Renewable Electrical Energy Systems

EEET2334/2335

Week 6 Lecture 6
Dr Manoj Datta

Overview of Lecture
Wind turbine generators
Synchronous Generator (SG) Induction Generator (IG) Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)

Average power in the wind

Discrete wind histogram Wind power probability density functions Weibull probability density function

Average power in the wind with Rayleigh statistics

Specific wind turbine performance calculations

Idealized wind turbine power curve Optimizing rotor diameter and generator power Wind speed cumulative distribution function Using real power curves with Weibull statistics Using capacity factor to estimate energy produced

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Wind turbine generators

Graphics: Nordex AG.

Wind Turbine Generators

Source: REpower Systems AG, Photos: Jan Oelker, cam l on and St phane Cosnard.

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Wind turbine generators: Synchronous Generators

Their magnetic fields are created on their rotors. Very small synchronous generators can create the needed magnetic field with a permanent magnet rotor But most of the wind turbines synchronous generators create the field by running direct current through windings around the rotor core

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Wind turbine generators: Synchronous Generators (contd.)

The fact that synchronous generator rotors needs dc current for their field windings creates two complications. First, dc has to be provided, which usually means that a rectifying circuit, called the exciter, is needed to convert ac from the grid into dc for the rotor. Second, this dc current needs to make it onto the rotating rotor, which means that slip rings on the rotor shaft are needed, along with brushes that press against them. Replacing brushes and cleaning up slip rings adds to the maintenance needed by these synchronous generators.
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Induction Generator

Most of the worlds wind turbines use induction generators rather than the synchronous generator.

In contrast to a synchronous generator, induction generators do not turn at a fixed speed, so they are often described as asynchronous generators.
Induction generators are uncommon in power systems other than wind turbines, but induction motors, are the most prevalent motors aroundusing almost one-third of all the electricity generated worldwide. An induction machine can act as a motor or generator. Both modes of operation, as a motor during start-up and as a generator when the wind picks up, take place in wind turbines with induction generators.
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Induction Generator (contd.)

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Induction Generator (contd.)

key advantages:
Rotors do not require the exciter, brushes, and slip rings. Necessary magnetic field is created in the stator rather than the rotor. So less complicated and less expensive and require less maintenance.

When the stator is provided with three-phase excitation current and the shaft is connected to a wind turbine and gearbox, the machine will start operation by motoring up toward its synchronous speed. When the winds peed is sufficient to force the generator shaft to exceed synchronous speed, the induction machine automatically becomes a three-phase generator delivering electrical power back to its stator windings. The three-phase magnetization current come from the power lines if it is grid-connected. It is also possible to provide own ac excitation current by incorporating external capacitors, which allows for power generation without the grid.
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Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)

An ac source with variable frequency can be connected to the rotor circuit via slip rings The rating of the rotor side power converter is a fraction of the machines rating (roughly proportional to the slip) meaning cost saving Full control of variable speed operation and active/ reactive power flow
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DFIG (contd.)

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DFIG (contd.)

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DFIG: power relationship

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DFIG: power relationship (contd.)

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Example: power flow calculation

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Example: power flow calculation

= 1

120 2

= + = 120 60/6=1200 rpm = 1200(1 24/60)=720 rpm = = 373 11 = 362

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Example: power flow calculation

2 = 1 , = (1 2 /) = 362/(1 24/60)=603.333 kw
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(d) = 9.55 603.333 /1200 rpm =4.802 N.m

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9.55

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Example: power flow calculation

2 = + 24 = 3 + 603.33kw 60 = 244.332kw
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(f) 2 = + = 2 + 244.332 = 246.332kw

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Example: power flow calculation

= = 603.33 12 7 = 584.33kw

1 = 2 = 584.33 246.33 = 338kw 1 338 100% = 100% = 90.62% =

373
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Average power in the wind

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Average wind speed of a site

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Discrete wind histogram

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Wind power probability density functions

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Wind power probability density functions

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Weibull probability density function

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Weibull probability density function (contd.)

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Weibull probability density function (contd.)

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Weibull probability density function (contd.)

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Average power in the wind with p.d.f.

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Average power in the wind with p.d.f

We first adjust the winds at 10 m to those expected at 50 m using

Using Rayleigh assumptions, the average wind power density would be

We also could have found average power at 10 m and then adjust it to 50 m

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Wind power classification

The procedure demonstrated in the previous Example is commonly used to estimate average wind power density (W/m2) in a region. That is, measured values of average wind speed using an anemometer located 10 m above the ground are used to estimate average winds peed and power density at a height 50 m above the ground. Rayleigh statistics, a friction coefficient of 1/7, and sea-level air density at 0C of 1.225 kg/m3 are often assumed. A standard wind power classification scheme based on these assumptions is given in Table 6.5.

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Wind power classification: Australia

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Idealized wind turbine power curve

The most important technical information for a specific wind turbine is the power curve, which shows the relationship between wind speed and generator electrical output.

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Optimizing Rotor Diameter and Generator Rated Power

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Real Power Curves with Weibull Statistics

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Real Power Curves with Weibull Statistics

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Discretising a continuous p.d.f.

To estimate probability that wind blow at a specific speed, the following approximation may be made:

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Environmental impacts of wind turbines

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Source and reading Guide for Todays Lecture

Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems, Gilbert M. Masters, ISBN: 978-0-471-28060-6 Chapter 6: Sections: 6.6 to 6.12 And Lecture Notes

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Mid-semester Test
Date: 11 September
Venue: 80.01.02 Start Time: 4:45 PM End Time: 5:30 PM A Sample Exam Sheet and Answers will be made available in BB by this Friday (30 August).

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