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\
|
+ = +
The Governing Equation
Consider heat conduction q (W/m
2
) through a plane wall, in which there is a
uniform internal heat generation, Q (W/m
3
).
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
where q = heat flux per unit area (W/m
2
)
A = area normal to the direction of heat flow (m
2
)
Q = internal heat generated per unit volume (W/m
3
)
Cancelling term qA and rearranging, we obtain,
dx
dq
Q =
For one-dimensional heat conduction, the heat flux q is governed by the
Fouriers law, which states that,
dT
q k
dx
| |
=
|
\ .
where k = thermal conductivity of the material (W/m.K)
(dT/dx) = temperature gradient in x-direction (K/m)
Note: The ve sign is due to the fact that heat flows from a high-temperature to
low- temperature region.
(i)
(ii)
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Substituting eq.(ii) into eq.(i) yields,
0 = +
|
.
|
\
|
Q
dx
dT
k
dx
d
The governing equation has to be solved with appropriate boundary conditions
to get the desired temperature distribution, T.
Note:
Q is called a source when it is +ve (heat is generated), and is called a sink when
it is -ve (heat is consumed).
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Boundary Conditions
There are three types of thermal boundary conditions:
a) Specified temperature, T
i
= T
o
;
b) Specified heat flux, e.g., q
i
= 0 (insulated edge or surface);
c) Convection at the edge or surface, (h & T
are specified).
These are illustrated below.
Note: h is the convective heat transfer coefficient (W/m
2
K).
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Finite Element Modeling
The uniform wall can be modeled using
one-dimensional element.
To obtain reasonably good temperature
distribution, we will discretize the wall into
several 1-D heat transfer elements, as
shown.
Note:
X represents the global coordinate
system.
Can you identify the kind of boundary
conditions present?
There is only one unknown quantity at
any given node, i.e. the nodal
temperature, T
i
.
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
For a one-dimensional steady-state conduction, temperature varies linearly along
the element.
Therefore we choose a linear temperature function given by,
( )
2 2 1 1
T N T N T + =
or
( ) | |{ } T N T =
Temperature Function
For a given element in local coordinate (), temperature T varies along the
length of the element.
We need to establish a temperature function so that we can obtain the
temperature T, at any location along the element, by interpolation.
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
( )
( )
( )
1
2 1 2 1
2 2
1
d
x x
x x dx x x
= =
We wish to express the (dT/dx) term in the governing equation in terms of
element length, l
e
, and the nodal temperature vector, {T}. Using the chain
rule of differentiation
d
dT
dx
d
dx
d
d
dT
dx
dT
= =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 2 1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
T T
d
dT
T T T + = + + =
Substitute eq.(ii) and eq.(iii) into eq.(i) we get,
( )
2 1
1 2
2 1
1 2
1
2
1
2
1 2
T T
x x
T T
x x dx
dT
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
where ( ) = 1
2
1
1
N ( ) + = 1
2
1
2
N and
Recall,
(ii)
(iii)
(i)
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
or,
| |{ }
| |{ }
2 1
1
1 1
e
e
T
dT
T
dx x x
dT
B T
dx
=
=
where
| |
( )
| | | |
2 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
T
e
B
x x l
= =
\
|
Q
dx
dT
k
dx
d
Imposing the following two boundary conditions,
( )
= =
= = T T h q T T
L L x o x
and
0
Element Conductivity Matrix
and solving the equation yields the functional, t
T
given by
( )
2
2
0 0
1 1
2 2
L L
T L
dT
k dx QTdx h T T
dx
t
| |
= +
|
\ .
} }
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
2 1
2 1
2
2 2
e
l x x
d dx dx d d
x x
= = =
| |{ } | |{ }
( ) ( )
and
e e
T
dT
T N T B T
dx
= =
Assuming that heat source Q = Q
e
and thermal conductivity k = k
e
are constant
within the element, the functional t
T
becomes
{ } | | | | { }
| | { } ( )
1
( ) ( )
1
1
( ) 2
1
1
2 2
1
2 2
e T e
e e
T T T
e
e
e e
L
e
k l
T B B d T
Q l
N d T h T T
t
(
=
(
(
+
(
}
Note: The first term of the above equation is equivalent to the internal strain
energy for structural problem. We identify the element conductivity matrix,
| | | | | |
1
1
2
T
e e
T T T
k l
k B B d
=
}
Substitute for dx and (dT/dx) in terms of and {T}
e
,
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Solving the integral and simplifying yields the element conductivity
matrix, given by
| |
1 1
1 1
e
T
e
k
k
l
(
=
(
Note: If the finite element model comprises of more than one element, then the
global conductivity matrix can be assembled in usual manner to give
| |
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
...
L
L
T
L L LL
K K K
K K K
K
K K K
(
(
(
=
(
(
(W/m
2
K)
(W/m
2
K)
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Exercise1
A composite wall is made of material A and B as shown. Inner surface of
the wall is insulated while its outer surface is cooled by water stream with
T
= 800
o
C and h = 25
W/m
2o
C.
Model the composite wall using
three heat transfer elements and
determine the temperature
distribution in the wall.
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Solution
1. Write the element conductivity matrices
| |
( )
| |
( )
| |
( )
1 3
2 2
2
2
1 1 1 1
20 W 50 W
;
1 1 1 1 0.3 m 0.15 m
1 1
30 W
1 1 0.15 m
T T
o o
T
o
k k
C C
k
C
( (
= =
( (
(
=
(
2. Assemble the global conductivity matrix
| |
2
1 1 0 0
1 4 3 0
W
66.7
0 3 8 5 m
0 0 5 5
T
o
K
C
(
(
(
=
(
(
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
3. Write the global system of linear equations
| |{ } { }
T Q
K T R =
(
(
(
(
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
5 5 0 0
5 8 3 0
0 3 4 1
0 0 1 1
7 . 66
R
R
R
R
T
T
T
T
4. Write the element heat rate vector
Since there is NO internal heat generation, Q in the wall, the heat rate vector
for all elements are
{ } { } { }
1 2 3 0
0
Q Q Q
r r r
= = =
`
)
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
5. Write the global system of linear equations
1
2
3
4
1 1 0 0 0
1 4 3 0 0
66.7
0 3 8 5 0
0 0 5 5 0
T
T
T
T
(
(
(
=
` `
(
(
) )
6. Impose convection and specified temperature boundary conditions (T
4
= 20C)
results in modified system of linear equations
1
2
3
4
1.375 1 0 0 (25 800)
1 4 3 0 0
66.7
0 3 8 5 0 ( 5 66.7) 20
0 0 5 5 0
T
T
T
T
(
(
(
=
` `
(
(
) )
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
7. Solving the modified system of linear equations yields
1
2
3
4
304.6
119.0
57.1
20.0
o
T
T
C
T
T
=
` `
) )
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Example 2
Heat is generated in a large plate (k = 0.8 W/m
o
C) at a rate of 4000 W/m
3
.
The plate is 25 cm thick. The outside surfaces of the plate are exposed to
ambient air at 30
o
C with a convection heat transfer coefficient of 20 W/m
2o
C.
Model the wall using four heat transfer elements and determine: (a) the
temperature distribution in the wall, (b) heat flux, and (c) heat loss from the
right side of the wall surface.
o
o
o
W
0.8
m C
W
20
m C
30 C
k
h
T
=
=
=
Data:
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Example 2: Nastran Solution
84.3 C
94 C
84.3 C
55 C 55 C
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Solution
| |
( )
| |
( )
1
2
2
2
12.8 12.8
W
12.8 12.8 m
12.8 12.8
W
12.8 12.8 m
T
o
T
o
k
C
k
C
(
=
(
(
=
(
1. Element conductivity matrices.
Since the element length and thermal conductivity are the same for all elements,
we have
| |
( )
| |
( )
3
2
4
2
12.8 12.8
W
12.8 12.8 m
12.8 12.8
W
12.8 12.8 m
T
o
T
o
k
C
k
C
(
=
(
(
=
(
1 2 3 4 5
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
5
h, T
h, T
x
The finite element model for the plane wall is shown below.
1 2
3 4
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
| |
12.8 12.8 0 0 0
12.8 25.6 12.8 0 0
0 12.8 25.6 12.8 0
0 0 12.8 25.6 12.8
0 0 0 12.8 12.8
T
K
(
(
(
( =
(
(
(
2. Assemble the global conductivity matrix,
1 2 3 4 5
Note: Connectivity with the global node numbers is shown.
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
3. Heat rate vector for each element
Since the magnitude of internal heat generation and length of all
elements are the same, we have
{ }
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( )
{ }
( )
1
2
3
4
1 125
4000 0.0625
1 125 2
1 125
4000 0.0625
1 125 2
1 125
4000 0.0625
1 125 2
1 125
4000 0.0625
1 125 2
Q
Q
Q
Q
r
r
r
r
= =
` `
) )
= =
` `
) )
= =
` `
) )
= =
` `
) )
{ }
2
125
250
W
250
m
250
125
Q
R
=
`
)
4. Assemble the global heat rate
vector, we get
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
5. Write the system of linear equation, | |{ } { }
T Q
K T R =
(
(
(
(
(
(
125
250
250
250
125
8 . 12 8 . 12 0 0 0
8 . 12 6 . 25 8 . 12 0 0
0 8 . 12 6 . 25 8 . 12 0
0 0 8 . 12 6 . 25 8 . 12
0 0 0 8 . 12 8 . 12
5
4
3
2
1
T
T
T
T
T
6. Impose convection boundary conditions on both sides of the wall,
( )
( )
+
+
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
+
+
30 20 125
250
250
250
30 20 125
20 8 . 12 8 . 12 0 0 0
8 . 12 6 . 25 8 . 12 0 0
0 8 . 12 6 . 25 8 . 12 0
0 0 8 . 12 6 . 25 8 . 12
0 0 0 8 . 12 20 8 . 12
5
4
3
2
1
T
T
T
T
T
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
7. Solving the modified system of linear equations by using Gaussian
elimination method, we obtain the temperatures at the global nodes
as follows,
1
2
o
3
4
5
55.0
84.3
C 94.0
84.3
55.0
T
T
T
T
T
=
` `
) )
1 2 3 4 5
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
5
h, T
h, T
x
Note: Notice the symmetry of the temperature distribution.
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
8. Compute the heat flux and heat loss.
a) Heat flux through the wall
Consider the 4
th
element. Using the Fouriers law, we have
| |
| |
1
2
2
1
1 1
84.3
1
0.8 1 1
55.0 0.0625
375
m
e
T
q k
T l
q
W
q
=
`
)
=
`
)
=
b) Heat loss from the right side of the wall, per unit surface area.
Using the Newtons law of cooling, we have
( ) ( )
2
20 55 30 500
m
wall
W
q h T T
= = =
The heat flux through the
wall is not constant due to
the heat generation Q that
occurs in the wall.