or hot weather;
=
Pw T
temperature in degrees Fahrenheit;

relative humidity as a percent.
and
65
In order to represent the productivity as a percent of
standard efficient operations, Eqs
and
were then nor-
malized as a function of their respective maximum values.

Also, to obtain a smooth transition between the two curves,
productivity at 60 *F and 70 *F was arbitrarily taken as

unity.
Applying the aforementioned expressions, the au-
thors developed Table 2-1 which illustrates the resulting
relationships between productivity and temperature for

various relative humidities.
These relationships are graph-
ically illustrated by way of Figure 2-1 found in the text.

For the example project, each month was individually
calculated to derive the productivity efficiency for the

specific month and site.
Again, calculations were made
using a Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet.

For each month, values of Pc were calculated for
each temperature between absolute minimum temperature and
50 'F.
These values were then normalized by dividing each

The
efficiency value by the maximum value in the series.
appropriate efficiency value was then selected based on the
calculated mean monthly temperature.

Procedures for calculating values of Pw are the same
with the exception that values were calculated for each
temperature between 70
temperature
'F
and the absolute maximum maximum
66
APPENDIX E
CALCULATION OF AVERAGE MONTHLY TEMPERATURES USING THE SIMPLE AVERAGE METHOD
For the purpose of this report, the Simple Average
Method was used to estimate average monthly temperatures

based on the available data over a twenty year period. Procedures used were as follows:
1)
Calculate the mean (using the arithmetic mean)
daily mean temperature for each day of the month in question.

2)
Assuming a straight line trend, calculate the linThe least squares line
ear trend occurring for each month.
for a given series is obtained by using a set of normal
equations. These equations are derived mathematically [13]

but for working purposes they may be obtained by
multiplying the type equation through by the coefficients

of each unknown (a and b)
.
In this case, the type
equation, which is for a straight line, is

Y
=
a + bX
where
a = the Y-intercept
= =
=
slope of the given line

X coordinate
X
Y
corresponding Y coordinate
67
The coefficient of the first unknown (a) is
1.
Therefore,
multiplying the type equation through by

Y
=
we have
a + bX
The formula must be summed up for all points. The summation results in
L(Y) = Ea + bE(X) But, the sum of a equals the number of items times the
constant
Ea
=
Na
Therefore
(I)
S(Y)
Na
b S(X)
The coefficient of the second unknown (b) is X.
Multiplying the type equation through by X we obtain

XY
This sums up to
(II)
=
aX + bX
S(XY)
aS(X) + bE(X*)
By the use of these two equations the values of the two
unknowns can be determined and the trend fitted.

As an example of the above equations,
information for
the Table E-4 (Page 74) will be used to demonstrate trend
calculations.
obtained:
EX
From Table E-4, the following information is
406
EY
=814.4
= =
EXY
EX*
12013.75
7714
68
Combining with equations

obtained:
(I)
and II above the following is
814.40
12013.75
= =
29a +
406b
(II)
406a
7714b
(II)
12013.73 11402.38
=
=
406a 406a
+
-t-
7714b
5684b
(I x
(III)
(IV)
14)
611.35
b
=
=
2030b
(II - III)
0.30116
3)
Adjust the mean daily mean temperatures for

Each of the averages just computed would then be
If the trend
trend.
distorted by the secular trend of the data.

is upward,
the adjusted mean daily mean temperature at the
end of the month would be higher than it should be in
relation to the rest of the days since it occurs later

along the trend line.
The increase per month due to trend was determined by
fitting a least squares line to the monthly figures and
dividing the b value (slope) by the number of days in the

month.
The resulting value represented the amount each
daily average is distorted by the trend as compared to the

previous day.
This trend adjustment was completed for each
month resulting in the listing of average temperatures for

the month as seen at the end of this section.
4)
With these monthly values established, it was then
decided that the temperatures would also require adjustment

as the monthly average would also be distorted by the trend
69
as compared to the previous month.
Therefore Steps
and
were repeated using the monthly values.

these calculations follows.
The results of
With a line of regression used to estimate a theoretical value of Y for a given value of X, if the relationship
is not perfect the actual values will not usually coincide
with the theoretical values because of scatter.
If the
scatter is definitely measured the variation may then be
allowed for.
For this purpose the standard error of esti-
mate was used to measure the variation or scatter about the

line of regression.
This standard error of estimate is
used similarly to the standard deviation.

Tables E-1 through E-37 utilize the above noted pro-
cedures and provide data for the months of January throuh

December.
This data provides the basis for the productiv-
ity efficiency estimates listed in Table 2-3 (Page 14).
70
TABLE E-1.
JANUARY TEMPERATURE STATISTICS TREND Y' CORRECTN

23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27
Y
18 19 21 21 23 22
XY
0.00 18.63 41.60 62.55 92.20 110.13 137.55 177.10 204.00 217.35 257.75 303.05 328.50 363.03 394.45 439.13 433.20 471.75 508.95 514.43 558.50 549.68 548.35 604.33 620.40 704.90 670.15 645.30 661.50 664.83 666.00
X2
CORRECTD DAILY MEAN

18 19 21 21 23 22 23 25 25 24 26 28 27 28 28 29 27 28 28 27 28 26 25 26 26 28 26 24 24 23 22
2 3 4 5 6 7
4 9
16
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20
21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
23 25 26 24 26 28 27 28 28 29 27 28 28 27 28 26 25 26 26 28 26 24 24 23 22
25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196
225 256 289 324 361 400 441 484 529 576 625 676 729 784 841 900
0.0000 -0.0044 -0.0088 -0.0132 -0.0176 -0.0220 -0.0264 -0.0308 -0.0352 -0.0396 -0.0440 -0.0484 -0.0528 -0.0572 -0.0616 -0.0660 -0.0704 -0.0748 -0.0792 -0.0836 -0.0880 -0.0924 -0.0968
-0. 1012
-0.1056 -0.1100 -0.1144 -0.1188 -0.1232 -0.1276 -0.1320
465 775.4 11969.25
9455
0.,1363
TRENDLI NE SLOPE (b)
MON AVG TEMP:
25.02
MON AVG TEMP; CORRECTED

(
24.95
2.59
STANDARD ERROR ABSOLUTE MIN MIN TEMPERATURE; MEAN MIN TEMPERATURE;

MEAN MAX TEMPERATURE: ABSOLUTE MAX MAX TEMPERATURE
-31
8
42 68
71
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73
TABLE E-4
FEBRUARY TEMPERATURE STATISTICS

TREND CORRECTN
0.0000 -0.0104 -0.0208 -0.0312 -0.0415 -0.0519 -0.0623 -0.0727 -0.0831 -0.0935 -0.1038 -0.1142 -0.1246 -0.1350 -0.1454 -0.1558 -0.1662 -0.1765 -0.1869 -0.1973 -0.2077 -0.2181 -0.2285 -0.2389 -0.2492 -0.2596 -0.2700 -0.2804 -0.2908
Y
23 22 24 26 27 27 24 27 28 27 25 29 28 28 30 27 27 29 32 28 27 30 30 31 30 31 32 33 35
X*Y
0.00 21.98 47.20 78.00 106.70 134.63 146.55 186.20 227.00 246.60 250.25 315.98 339.30 364.00 413.74 412.13 430.40 500.65 568.35 522.98 539.00 620.55 649.00 702.08 730.80 767.50 821.60 885.00 985.60
X2
y
24 24 24 25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 28 28 28 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 32
CORRECTD DAILY MEAN

23 22 24 26 27 27 24 27 28 27 25 29 28 28 29 27 27 29 31 27 27 29 29 30 30 30 31 32 35
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 9
16
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19
25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
225 256 289 324 361 400 441 484 529 576 625 676 729 784
406 814.4 12013.73
7714
TRENDLINE SLOPE
MON AVG TEMP;
(b)
0.3011
28.08
MON AVG TEMP: (CORRECTED)
27.94
1.47
STANDARD ERROR:
ABSOLUTE MIN MIN TEMPERATURE: MEAN MIN TEMPERATURE:

MEAN MAX TEMPERATURE: ABSOLUTE MAX MAX TEMPERATURE:
-29
10
46 71
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TABLE E-7.
MARCH TEMPERATURE STATISTICS
X*Y
32 29 29 29 30 32 33 33 33 34 33 34 34 32 32 35 34 35 34 34 36 35 36 34 34 33 35 33 34 36 35
CORRECTED TREND DAILY Y* CORRECTN MEAN

31 31 31 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 33 33 33 33 33 33 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 36
2 3 4 5 6 7
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0.00 29.18 57.47 86.61 121.47 161.84 200.53 231.55 266.95 306.95 328.68 375.16 408.63 413.26 445.05 519.47 548.21 594.55 608.21 649.50 727.37 741.63 798.72 782.61 816.67 812.50 904.53 898.82 950.53 1047.82 1049.17
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0.0000 -0.0049 -0.0097 -0.0146 -0.0195 -0.0244 -0.0292 -0.0341 -0.0390 -0.0438 -0.0487 -0.0536 -0.0585 -0.0633 -0.0682 -0.0731 -0.0780 -0.0828 -0.0877 -0.0926 -0.0974 -0.1023 -0.1072 -0.1121 -0.1169 -0.1218 -0.1267 -0.1315 -0.1364 -0.1413 -0.1462
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MON AVG TEMP:
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MON AVG TEMP CORRECTED

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STANDARD ERROR
ABSOLUTE MIN MIN TEMPERATURE; MEAN MIN TEMPERATURE:

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79
TABLE E-10.
APRIL TEMPERATURE STATISTICS
Y
36 35 35 37 39 38 36 39 40 40 39 39 39 40 39 39 38 38 36 38 38 40 41 41 39 39 38 40 41 42
X*Y
0.00 34.95 69.75 110.55 155.90 191.75 218.10 273.55 316.20 355.73 390.25 432.30 462.00 514.80 550.55 579.38 612.00 639.20 653.85 720.10 750.00 830.03 892.10 931.50 928.20 973.75 999.70 1090.13 1155.70 1207.85
CORRECTD TREND DAILY Y' CORRECTN MEAN

37 37 37 37 37 37 37
2 3
4 9
4
5
6 7 8 9
10
11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19
16 25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
225 256 289 324 361 400 441 484 529 576 625 676 729 784 841
38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
0.0000 -0.0041 -0.0083 -0.0124 -0.0165 -0.0207 -0.0248 -0.0290 -0.0331 -0.0372 -0.0414 -0.0455 -0.0496 -0.0538 -0.0579 -0.0620 -0.0662 -0.0703 -0.0744 -0.0786 -0.0827 -0.0869 -0.0910 -0.0951 -0.0993 -0.1034 -0.1075 -0.1117 -0.1158 -0.1199
36 35 35 37 39 38 36 39 39 39 39 39 38 40 39 39 38 38 36 38 37 39
40 40 39 39 38 40
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8555
TRENDLINE SLOPE (b)

MON AVG TEMP:
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0.1240
MON AVG TEMP: CORRECTED

(
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ABSOLUTE MIN MIN TEMPERATURE MEAN MIN TEMPERATURE:

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82
TABLE E-13.
MAY TEMPERATURE STATISTICS
X*Y
44 45 45 44 44 43 43 44 45 45 44 46 47 48 47 48 47 48 50 49 50
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43 43 44 44 44 44 45 45 45 46 46 46 47 47 47 48 48 48 48 49 49 49 50 50 50 51 51 51 52 52 52
CORRECTD TREND DAILY CORRECTN MEAN

0.0000 -0.0100 -0.0200 -0.0300 -0.0401 -0.0501 -0.0601 -0.0701 -0.0801 -0.0901 -0.1001 -0.1102 -0.1202 -0.1302 -0.1402 -0.1502 -0.1602 -0.1702 -0.1803 -0.1903 -0.2003 -0.2103 -0.2203 -0.2303 -0.2403 -0.2504 -0.2604 -0.2704 -0.2804 -0.2904 -0.3004
44 45 45 44 44 43 43 44 45 45 44 46 47 48 47 47 47 48 49 49 50 50 50 49 50 51 52 51 52 51 50
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0.00 45.05 89.70 131.55 175.47 217.25 257.05 310.21 362.11 401.85 443.50 504.26 565.20 622.05 661.50 712.50 753.60 813.45 891.00 938.50 998.95 1060.50 1104.40 1129.30 1215.00 1286.18 1349.40 1382.68 1458.10 1478.28 1523.25
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225 256 289 324 361 400 441 484 529 576 625 676 729 784 841 900
465
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TRENDLINE SLOPE (b):

MON AVG TEMP:
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0.3104

(
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0.91
STANDARD ERROR:
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85
TABLE E-16.
JUNE TEMPERATURE STATISTICS
Y
51 51 52 53 54 55 54 53 53 53 53 54
X*Y
0.00 51.10 103.79 157.74 214.74 273.68 321.47 368.97 423.16 479.03 531.25 594.00 650.70 708.83 766.85 839.25 908.00 949.88 1011.60 1085.38 1156.50 1203.83 1268.85 1320.78 1378.20 1450.63 1535.30 1586.25 1629.60 1681.28
xa
CORRECTD TREND DAILY MEAN Y' CORRECTN

51 52 52 52 53 53 53 53 54
2
3
4 9
4 5 6 7 8 9
16
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
54 55 55 56 57 56 56 57 58 57 58 57 57 58 59 59 58 58
25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196 225 256 289 324 361 400 441
484 529 576 625 676 729 784 841
54 54 54 55 55 55 55 56 56 56 56 57 57 57 58 58 58 58 59 59 59
0.0000 -0.0088 -0.0175 -0.0263 -0.0351 -0.0438 -0.0526 -0.0614 -0.0701 -0.0789 -0.0877 -0.0964 -0.1052 -0.1140 -0.1228 -0.1315 -0.1403 -0.1491 -0.1578 -0.1666 -0.1754 -0.1841 -0.1929 -0.2017 -0.2104 -0.2192 -0.2280 -0.2367 -0.2455 -0.2543
51 51 52 53 54 55 54 53 53 53 53 54 54 54 55 56 57 56 56 57 58 57 57 57 57 58 59 59 58 58
435
1659 24650.60
8555
TRENDLINE SLOPE (b)

MON AVG TEMP:
55.31
0.2630
MON AVG TEMP; CORRECTED

(
55.18
0.71
STANDARD ERROR ABSOLUTE MIN MIN TEMPERATURE: MEAN MIN TEMPERATURE:

17 35
76 94
86
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88
TABLE E-19.
JULY TEMPERATURE STATISTICS
Y
58 58 59 60 60 59 58 60 60 60 60 61 62 62 62 62 62 61 62 61 62 62 63 62 63 63 63 63 63 63 62
X*Y
0.00 58.08 117.00 179.48 241.30 295.79 350.70 417.38 476.42 536.63 596.00 668.80 741.30 803.73 868.35 922.50 985.60 1043.38 1107.45 1166.60 1236.00 1306.20 1382.53 1433.26 1511.40 1575.00 1645.15 1701.68 1751.47 1818.30 1856.25
X*

59 59 59 59 59 59 60 60
2 3
4 9
4
5 6 7
8 9
10
11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
16 25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196 225
60 60 60 60 61 61
61 61 61 61
256 289 324 361 400 441 484 529 576 625 676 729 784 841 900
62 62 62 62 62 62 63 63 63 63 63 63 63
0.0000 -0.0052 -0.0104 -0.0156 -0.0208 -0.0259 -0.0311 -0.0363 -0.0415 -0.0467 -0.0519 -0.0571 -0.0623 -0.0674 -0.0726 -0.0778 -0.0830 -0.0882 -0.0934 -0.0986 -0.1038 -0.1089 -0.1141 -0.1193 -0.1245 -0.1297 -0.1349 -0.1401 -0.1453 -0.1504 -0.1556
58 58 58 60 60 59 58 60 60 60 60 61 62 62 62 61 62 61 61 61 62 62 63 62 63 63 63 63 62 63 62
465
1893 28793.69
9455
0.,1608
TRENDLI]ME SLOPE (b)
MON AVG TEMP:
61.06

(
60.99
0.67
STANDARD ERROR ABSOLUTE MIN MIN TEMPERATURE; MEAN MIN TEMPERATURE:

21 39
83 96
89
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TABLE E-22.
AUGUST TEMPERATURE STATISTICS

TREND Y' CORRECTN
62 62 62 62 62 61 61 61 61 61 60 60 60 60 60 59 59 59 59 59 58 58 58 58 58 57
57 57 57 57 56
Y
62 62 62 62 61 62 62 61 62 62 61 61 61 60 59 59 60 60 58 58 58 59 57 57 58 58 57 57 58 56 57
XY
0.00 61.67 123.63 184.82 242.74 309.47 369.15 430.15 492.20 560.48 608.50 674.30 729.00 776.58 828.21 888.00 956.80 1012.35 1048.50 1094.40 1151.58 1234.28 1255.10 1315.60 1394.53 1440.00 1482.65 1542.38 1617.78 1630.44 1705.26
X2
CORRECTD DAILY MEAN

62 62 62 62 61 62 62 61 62 62 61 61 61 60 59 59 60 60 58 58 58 59 57 57 58 58 57 57 58 56 57
2
3 4 5 6
7
4 9
8 9
10
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225 256 289 324 361 400 441 484 529 576 625 676 729 784 841 900
0.0000 0.0064 0.0128 0.0192 0.0256 0.0320 0.0384 0.0448 0.0513 0.0577 0.0641 0.0705 0.0769 0.0833 0.0897 0.0961 0.1025 0.1089 0.1153 0.1217 0.1281 0.1345 0.1410 0.1474 0.1538 0.1602 0.1666 0.1730 0.1794 0.1858 0.1922
465
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TRENDLi:NE SLC)PE
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MON AVG TEMP:
59.47

(
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0.66
STANDARD ERROR ABSOLUTE MIN MIN TEMPERATURE: MEAN MIN TEMPERATURE:

19 37
82 96
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TABLE E-25.
SEPTEMBER TEMPERATURE STATISTICS

TREND Y' CORRECTN
57 57 57 56 56 56 56 55 55 55 54 54 54 53 53 53 52 52 52 51 51 51 50 50 50 49
Y
57 56 57 57 57 58 56 56 56 55 54 52 53 53 51 52 53 51 51 50 49 49 51 51 50 50 50 49 49 49
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DAILY MEAN
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2 3 4 5
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25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196 225 256 289 324 361
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
400 441 484 529 576 625 676 729 784 841
49 49 48 48
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TRENDLINE SLOPE (b):

MON AVG TEMP:
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-0.324

(
52.90
0.98
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7
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97
TABLE E-28.
OCTOBER TEMPERATURE STATISTICS

48 48 48 47 47 47 46 46 46 45 45 45 44 44 44 43 43 43 42 42 42 41 41 41 40 40 40 39 39 39 38
Y
48 48 49 47 48 49 47 45 44 45 45 44 44 42 42 41 42 41 42 43 41 42 42 42 43 41 41 39 37 39 38
X*Y
0.00 48.28 97.35 141.15 192.00 243.50 281.40 316.58 354.40 409.05 454.50 487.58 522.60 550.88 585.90 613.50 665.20 702.95 762.75 822.23 826.50 883.05 926.20 963.70 1031.40 1026.88 1054.95 1046.25 1046.50 1117.23 1130.25
X2
2 3 4 5 6
7
4 9
16
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
225 256 289 324 361 400 441 484 529 576 625 676 729 784 841 900
0.0000 0.0106 0.0213 0.0319 0.0426 0.0532 0.0638 0.0745 0.0851 0.0958 0.1064 0.1171 0.1277 0.1383 0.1490 0.1596 0.1703 0.1809 0.1915 0.2022 0.2128 0.2235 0.2341 0.2448 0.2554 0.2660 0.2767 0.2873 0.2980 0.3086 0.3192
48 48 49 47 48 49 47 45 44 46 46 44 44 43 42 41 42 42 43 43 42 42 42 42 43 41 41 39 38 39 38
465
1342 19304.67
9455
TRENDLI]ME SLOPE (b)
-0.329
MON AVG TEMP:
43.28

(
43.43
1.18
STANDARD ERROR: ABSOLUTE MIN MIN TEMPERATURE: MEAN MIN TEMPERATURE:

-5 21 66 89
98
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TABLE E-31
NOVEMBER TEMPERATURE STATISTICS CORRECTD TREND DAILY CORRECTN MEAN

0.0000 0.0128 0.0256 0.0385 0.0513 0.0641 0.0769 0.0897 0.1025 0.1154 0.1282 0.1410 0.1538 0.1666 0.1794 0.1923 0.2051 0.2179 0.2307 0.2435 0.2563 0.2692 0.2820 0.2948 0.3076 0.3204 0.3332 0.3461 0.3589 0.3717
38 40
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0.00 40.08 81.55 121.20 162.70 201.13 231.60 264.43 290.80 328.05 366.75 386.10 398.10 442.65 491.75 548.63 549.60 532.82 565.58 605.50 622.00 669.38 718.30 761.88 737.40 725.63 750.75 832.95 902.30 886.68
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y
40 40 39 39 39 38 38 38 37 37 36 36 36 35 35 34 34 34 33 33 33 32 32
31 31 31
2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
38 40 41 40 41 40 39 38 36 36 37 35 33 34 35 37 34 31 31 32 31 32 33 33 31 29 29 31 32 31
4 9
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225 256 289 324 361 400 441 484 529 576 625 676 729 784 841
40 39 38 36 37 37 35 33 34 35 37 35 32 32 32
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32 33 33 31 29 29 31 33 31
435
1040 14216.24
8555
TRENDLINE SLOPE (b)

MON AVG TEMP:
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-0.384

(
34.85
1.43
STANDARD ERROR
ABSOLUTE MIN MIN TEMPERATURE MEAN MIN TEMPERATURE:

MEAN MAX TEMPERATURE: ABSOLUTE MAX MAX TEMPERATURE;
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103
TABLE E-34.
DECEMBER TEMPERATURE STATISTICS

30 30 30 30 29 29 29 29 29 28 28 28 28 28 27 27 27 27 27 26 26 26 26 25 25 25 25 25 24 24 24
X*Y
30 29 31 30 29 28 29 29 27 28 27 27 28 27 31 30 29 27 27 25 25 24 25 25 25 26 28 25 25 24 22
X2
2 3 4 5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
0.00 29.35 62.95 91.13 114.60 138.75 174.00 199.85 217.60 249.30 267.25 300.76 337.20 352.30 427.00 445.13 462.40 451.35 481.74 476.43 508.00 494.03 539.55 564.08 604.20 646.25 716.30 676.35 700.00 703.25 672.75
4 9
16
25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196
225 256 289 324 361 400 441 484 529 576 625 676 729 784 841 900
0.0000 0.0065 0.0130 0.0195 0.0260 0.0325 0.0391 0.0456 0.0521 0.0586 0.0651 0.0716 0.0781 0.0846 0.0911 0.0976 0.1041 0.1106 0.1172 0.1237 0.1302 0.1367 0.1432 0.1497 0.1562 0.1627 0.1692 0.1757 0.1822 0.1887 0.1953
30 29
31
30 29 28 29 29 27 28 27 27 28 27 31 30 29 27 27 25 26 24 25 25 25 26 28 25 25 24 23
465
840 12103.83
(b)
9455
TRENDLINE SLOPE
MON AVG TEMP:
-0.201
27.11
MON AVG TEMP: (CORRECTED)
27.20
1.30
STANDARD ERROR

-31
10
45 70
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TABLE E-37.
COMPUTATION OF INDEX OF SEASONAL VARIATION - SIMPLE AVERAGE METHOD

(2)
(1)
(3)
(4)
(5)
MONTH
AVERAGE TEMP FOR MONTH

24.95 27.94 33.28 38.47 47.40 55.18 60.99 59.57 52.90 43.43 34.85 27.20
TREND CORRECTN
0.0000 -0.0794 -0.1588 -0.2382 -0.3176 -0.3969 -0.4763 -0.5557 -0.6351 -0.7145 -0.7939 -0.8733
INDEX OF CORRECTD SEASONAL AVERAGE VARIATION

24.95 27.86 33.12 38.23 47.08 54.78 60.51 59.01 52.26 42.72 34.06 26.33
JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
TOTAL
0.60 0.67 0.80 0.92 1.14 1.32

1.46 1.43 1.27 1.04 0.83
0.65
500.92
41.74
AVERAGE
107
APPENDIX F
CALCULATION OF HEATING REQUIREMENTS AND COSTS FOR TEMPORARY ENCLOSURE FOR SCENARIOS C, D, & E
Calculations for the heating requirements for the
temporary enclosure were base on the relationship derived
by F. Lawrence Bennet [14] where
BTU*s/CU FT/DAY
in which dT
=
87.64
0.5628 (dT)
difference between inside and outside
temperature, in degrees Farenheit.
Daily costs for fuel were then calculated where DAILY FUEL COST
=
BTU's/CU FT/DAY x CU FT OF ENCLOSURE

X FUEL COST PER 100,000 BTU
For the purpose of this report, it was assumed that the
desired interior temperature of the enclosure was 50 *F and

that fuel oil for the heaters cost $0.32/100,000 BTU.
As
noted in Chapter III, the selected enclosure contains

348,348 cubic feet of space.
Fuel calculations for Scenario C (using calculated
mean temperatures) are as follows:
NOVEMBER BTU's/CU FT/DAY

Daily Cost
=
87.64
0.5628 (50-34)
96.64
96.64 BTU/CF x 348,348 CF x $0.32 DAY 100,000 BTU
$107.73/DAY
108
: :
DECEMBER
BTU's/CU FT/DAY
Daily Cost
=
87.64
0.5628 (50-26)
101.15
$112.75/DAY
JANUARY
BTU's/CU FT/DAY
87.64
0.5628 (50-25)
101.71
Daily Cost
$113.38/DAY
FEBRUARY
BTU's/CU FT/DAY
Daily Cost
=
87.64
0.5628 (50-28)
100.02
$111.49/DAY
MARCH:
BTU*s/CU FT/DAY
Daily Cost
=
87.64
0.5628 (50-33)
97.21
$108.36/DAY
Fuel calculations for Scenario D (using calculated
mean temperatures plus ten degrees) are as follows:
NOVEMBER
BTU's/CU FT/DAY
Daily Cost
= =
87.64
0.5628 (50-44)
91.02
$101.46/DAY
DECEMBER:
BTU's/CU FT/DAY
87.64
0.5628 (50-36)
95.52
109
Daily Cost
$106.48/DAY
JANUARY
BTU's/CU FT/DAY
Daily Cost
=
87.64 + 0.5628 (50-35)
96.08
$107.10/DAY
FEBRUARY
BTU's/CU FT/DAY
Daily Cost
=
87.64
0.5628 (50-38)
94.39
$105.22/DAY
MARCH
BTU's/CU FT/DAY
Daily Cost
=
87.64
0.5628 (50-43)
91.58
$102.09/DAY
APRIL:
BTU's/CU FT/DAY
Daily Cost
=
87.64
0.5628 (50-48)
88.77

$
98.95/DAY
Fuel calculations for Scenario E (using calculated
mean temperatures minus ten degrees) are as follows:
NOVEMBER BTU's/CU FT/DAY

Daily Cost
= =
87.64
0.5628 (50-24)
102.27
$114.00/DAY
110
DECEMBER:
BTU's/CU FT/DAY
Daily Cost
=
87.64
0.5628 (50-16)
106.78
$119.02/DAY
JANUARY
BTUs/CU FT/DAY
Daily Cost
=
87.64
0.5628 (50-15)
107.34
$119.65/DAY
FEBRUARY
BTU's/CU FT/DAY
Daily Cost
=
87.64
0.5628 (50-18)
105.65
$117.77/DAY
MARCH:
BTU's/CU FT/DAY
Daily Cost
=
87.64
0.5628 (50-23)
102.84
$0.32 102.84 BTU/CF x 348,348 CF x DAY 100,000 BTU
$114.63/DAY
APRIL:
BTU's/CU FT/DAY
87.64
0.5628 (50-28)
100.02
Daily Cost
$111.50/DAY
For the rental of the heaters, it was assumed that
three (3) 500 MBH oil fired heaters would be required.
At
an estimated cost of $480 per month per heater, daily cost for the three heaters was calculated at $47.34 per day.
Ill
REFERENCES
1.
Simon, Michael S., Construction Contracts and Claims McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1979, pp. 174-175.
2.
Koehn, Enno M. and Brown, Gerald, Climatic Effects on Construction Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE, Vol. Ill, No. 2, June 85, p. 134.
,
3. 4.
Ibid
Human Performance Engineering Bailey, Robert W. Laboratories, Inc, 1982, pp. 498-501.
,
Bell
5.
Bennett, F. Lawrence, Temporary Protection of Cold Weather Construction Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE, Vol. 103, No. 3, September 1977,
,
6. 7.
Koehn and Brown,
oj^.
cit
p.
134.
,
Statistical Arkin, Herbert and Colton, Raymond R. Methods Barnes and Noble Books, 1970, p. 73.
,
8.
Koehn, Enno and Meilhede, Dennis, Cold Weather Construction Costs and Accidents Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE, Vol.
,
107, No.
9.
4,
.
December 1981.
cit
.
Simon, loc
10.
Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Contract N62474-81-C-8946 Maintenance/Fire Station Facility at the USMC Mountain Warfare Training Facility, Pickel Meadows, Bridgeport, California
,
.
11.
0*Brien, James J., CPM in Construction Management McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1984, pp. 74-86.
12.
13.
Koehn and Brown,

Arkin, o. cit
.
o;^.
cit
258.
p.
134.
p.
14.
Bennett, op. cit.., p. 444.
112
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Arkin, Herbert and Col ton, Raymond R. Barnes and Noble Books, 1970.
Statistical Methods
Bailey, Robert W. Human Performance Engineering Laboratories, Inc, 1982.

,
Bell
Barrie, Donald S. and Boyd, C. Paulson, Jr., Professional Construction Management McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1984.
,
Bennett, F. Lawrence, Half Century of Cold-Regions Construction Journal of Construction Division, ASCE, Vol. 101, No. 4, December 1975.
,
Bennett, F. Lawrence, Temporary Protection of Cold Weather Construction Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE, Vol. 103, No. 3, September 1977.
,
Benjamin, Neal B. H. and Greenwald, Theodore W. Simulating Effects of Weather on Construction Jrjrnal of the Construction Division, ASCE, Vol. 99, No. 1, July 1973.
,
Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Contract N62474-81-C-8946 Maintenance/Fire Station Facility at the USMC Mountain Warfare Training Facility, Pickel Meadows, Bridgeport. California
,
.
Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command Master Plan for U.S. Marine Corps Mountain Warfare Training Facility, Pickel Meadows, Bridgeport, California 26 February 1982.
,
Koehn, Enno M. and Brown, Gerald, Climatic Effects on Construction Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE, Vol. Ill, No. 2, June 85.
,
113
Koehn, Enno and Meilhede, Dennis, Cold Weather Construction Costs and Accidents Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE, Vol. 107, No. 4, December 1981.
.
Li,
Shu-t'ien, Basic Construction Principles in Higher Latitudes Journal of the Construction Division ASCE, Vol. 100, No. 1, March 1974.
, j
Morris, David M. Seasonal Effects on Building Construction Journal of the Construction Division, ASCE, Vol. 102, No. 1, March 1976
,
,
O'Brien, James J. CPM in Construction Management McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1984.

,
Simon, Michael S., Construction Contracts and Claims McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1979.
114
?:)
&3?
Thesis
S151 c.l
Sachuk Adverse climatic conditions and impact on construction scheduling and cost.
Thesis
S151 c.l
Sachuk Adverse climatic co.iditions and impact on construction scheduliig and cost.

Adverse Climatic C 00 Sach

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ADVERSE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS AND IMPACT ON CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING AND COST

Chapter II Chapter III Chapter IV

CALCULATION OF PRODUCTIVITY EFFICIENCIES FOR THE EXAMPLE PROJECT SITE

Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D

DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMPLE PROJECT

METHOD FOR DERIVING PRODUCTIVITY AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY

CALCULATION OF AVERAGE MONTHLY TEMPERATURES USING THE SIMPLE AVERAGE METHOD

Construction Productivity Efficiencies as a Function of Temperature and Relative Humidity

Calculated Productivity Efficiencies for MWTC Bridgeport Using Koehn/Brown Relationships

Example Project CPM Network Based on Contractor's Actual Schedule

January Temperature Statistics

February Temperature Statistics

Maximum Daily Temperatures for February

E-10. April Temperature Statistics

Minimum Daily Temperatures for April

E-12. Maximum Daily Temperatures for April

May Temperature Statistics

E-14. Minimum Daily Temperatures for May

Maximum Daily Temperatures for May

E-17. Minimum Daily Temperatures for June

E-18. Maximum Daily Temperatures for June

July Temperature Statistics

E-20. Minimum Daily Temperatures for July

Maximum Daily Temperatures for July

E-23. Minimum Daily Temperatures for August

E-26. Minimum Daily Temperatures for September

October Temperature Statistics

E-29. Minimum Daily Temperatures for October

November Temperature Statistics

Construction Productivity as a Function of Temperature and Relative Humidity (Graph)

Comparative Cost Forecast For Example Project

Absolute maximum maximum temperature

ABS MIN MIN TEMP

Absolute minimum minimum temperature

British thermal unit

MEAN MAX TEMP

Mean maximum temperature

MEAN MIN TEMP

Mean minimum temperature

Mountain Warfare Training Center

However, of all possible definitions the most impor-

construction manager is tasked with the overall management

types of projects, the construction manager also has the

greatest amount of influence in controlling costs and generating profit.

tised, fixed-price government construction contracts, the

extent of contractor influence is normally limited to the

procurement/construction portion of the project's life

Therefore, the contractor's degree of success is

highly dependent on two different operations that occur

needed to execute a project as established by the owner's

for the most part dependent on the prior planning.

case of a fixed-price contract, the project cost as

presented in the base bid also becomes the control amount

fore, what estimating and planning is done in the prepara-

tion of the base bid can be considered essential to the

success of the construction project.

Material quotes may be based on mateThe mate-

rials that do not conform to the specifications.

rial take-off may contain errors that result in quantities

different than what is required.

Equipment costs are based