CIVIL 2

1(a). ORIENTATION The bearing of a line is its orientation with respect to the north grid. This may be found for an initial line by starting at a station with known coordinates and orientating the Total Station with respect to another point with known National Grid coordinate. Before starting any plot, the extent of the survey should be taken into account such that the plotted survey will fall centrally on to the sheet. This implies the purpose of orientation is to ensure that the stations are plotted to the best fit on the plotting sheet. In case of an arbitrary north, in order to ensure a good fit a bearing of 900 or 2700 is assigned to the longest side. This line is then positioned parallel to the longest side of the sheet so that the survey will fit the paper properly. In conclusion we use two datum rays when opening a traverse such that the plot will fit centrally on the sheet. e.g. a datum referring to 900. This is done to save paper and for convenience.

(b) (i) TRIANGULATION: Here a network of of single or overlapping triangles is established from basic shapes of a simple triangle, braced quadrilateral, or centre point polygon. C D C E D C F B A B A B Triangle braced quadrilateral Centre point polygon The vertices of the triangles represent control points normally referred to as triangulation stations. All the angles of the triangles are measured and at least one baseline measured. If the coordinates of the A and B are known, the sine rule can be applied to baseline AB and the measured angles to get co-ordinates of the triangulation stations. i.e. sin C/AB=sin A/BC= sin B/AC

(i)RESECTION This is a method of locating a point by taking angle observation from at least 3 known stations in a network. It is known as the 3-point resection B a C P

A PROCEDURE Setup at P and orient instrument at C. Turn it to B and measure the angle. Repeat procedure Generally the procedure is carried out in the field by observing the angles subtended at the unknown point by at least 3 unknown stations. However it should be noted that if point A,B,C and P lie in the circumference of the same circle, the procedure is indeterminate. The condition is present when ++ =180o One method of solving this involves the following function + + + + =180o or = [360- ( ++ )] = R- where R can be deduced. In triangles ABP and APC DAP = c.sin /sin =b.sin /sin It is the deduced that sin /sin =bsin /csin = constant which is the evaluated. Substituting =R- giving a further expression for the constant. =sin(R- )/sin =(sinRcos -cosRsin )/sin = sinRcot -cosR Therefore cot =(constant+cosR)/sinR

(c)
A=(45530mE,12560.2mE) ADJUSTMENTS LINE DISTANCE E N E N ADJUSTED E N COORDINATES E N STTN WCB

AB

122

55.4

108.7

0.046

-0.046

55.45

108.654

45585.4

12668.9

270224

BC

155.95

73.2

-137.7

0.059

-0.059

73.26

-137.76

45658.7

12531.1

15105946

CD

64.95

-20.1

-61.8

0.025

-0.025

-20.08

-61.825

45638.6

12469.3

19705935

DE

60

-56.4

-20.5

0.023

-0.023

-56.38

-20.523

45582.2

12448.8

24905952

EF

123.16 526.06

-52.3 -0.2

111.5 0.2

0.047 0.2

-0.047 -0.2

-52.25 0

111.453 0

45530.O

12560.2

33405257

Errors computed using Bowditchs method

E or N = - eE (or- eN) X Length of traverse leg/Total length of traverse.

eE =-0.2, eN =0.2 e=(0.22+(-0.2)2)=0.28 Fractional misclosure= D/e =526.06/0.28.The fractional misclosure is 1 in 1800m. WHOLE CIRCLE BEARINGS B A
15105946

C
270224 19705935

D E
24905952 33405257

2.
BS 1.423

BOOKING SHEET
IS FS HOC 124.245 2.410 1.004 2.164 1.100 1.452 1.662 2.990 1.400 1.440 3.212 1.62 1.401 1.789 1.406 1.554 1.602 0.651 =1.423 =0.651 RL 122.822 121.835 123.241 122.081 123.145 122.793 122.583 121.255 122.845 122.805 121.033 122.625 122.844 122.456 122.839 122.691 122.643 123.594 SPOT HEIGHT 9.789 8.802 10.208 9.048 10.112 9.760 9.550 8.222 9.812 9.772 8.000 9.592 9.811 9.423 9.806 9.658 9.610 10.561 REMARKS POINT 1 POINT 2 POINT 3 POINT 4 POINT 5 POINT 6 POINT 7 POINT 8 POINT 9 POINT 10 POINT 11 POINT 12 POINT 13 POINT 14 POINT 15 POINT 16 POINT 17 POINT 18

0.772

Lowest reduced level =121.033m RL,Formation level = 121.033-8=113.033m

SKETCH

REDUCED LEVELS

FORMATION LEVEL

Depth above the formation level = Reduced levels- Reduced level of Formation level. Total Volume = /4(single depths+2double depths+ 3triple depths+ 4quadriple depths)+v = 20X20=400m2 single depths = 9.789+10.112+9.658+10.561+9.806 = 49.926m double depths=8.802+10.208+9.048+9.76+9.772+9.423+8.0+9.61 =74.623 triple depths = 9.811 quadriple depths=9.55+8.222+9.812+9.592 =37.176 Therefore total volume = 400/4[49.926+2X74.623+3X9.811+4X37.176] = 37730.9m 3