BOUNDARY LAYERS IN ~

. . ,

DIMENSIONS
..

~.,,~,~,~,,~,,~..

.. . , .p

.'....
"

Coatents "
m
; ." ,"

. m

'

2.s ~a=,d~'sS.:mr--'~m~,~m,=~ im,s.a e q , a , ~ . .

u 2.4 ~ o a ~ t a a c a d , q ~ i a m , ~ o o . . ~ ...

~-3 M c ~ ' s

term ot ~

~
.
."
i ' " o .i ~ .-

,"
-" '

.-

o ~ , m , ~ k ~

~t0 ~ .~tS n8

~ e ~he e e m p , ~

ee,we3atima
'

:.
.. "

.zs ~ - - - , ~ . ~ a = = ~ a = ~ h o c ~ , m
3.~ S o I ~ m s c Y o b M r s~i ~ m t m "

"

.24o" sa0

u ~a~',,a.~~,~a,~m~e~,
4 . z ~
Timmsa's

..

SH
" sad ]Fiasco : " "

4.4 Z,Mt'~ m ~ l O o o ~ ~ 4.~ The met.hod ~ L i ~ d ~ l ,

4.6 ]R,emm&r]a:s~ t,,tm ~ t ; w m u ~

..

s. T o u m . m ~

z o m m z z , r ---'nm~

S.1 ~ l ~ o m

of ~
fl(m,

"

~ . a ~ H i m w i l

274
$ . ~ ~ ~6 T/9

Z~r~ O7 3tlTEaZ1~8

B O U N D A R Y .LAYERS, IN
.

THREE.
., . .

DIMENSIONS

i.

L i s t of S y m b o l s All symbols sro defined in the text:The msthors hsvo been unsblo to avoid duplicscioa, howover, ,,-,d Only symboL1that sro used ~nm~tm~ in moneothan ono sec.ti~ au, o lktod hmL hs, ht length pausmeters, such that hS d~ ,rod ~ dq are elcmsa~ ot'leniLth K:, X t goodmie--- - c u deKumi r v by s F.,q. t (6) u r , ~ u., v, w ' voloc/t-y, componen~ in. the dL'~tioM of the- f. ~ a~i ~ s,xu.

p , deas/ty

k / n m ~ vi~,,~i~ ( , ,,,h,) . l"m.udtl numbm. ~.

" t~L~a~t~o . . . . .

~, eu. 0~.
n

v~-io~ ~ -

IAy.~ " ~ ] m " ,

~ 8 ~ L by F~I. (l~}

~.
, ~ .% ~r

modiaed lena~s parsmmr ( - ~I(~,.),)

flea L~rameten,. Lam~b0~,~ ia ~ ~ ' a m e ~ , gove~.,~ velocity p~SMe, de~aed by F_~. (SS) ~ ~ ~ndi~or.~n a,~ ~ o ~ g e o~ the ~
r e f m , ~ _ condition.

.. ~yae'

e
0

d ~

denote~ ~

I Introduction
S ~ r c s 1956, when bloore~ revio.-ved the subject, of three.dimensional boundary layers, work in this field has advanced along more specifio lines. In the present article we describe some of the advances, our choice being dete~,~ned largely b y personal interest. The link between the various items chosen is t h a t all play a part in the practical calculation o f the boundary layers on aircraft and z~is~iles, l~.ogre~in this direction has been so r a p i d that only some o f the basic aspects are considered here. Thus we do not cousider transition, separation, heat tran~er, boundary layers with u n s t e ~ y external flow, b o u n d a r y layers o v e r

":

""

"

'

..

.'-

"

".

- . . "

a n aeoount k

~
,

of
. . : . o o ,

:
,. o:~.

diver~enes, .and of compre~ubility; ~ :. ~ " " " " " .(ii) ~ and D solutionsof the ,4ts'erentiai equations for laminar. boundarylayen,;and , : ::. i i ('zii) a p ~ t e intesral method~ o f ealoulation. . ....:

A comp
/~o~

nen t re,etches

ount may be round in the

book Zm

w.. i. i

Z.~F~'~ edited by l l o ~ e a d S . ~: "

Con

be m de to .tra O ne Oo =d t

System in which one family.of co-ordinate eurvu is the projection of the~ external streamlines on-to the surfa~ of the body, w ~ t h e other f.m~ly consist~ o~ the ortho~onal trajectories in the ~ O f the f ~ " f ~ n y . The d h ~ t i o n of an external struunline is ~ the stresmwbe . diraction, The ero~-ow, or ea~ss-wise component ~f .owin the houri,' defy .~ye~. whieh i.'.omet~ee re~ened to u m~ondsry ~ow, i . t h S component at right angles to the ~ w i ~ ~ ~ refema~ ~11 be = a & to ~ = ~ o n , in conne~on with ~ . k y ~ ~I~-. lstions, though the phenomenon will n o t be considered in detail I n . the e a l ~ t i o n s , whichproesed in a downmeam ~ o n ; it wm be.. rammed that ~ ~epamtion line is reached wheee the t~,,,,~ ~ . lines onthe surfaes form an onve.lope.-Det~u'led di~,~ionB o f ~ may by 'found in Ref~ ~, S a u d 4 . . . -. Undoresrtain eondition~ direct rel~tiom between the ~ l u t i o ~ for different types of laminar ~ l~yer have been found, which et~ble solutions for one type to be derived from known solution8 for ano~or. For t h e ~ rel~tiom to-hold the boundl,-y .layer equa~iom, and thekr solutiom, must be in streamline co-ordi~tes and the e~oa-ow m i n t be ~ 1 1 . I n t h e s e .eir~m,tanees Eichelbrmner and O u d s ~ notiesd that the equations of motion for incoxnpremn~le flow in an otherwke arl~tmry boundary layer were identical in fo~n to these for a imundary: layer in axially symmetric flow. Cooke e h u pointed out that a ~=flar relation hokk for ompre~ble boundary layerL T h ~ there m an axially. symmetric analoFy for boundary l~yen with m a l l orom-fiow. Cooker h u , in addition, obtained a eompremibflity esrre]ation of Stewarteon's s type between compressible and ineompreeaible boundary l~yem with small erou-flow. The axially. ~ n ~ e t r i e analogy and compreuibility correlation enable solutions of one cla~ to be deriw~i from known solu-. tions of another , ~ p l e r class. I n 1 9 5 6 Courant ss concluded a lecture ~'~ith " i t Js already evident now that modern computing bec~nlques together w~th penetrating a n a l ~
. . .. .

22~

J . C . Coorffi ~

bL G. ~r,rT,

are bound to produce the solutions of many problems relevant t~ fluid dy~-m;cs and aerodynamics that heretofore did not seem acce~ sible. These methods ~ large|y, directed toward problems of propag~ tion, is. problems invoh-J.ue~parabolic a n ~ shove all, hyperbolic diffe~ ential equations.'" I n 1987 Rastz n presented, just such s solution--foz three-dimemfio-sl ~A~-;.Ir compressible boundary l~yersl of quite gen, oral type. We describe this great advance in the section on exact and series solutions. A spe~'-l;-~d set Of exact solutions isdeeeribed also. These are dmilaz solutions a n d eomI:iuatlons of ,i,~;1,,. solutions, for incompre~_'ble flow: Loost and Sowerbyxo each obtained a solution for the boundary layer over a Kit plate in the ease where the external s t r ~ , ~ , n e - form a rA,.~y of tranalatee, all of t h e members being of one -~mple speelfled shape. F.~w3a solution w ~ composed of ~ , . n . . solutions. Herdg and H~n.en~ gre~y'e=t~aded this, in such s vmy t h a t t h e external stream. lines couldbe of any shape representable by a polynomial.. They went on to invcztigate,~milA-solutions generallyit, and Geists carried out a like investigation independently, re~-h~,!g the u m e conclnsions. Yohner and Hansenla have recently computed some of the ~ml]~. solutions. The aim/larity condition assumed in all these cucs was that for each co-ordinnte direction the velocityprofiles at all stations on the s u r f ~ considered were similar. One consequence was that* a specified d i s ~ bution oi~vortieity in the mainstream was almost invariably required for similar solutions to e x i ~ Thus direct pracfital applications are very llmlted, and the main application of the results in t h k ~ has been i n the provision of dat~ for the devel0pment of appro~mate integral methods. A generalized sin~i!artey condition has recently been proposed by WuestZs, in wkich only the veloei'ty profiles along individual liues are .~milar. A variety Of irrota~onal mahu~eams besoms Poaible, and although the corresponding iolutions are comparatively a ; ~ ; ~ I t to calenlate Wueet has begun the ~ The series solutions considered here are for compressible boundary layers on cones. Here we have in su _eee~__'onHantzsche and Wendt'~e and Mangler'sx7 solution for an uny~wed cone. r , l , gworth'sls solution for an unyawed spinning cone, Moore'sz* solutionfor s yawed cone and Sedney's~o solution for a yawed spinning cone.. There are, of course, other claues of solutions, but here we shall give only a list of references. This is intended as a supplement to Moore'sl list and covers boundary layers on y~wed in~;n;te oylindersZt-a= and on rotating bodies~ - ~ . ~ o t e thxt Ref. 23 has been included even though Tifl'ord was explicitly considering a two-dimemfioual problem of he~t transfer, because some of his results apply to flows past & yawed cylinder.

 "'..'

":.

":

"

""

..

"'~"

"'~='"

..

..~

.i'-

"

""

"'

~'~"

i"

"''"

"

"

'

"'""

"

"'"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

" :ii~e mommtum integral methods dq~.loped for ~ ~ e U l ~une~rylay~ ~enen~ of tho~ uHd f ~ ~ b o u n ~ dary l a y s . The ~ork is~almost entirely ~ _ - ~ e d t o lamin~ i n e ~ p r ~ ~ llble bounda~ ]ayes, and . ~ * m l ; , ~ eo-ordinat~ ~ now employed -l~cet exdumvely. The typical problemk to solve s pair of momentum intesral equLtio~ ~ S im~'~y ~ v ~ m ~ n o m ~ Zmnnp~ons m required 4;o make the equtions determins~, and the usual .Iz'setioe is. to follow Poh~h,,usen'. ~ a~n.osch o f ~ g q~ified w l o c i ~ pro, ." 'files and deri'rJ.ug ~ ' f o r the unlmowns t h ~ ~ breumr and .Ouds~S presented s-partieu~ly .~,~ple method butin this they:made no st~nnl~ to s&~jr the momentzm equation for the e a ~ . -flow. In s.mlm of pa'per~ ~ " ~ Z . and his oolisa~m ~ number of wsys of ~ecifying the velocity profile~ Timm&u'~ pro:. pooed method seems fairly reliable for even sppreciable earn-flows provided the external ~ a U n m , which are ~ener~y crowed, dozz~ have oon~demb!e reductions in eurvature~ The method involves, how-. eve:, s . ~ z t deal of comput~oz~ Z~atz, nimplified Timm~'s method fo: the ea~ ofmzall e~o~-flow, &nd then mo~aed it to reduoelthe'~m~mtm~ re~d0tion~ ,z. Coek~ I m p m ~ t e d an alternative wod~ke~o~ In e o n t r ~ ~o~the~ m e t h o d ~ - ~ h f ~ Pohlhaum~'s ~ is. s method,~mdied by IIslla; ~hich follows T h w a i t ~ , qqzro~hof~

known solutiom, T~aunsn, Z ~ t and.Cookehsve spplied their methods to the boUndm7 layers over model vinp. but no S ~ of t ~ :Th~ app:osch have ye~ been msde. In his latmt p s l ~ Z s s ~ en~Lqmt8further m o ~ i ~ t i o n s whichat the same time render his method applic~blo to eomymnib~ boundary, layer~ R e o e u t l y , . ~ d , Pinsent H. G., and Pinmmt P,A.~ preoeuted an ambitious method ha~d on that of Head'~ for t w o ~ h ~ o n a l boundary ~ . I t is zmee~ry to solve a pair of e~ergy integral equation~ u well u the momentmn " integral equations; but the method is ~ppli~blo. to boundary layemi with suction and is believed to be su~eient.ly accurate for the estimstion of boundary layer st&bgity; moreover it is not rwtrioted to of small ero~-fl~w. Finally, mention ~hould be nmde of ~ " new spproa~, proposed by ~ n ~ s , in whichincre_---~gly velocity profiles are generated by an itemtive procedure; we ahall not " disenm it her~ Very little work on turbulent boundary layers has been done. What little there is relies rather heavily on two~th~en~onal wm~ e x ~ r l y for the empirical ~alue of the =~n friction. Momentum methods have been exclusiv~]y used, often with a 1 / ~ p o ~ ' e r law for streamwise ~elocity ]n~em, and with some ,~,,~ple plausible assumption for the erosflow. Cooke4n has devised s method on these ti~es for inom,np_re,-','bb

" '

.....

J.c.

coo==

G.

"

.flow;whil~ Smuu~e attacked the"more formidable, task o f L u v ~ g compr~__~le turb.ulent flow over a slightly-yawed" cons. M q e r ~ dealt with .incompressible flow i n a duct. Sightly different, variations have been rJs~estod by Beckersz and Zast~5. J o h a n n - - , s,. ~, suggested .more sopl~C.!cated pattern for. the ~om-fow. ~
paper is.in.three main p .The t i n t d e s k w i t h

s/onal boundary L~yers in general The full boundarylayer e q ~ n s , in orthogunal eurvilinsar co-ordinates, are set down, and also the cortespondin~ momentum integral equation& For reference, the useful c u e s of the boundary layer equations in geodes/e co-ordinates ar,d the toomento.m integral equations in stre~ml;-e co-ordinates are also set down. A d ~ s i o n of crose.fow follows, and the" leads naturaliy to an aecount o f the axially symmetric analogy and the compressibility correlation. I n the second part. the analysis and numerical method of Raeta. ~. and some representative exact and series solutions are d/Seusee~ The represont&tive solUtions are those presented by Yohnsr and Hansen 14 (which include t h e earlier results of Herzlg mui Hansen xx, Loose and SowerbyZO), andSedney's solutionm for the yawed spinning cone (which includes the earlier results of Hantzsche and Ytrendtle, ]~anglerlT ~ooreXt and'/]l|n.~worthlS). In the ~ and ~ part integral methods are con* aidered:-We begin with ~mAn'~36 method ;- and then consider Hall's study 4~ following T h w a i t e ~ . This provides an insight into the relation between PohIhansen's and Thwaites: approach for t h : e e ~ m e n s i o n a l boundary layers. The metheda of Zaatal. 40. 4s and Cooke4z come n s x L T h e discuM/on of methods for laminar boundary layer~ closes with an account of the method of L;.dfield and h~s colleagues41 in which energy integral equations as well as momentum integral equations ~ se&isfiled. LMtly, methods for turbulen~ boundary layers are briefly deseribed.
. . 0 .

2 . General Considerations

2.1 B o u n d a r y l a y e r and m o m e n t u m I n t e g r a l equaUons An orthogonal system of curvilinear co-ordinates (~, ,I, D is use& The surface over which the boundary layer lies is denoted by ~ - O, and ~ measures the distance from the surface along a normal. On the surface ~ -- 0 are ~wo families of co-ordinate eur~es ~ =. constant and ,i -- constant, orthogonal.to one another. For this system the element of length d~ witl~;n the boundary layer is given by ..
=

where ~x and h~ are length parameters and, to a sufficiently good approximation, are functions of ~ and ,7 only. The requisite conditions

"" .
"" '

- ~.i'
"

..,e,o,,,,&,,.~ ~ ,
"

;.. ~
. . . '

. ~ ~ "
.. ,. .

~- "
~..
.

~,':

-- -

"

10eal]y the boundary layer th/~.Imess in mud] m m I m ~ d with the l~inel-. r a d i i of e u z ~ a , t u r e o f t h e . s u r f a e ~ . " .' " ,.." .... :" ",: ; In the above o o ~ r , 4 i - - t e iu~tem the boundary lsyer equstkms fo~ steady compressible flow o f . per/bet .Ipm.with constant s p e c i ~ and const~mt Premdtl. number .are .:. . ' "
. . . . ..

"

e&~

" ~u'

"

"

" "

.~

~{~+ ~+
. ,,~, ,,e,

I o~ "-E~,+E~I
~, .

,
;

'~'

~"

(r}.

""

"'"

"

"

..'"

""-0."

~,

.-..
.~" . " .. ,, - . . . " ,

~,)
-..

."1~+"~

+.'T~

. .:.....

:
' "".". . ,~" ' ~ " " 1~ ' "

o,

"

where w, e and w are the velocity e~nponente in the direetio~ o f the

~, 'mg ~ e s ruq~ively, p i, the preuure, which, U Eq. {S) show~ ts

constant throughout the t~iekness of the boundary lsye~, p is the

densi'.y, ~ . the ~ m a ~ number, ~ ~ e v i ~ o ~ y , x~ ~ i z'. tJ~epode~o

and I - OpT, where Cp is the speei6e heat at eonstant preemne and T i s the tempemtur~ The equations for ineompremble flow were first given by H o w ~ u for a triply orthogonsl eo-ordinste system. Howsrth's equations are unchanged for the eo-or~inate system used here, u we, pointed out

by Squire*'.
An Llt~-natlve f o r m o f the energy ~-q. (4) is obt~ned by multiplying Eqs. (I) and (2) by u and v respectively and addhig to Eq. (4). Putting"

s - x+i(~z+~)

22S

J.C. L'~.~.z.s ~ m n ~- G. K ~ r ~

"

we obtainthe mmlt
' . ~fuaH. vaH +~.} a l l = a{ /~."

1-Fr oi~1

The ~,.lu~ of @ia~,..apla~.,~ o b , ~ from tim e=~=~,l eow, or. more preciseIy, the flow at the edge of the boundary layer. Denoting the values ofi[ow quantities at the edge by the subscript "e" we l~ve fz~n Eqe. (I)and (2)

~'*.h,.~
~t~-~+ ~, ~

...=..-Z;~'....
= ~.

(8) (~)

From Eqs. (1), (2) and (4) we m ~ y o b ~ a seriesof b o ~ n ~ conditiorm ,t the surfe~e of the body. These are:obtained by putting { - O,

= - - e == w =,, O, in the equations as they. stand, and in those obtained by differentiating them any number of times with respect to ~. Two
suoh boundary ~onditiou.am

a~,

i
-

~a~

'

I.~L'=TUJ~.

~'~"

(u)

The momentum integral equs~ons ~

derived in the uau~l w=y, .by

int~rsting Eq~ (I) and (2) termby term acrms the .boundary l&yer and making.use of Eqs. (6), (8) and (9) to el;minate w and p. Puttin~
'

o ' . s . =,=+,,=,
#

e,~

=
e

0~,~-~)

d~,

e.u,a, = f (;o.~.-e,) dL
e.

~Uo=en- f
#

(~-=)e,:

de,

peU.~=l " / (re- e)pu d{;.

@

02)

 "" '.. . 2 *

. " .... "" / " '" . ,':

.-

~,.,.~; ~ ,

. . . "" ,. ".

~...

" .

.:.

".'"

",
".

"
. .

"5"01""

" ~ - .

"

"

":

we obtain the reeult

"

.-

"

""

"'

'

a-:
'

"

':i
.'

~-:i
"'. .7": "i.

:' ~__~,.~ + i ~,..._

"''" ... . .
,-

uo
-' . . '. .-

,'
." .

~,
. ' . -

'is
"

/.,

.,

peDo~ ' -

(IS

. .

X,(,.,;
. , .

-".
. . ..

-.
o . . .

.,)

2.2 ~ o m e n t u m iatel~ral ~luatlo~" in ~ ,co-ordimte8 the ~ ,~- ~ " d # " o o u t . , n ~ ~ "..he~ ~: - 0 taken to 'be.~he p'tojeotio'~ .of the ~ m u m U n e ~ on ~ 'the eur,v~ and their oft,borons1 .t,x~ee~:~-i~ in the eurfaoe ~ , the a,bove momeatazm i a t e g ~ equatio,,- take ~ I)art, io-~,--ly useful form. We then h~ve "e - o ~nd De - =, and the new di~heement u~d ~omentm~ t h i e k n e , ~ tre given by
#

,- f
0

(is)
0

0
~ "

j o

~ l

"" ,,;.

,,.-

- jr. ~ '--'~,,,~ ,
o

230

J . C . Coox.u ~rD ~f~ G . H . t ~

'

The momentum integral equations.are.at this stage only slightly

simplified, but if in addition the external flow is irrotational a velocity potential exists which we may put equal to ~ so ~hat ~x " line. The equstion~ then become '

I ~ "

+ IBue29,
." .

en) -

','0x

-,

(le)

+.

I o~rq.o

.~ { , n +

-" n+at)---

2~0',, x~

' ',w --.

(17)

.,

2.3 Moore's f o r m of the equations.

MooreS?pmposes ~ system of geodesicco-ordinates.Choose any.surface contou~ M.the Line4~-- 0.~ Than by measuring ~direotly. along t.he surface geodemi~ w h i ~ sum.normS to the e.hoaencontou~ at ~ - Oione finds, t l ~ t the geodesic and their orthogon~l tmjece.oriea form a c o ordinate system with the Linear element .

" d ~ ~m

I
.' ..

and a o a l r e l , ~1 " r . Moore restricts h~m.elf to the case for which is s function of ~ only; this implies tlmt the curves ~ - constant must have onstant geodesic curvature. This system is especially useful for s cone or & general surface of revolution. The co-ordinates (~, 7) of &p o i n t / ' in these two cases have the following physical sign~eance. For & cone ~ measures the distance of P from the apex along a generator, WhiRr ~ is the distance of P from ~ fixed my measured along a curve on the surface in a direction normal to the rays; this implies that r -- ~. For & surface o f revolution ~ is the distance of P from & fixed cross section, measured along s generator. The cross sections are circular and r is taken as the radius of a cross section and is a function of ~ only, whilst q is the angle between the meridian plane through P and a fixed meridian plane. Moore introduces the ide& o f a three-dlmensionM vector potential and
. .

..

:.

. . . .

..

"

"

" ....

..=.

~ o ~ , : ~ , ~ v, ~,~
.

.,

~~ ~ ~ d . ~
.

~,,~'~
. .

,q

~.. : ::
."~. ~ " : ,

,.

..~

.
o, .

"...:7..... ' . . . . . , ,~ ~

'
,.

~
~ . ' .~ .

.
. . . . ..." . ,~ " . . -.

...:....
:;
"
, .. '

.,~.'
.

.....,,
i

.... ~

~.
"" : "'j

"
"
.

..,.
"'
. - . .

...
' . . .

.
".
'" .

"
.

= ~,
. .

'."

:(I~
. . " -

.
: . :'. . .. " . , .

.
-

.
, "

.
, ..

I n a d d i t i o n Moore ua~s H o w a r t h ' s t r m ~ o r m s t i o n U . w h i e h we m ~ y write .

".. . . . ' . .. , , . ." . .. . . .. .. -"

1..

"

..,_, P
..

"

[ p ~ ' t ~

"

Pd~,. q ~

""

"

.1" "~" " "'. [ . p ' ~ " "1 " P[P~ , - , _ - , ,p. "
.':
"

(,,)
"

:"'"
."

the ~ Ne~,

.~po--/

~ . . . . .

I-,]~

~,"
. ,

...

0 ~ . ~ ' ~ r ~ g . t o some r d e ~ m o e o o ~ U U O ~ . dimensionless qu~UUu are ~ o p ~ on t h e f o n o ~ g

. . . .

n~eme:

"

'

..

;.

.-

.-

."

"

"

-.

....
. .

i~
m m

T o";
To
,

"
" . " . . . . . "."

..

"

~
. ;

..

".

": ....
o.

a m d ~
.,o

"

"."

"

-~

..

for
....
"

.~1,e~.

" ~,e.

~,
~,"

e~."
~,.~ . . . .
"

t,

~,e,~..

-:.(so)
"

(,~12e,,l~
" .. ~ ,~I. ,

;. I

v,

l~Tly M o o ~ applies t~e.l,~n~ler ~ t ~ " n ~ i o n 'l'hi~ ~,,

,

to the .

x = ~j,~a~,
,-~,

Z - t,rz, . where k is a:n a r b i t z ~ t y e o n s t a n t .

232He ~o

$. C. CoOxz .era 3&. G. H , u ~

makes the ~b~'~,~

.v-~,
SO th&t
t, :
"

~ -~,
- .

(l/r)h~ -F=.

~-

(l[r)~

(~Z.

(22)

With all the a,bove changea, EqL (1), (2) and'(4) beoome s o ,L

" a.l~,

1.1px_

.1 Pr )

"

"~,4"~r+
.

(24) ~'
o zZr.

,,,,, (
+

2~p
.

~ ~-~Izz. ' (9_s)

The l ~

equation in the c.a~ of unit Prandfl number has &solution

T+FzS+ azs = constant .. (2s)

may be seen from Eq. (7). 2.4 On cross-flows . " It may be recalled that the cross-flow has been defined ,.s ~ e component of flow in a boundary layer at right-angles to the projected direction of the external streamlines. On traversing through s boundary layer along a normal.to the surface the velocity vector is found in general to skew. This signifies the presence of cross-flow and is s characteristic feature of tltree~menaioval boundary layers. Along the normal, the cross-wise velocity component, which is ~ meamu~ of the cross-flow,

."

.,.

-,

"

,,

...

".

.-

. '.:

'~-

then t~ Zero at the edge Of the boundary layer. In the boundaxy layer equt.lorm in ~ , - l ; ~ e ~ o r d i n a t e , the crom-wise velocity is.e. A phy~csd explanation far the ~ o e of crom-flows may be given a8 fol]oWL For l~Amplicitywe eonsider the boundary" layer over a plane surface. The st~a~,li~e, at the edge of the boundary layer a~esupposed to be cm~ved, so there must be an inward pressure ~-adient in the
~.

d.i~,,,~i~.".,b,,.t,,n,~q the~ ~t,riCuS~ f ~ . Z~, .f~ s ~

" ~ pre~ure,Lqmclient the m o u n t of curvature of.thestrea_~l;~ea .c~ pen& On the q ~ l of the uid element& Therefore, ~nee the timid wRM~ the,boundary layer h ~ been retardedby = ~ - L,iction and the : pressure gradiente do not vary along a normal .'to the ~n~aee, a fluid element with;~ the boundary l a y ~ ,will, for the same eentrifugal fm~e, take a more highly curved path than a etmmpond~,g element at ~ e e d g e . Comequently .there will be eroee-flow~ ..~.
. . . ' ~ ." "" ~ .. . -, . ," . ., o

,~..~.... - - ' ~

.~,.-i ___-~.

.~o

o.

/
-04
! Z " .. 4

.-

~*
U.

- 1,

e.
~.

- S+~-~'.

Some eroN-w~e shown in F ~ . 1. It wm be seen that the profiles vary in -hape and that in some oft.hem v changes its sign as we go throegh the boundsryl~yer. The resultant direction of flow is clearly ~tWerent at di~erent ]evek. Of particular int~wt is the "li,~ith~g s.~J,,,tlne" ,~hich ia the l~,,,i*.,ing l~sition of a s ~ a m l l n e as the surfs~e is approached. It may also be z6

2.~

,1". O. Ooox.w ,~-~ M. O. ~ . .

d e ~ e d a8 s, line wl~ic.~ ~ ever~whe~ t ~ e n L i a ] to the reeull~nt sheaz ent shape from.the e~temal st~e-~l;ne may be seen in.Fig. 2. The ex'

temsl ~w' ~.om which F i ~ 1 ~ d ~ hsve been c a . l c ~

, .

is ~i~cu by

~ . . ~,

~0.

o+~,~,
~ i ~ t of

vh~~o

iaaome rei'eren~ ,v~ocity. '~e ~ - _ ~ . n ~ ~ v e .

41-0

/
$-a

/
/ ~X/'''-

!I
1.0

I ,.,y-\
/
"'--SlrQamllnell ' l-lmilln I l l r l l l m l l n l l

,1

I
O.
,

!
2~

1.0

- 1,

-- 2 + ~ - p .

~:.'&:.
;.ne~ ~t e 1

z~,

~.~~

Z~.~o~

0:5 ,mc~~, on,,ta,-eb,do~, ~ - , - ~ ; . ~ t ~ e r ~ . ~

deereaseeup to ~ point and then ine~eues after the point is l~iaed,~ The .pressure " ~~ t can be said. to be 'Tavourable" up to t h 6 point and ' ~ f t v o u r a b | e " further d o ~ I t wfl] be noticed tJ:~'the

I ~ , , ~ ,t~,~l~ee keep ~ r l y doe to, the extma~ ~ . u a d e ~

favourabl e pressure gradient, but diverge widely when the gradients b e c ~ e uz~vour~le. : l~ote that erme-flowe a~e autematie~lly a ~ . a t e d with e2,se-wim shear st~meL While the crou-wise p rewure gradient is maintained these shear stresses !6zlt the magnitude of the erou-flow; and if this prmsure gradient is reduced to zero after l ~ u e i n g ero~:ow, the etreue, will graduaUy reduce the cross-flow to uno ~ l m . An/nspection of the boundary layer equations (2) prov/dm a guide to the qutlit~tive behsviour of the croa-ow. Consider a b o u n d ~ y layer which h u developed for some distance without a n y e~om-wiN preuure S~diente or erou-eow.. A cross-wise premn~ gradient ;-gad'denly impoeed and is maintained for some distanoe until al:~Z'e~ble c r o p , owe are present.. Then t h e . ~ ' w b e pressure gradient k saddenly removed. Taking Eq. (9.) to be in mtz--,~"~e ~ we me that initially all the terms will be un~. The sudden impmition of the p r e m ~ grader implie, that the term (~/Z~)~/e~- - ~ . ~ ] a . beeome apprecisble. While the erou-ow, ~oresented by e, is grOWin" g
- buts tin ~

this r ~ . u ~ ~

~(~/Iq)e~le~. 6eeom~

~,ppreettble

.sr~,% the v ~ o ~ term ( ela~3(.~,leD i~ still ~ ~ e eq~tloa under these conditions is ,~mnar in form to that fm invkcid flow, whe~ the eurv~ure of the mzamUneo i~ s e o u n ~ of the c~m-wke pressure gradient~ Here, the erms.flow iea eounter na~ of the e~ee~-whe prmuze gradient. The a~alogy breaks down u the crop-/tow increase, in nuq;nl. rude, for the viscous terms in the equatio~ become si.gnifieant. In a crude sense the ero~-ow grow= until the e~om-wise viscous foreu l~.lanee the erms.wke preesure .form. When the Freaere gradimt is removed the erom-flow does not disappear, as it would ff the invkeid analogy s t ~ he]& The viseons terms remsin significant, so that the equst~on now reeembke that for heat d/fusion. The cro~-flow decreases slowly, like the exponen'dsl decrease of tempersture wit.h~dig~ee from s hot souroe. Hence it may be said thst there is no lag in the growth of eros-flow with the imposition of cro~-w~se l~ressure gradient, but the deerea~ in cro~-flow 1 ~ behind the removal (or reduction) of the s~dient. TMe existence of two mode~ of cro~-flow beha~iour oomplicate~ the setth~g ~p of approximate methods of e~eu]~ti~g thr~e-dme~donal boundary ]syers. It ~vou]d be most convenient if the magnitude of the croa-flow could be taken a8 a e o u n ~ of the e~oes-wise pressure

 23e
... t

.3.

~ Cooxz ~

~ . G, HxLt.

gradient. (or the curvature of the externaI stze~rnl;-ee) and the cro~-wise velocity profiles could be taken, to. be -;-,1~. B u t this is bound.to be inar~umte whece the gradients (or the curvatures) are decreasi~,: due ~ the lag i n t h e reduction of the cross-flows. For example, the l a g and the fsct that the boundary condition on the surface, Eq. (11), requires the.secoDd de~vative O[ V at the s ~ t o be IrCoportion=l to the cross-wise gressure gradient together imply that the profiles =--ot be ,;,,,;1,,ne~ s point of;-~exion of an e~t~-z~l streamline. Such points of inflexion aze fi~lnent!y found over swept and slender, wings. However, the calculation of s three~;mensiona] boundary I~yer i ~ considerably, simplified if, u is fi~tuently the c u e in praetico, the cro~flows are small We consider this in the next two sub-seetiona. '

2..5 T h e axially syr,',,'-e~'Ic aaalo~o' - .. Several ~uthors have noted tha~ if the ero.e-w-ke veloeit, ies (and ~eir
cross wine gre~ents) ~ e smalI the etre~mwise flow ~ n b e . ~ I ~ independently of the crou-flow. Once this iS done the crou-flow can be calculst~d b y means of ~ linear equation, Eichelhrenner an-10udar~S pointed Ou~ thst the simplification leads to an axially symmetrio snafogy, .... Consider Eqs. (~), (~), (s) a n d (2)in etre~,-~;-e co-ordin,,t~, w~i'~, g.

18
" '~"~S" ""~ tz ~

#
~ ,,~ (9) " .,- . . . . .

we.have,.~ns EqL (8)

-.i,,
1~
u,
a .

(")
- o,

(.)
a,~

, ,

,,o,

The first three equations ~ e precisely those for flow over ~n axially symmetric body of rsdius r ~ud thus the an~ogy is established. It is necessary to keep ~/constant, for ,/occurs in the equations aa s parsmeter specifying the particular stre-r-~i-e which is being followed. lngidentally, Vaglio-Laurinag, ~o pointed out that if K z - . 0 or peue 2 - pita -- O, ]~q. (30) with boundary conditions e - 0 st the body

:
-

"
. . . , .o .

~ . . ~
. .

.:
. . .. , . . . .

:
.. .. ,,

"'

.P ~- -~~ -, L -a I '~ ~ , ~. ~ J. ~ . . . , .~ ,.~_.~._

. . . ., .. . ..-" . * . , , ..

. ,

. .:
: . ".,

~ z ~- O, t h e ~ a l s t r e a m ~ e s are geodesics in.the .mrfsoe. For t h k case Squ~S6 had earlier, pointed o u t t h e solution v ms O. Vsglio-LamCm ~ showed.*.~t if the surface is.highiy ~ooled.and the b l a b n u m b e r mode~.. -ate, it is a p i ~ m * t e l y true that p,~o ~ - p~= -.. 0 and so d ~ t e d i .that eve~ when the streamlines m ~ g ] ~ y c u r v e d i t is ~ d ~ po~ible i n ce~a~ ~ - t a a ~ to have ~a~hh~x~y ammll cxo~flo~. .... Let us conside~ the "a~.~ci~De o f t . I f we note t h a ~ , . ...

"
,

XI--;,
,

- . - . ]1" ..~i~1:
. . "

".

l&~.
.

"
* " , ,-

.
. . ,

."

we . c e t 3 ~ t -(I/r)erl~ is the geodesio ~-av~-e Of the o ~ o g o ~ l trajectoriesof the staea~ine~. It isthus a meas~=e of the smount these s t a ~ . " es diverge or co~erge, just like~ e ~ d ~ g e=premo~ for an axially s y m m e t r i c body. I f ~rl ~ is lx~itive r ~incxm~.as we go
downstaeam, and,the Staeamlines diverge..., . . ".:- ....

We m a y t e e o n e effect of on the b o u n d a r y l a y e r b y tom,daring the strezmwise momentum Eq.. (16). With mmll we. neglect ~ and e ~
Writing . : :." " ~. . . . . '..

a
. . .

l a
.

a
. '
~'o "

B, ;
r.
"

; )
:.
" .'

e'n+On (H+=)-~

p)

"

"

p,~

"

"
.

erpect this is the m o m e n t u m equation for a x i ~ y ~ , ~ , ~ e t ~ i e flow. The equation, is in f ~ t ~dentioal to the wen ]mown t w o ~ t t ~ e n ~ o ~ d e q u ~

with , , ' / ~ ~ . ..

by . ~_~+

~
.

: ~ ,_ . (~)

H+~r

alteration may have consldemb|e effect ~ o n the c~lcolLted value

of 8n, c e p e c ~ y when = ' e / ~ is s m a l l In one case the turbulent beun-

dary layer past a 13~o thick de]t~ ~,ng at zero incidence was oom/dered.
The ~Tach number was 2. ~Yhe~ r' was neglected it was found that the pre~-ure gradicnt was sumc]en~y small to make the oalcu~ted value of en along a streamline near to the centre line about the same as it would have been if the flow had been o v e r a fiatplate. ~Then allowanoe was made for the convergence of the ~r_~_,-;;nes.~vhich took place on

238

J. C. Cosine ~.-m bL G. H , ~ m

this wing the v~lue of Ou near ~ e t~il;-g edge was increased by about
so%.

2.6 Toe compressibility correlation Stewartsons showed that in two ~;mensions the laminar compressible boundary layer couldbe correlated with an incompressible boundary layer with a ,1;~erentmain stre-,- velocity, provided (i) the lhundt,l number is unity, (ii) there:is no heat transfer, and (ifi) viscosity varies directly as. the temperature, This correlation does not hold in .general for three ,rmensions, but it does.hold when there is small cross-flow, We shall show t h ~ Eqs. 127), (201 and (30) can be reduced to their incompt~mible equivalentaby suitable tranafommtions and dt~-~tiooa in the extemst flow. Stewartson used i ~ relation .... p T

but, followingChauma:n' and Rubesinn, we inky replace tlik by '

~'0 . ' 'Ji['o

:.

(331

the suiF~x 0 referringto some referencecondition. For zero heat transferand unit Pmndtl number Crocco's{emimra~um relationholds. This is
"

. ...

..

'

~-~e~,

2'

1+

~',t_us_~,~,

..

1341

where a., is the .velocity of sound just; outside the boundm7 layer.. This corresponds 3o the solution H ,- constant of Eq, (T) w i t h l:h" -- L being small we may ignore ~z in Eq. (34). Modifying Stewartson's transformation slig~,tly we write (35)
0

Equation (29) is satisfied identically by a stream function ~ such

that
-

i}

 +
o" " . ," . .

~.
./'... f .

~
. . .

~
.

. . . .
.

~e
."

~en~
. . -. . . " .

.
~ ,~.

.
" . . . -

~,s"

i~

he~ ~ We omit the . d ~ that ff we ~rit~ :

.+.

the ~ . . y ~ f o n o ~ that of S t . e w ~ - ~ n olO,,ely. ~hivh are tediou~ but strsJdgh.tforward. It is found aoUo .~, ~ ~v--l)lev-;~" . , s-a &. + ~ xao ~a~ ~ ~.a~ ~ " ; ~z' w -. - ; ~ ,
. .

"
.. ..

~o . . +"

i)',
.

..,

-.

-.-.

.;

Eq," (~7) beoomm '

+
. . . .

+m -

+
:

whiah ~ the form it Would ]~ve tl~ken if p nmdt, were ~

m = ~Iv. ~ o the i , m m ~ . m i m e for,- o f E q . ( ~ ) ~ n z i . b ~ I f in addition we .. .'
w r i f ~ . . -..

and

v - +, + = t+i(~-t)~o~..~. . . . .

+..~..._.,._~

C " -

we find that Eq. 1~01b e o o m e . "

~V:
V~s +

w~ +

~v

~ v +,
,

:i ~ v ~
'+

.'as:" x ' ~ + ' - ~ + ~ '

w h i ~ is the form it would t~ke if v sad e~ ~ e o n ~ n t mad ,o - ~ ! # and the new X2 were used. Thus t~e equsfiom hsve been reduoed to
ineompresm'ble form. It can idso be verited t h ~ the b o u n d e ~

tions ~t~fied reduoe to the ~ r n ~ l x m d i ~ inoo~prem'ble ~ e L e ~ l s ~ o n h ~ been spplied to flow p u t the upper ~ r ~ o e of s ~nic~Ily cambered delta wing wRh ~ flow along the l e ~ d i ~ edges, u deecribed by Brebne~Z, and for v ~ an inoompre~'ble ~Aoulation w ~ ma~e in Ref. 4~. This wing "mfiat inboard o f the "ahouldem" ~hich are straight lines through the apex h~vJng, in the notatio~ o f

Fig. S, equations y / R ' x . 0.6. Outboard of the shoulde~ the wing

Surfaoe is drooped,in such a way .~t at a er~.~ incidenoe the +low k attached along the leading edge~; the l i ~ eoe~cient ~ 0.I. The flow was cal~ols~ed by alender wing theory. It is ~ d and is n ~ h ~ afte~ attachment the streamwise p r e ~ e ~ d i e n t is at f i ~ . f a ~ o m b l e

24o

5. C. Coo z

3.

ant; the stre-mI;-es turn slightly towards the centre line. l a t e r &po/nt of ir~exion k reached, st which the ~re~mI;nes turn the other way and the pressure gradient becomes unfavoumble (positive). Some ides of the boundary layer f~ow is obtained by plotting the angle between external st~--m.nes snd .--~ti~ ~re,,m..W~. Czlculations o f . t ~ angle on the
30"

,o',o, o, ..,:r.,,. f
'" . [ ~/ .

" aO

-I0

-20

I:O

O.S

O-g
~(tt

0.?

04"

Yza. 3. Az~le ; ~tween .trmunlh~ ~ d " ~ ; t ~ ~ f~ eon/eally cambered delm~w ~ of l~efi"4~ Effc~,t o~"eompemm'oilit F. Msch ~.

inaomprmaiblo as~.mption and on the assumption of 3 f ~ h number $ re shown in Fig. 3. The general effect c .~._mpreMil~I/ty seems to be t o [ n c ~ u e all pressure gradients and to increase the.cross-flow, ~ in one dirootion snd then in the other. ..
3. Exact and Series SoluUons

3.1 Tha analysis and n u m e r i c a l m e t h o d of Raetz RaetzZS pres-~ntod a'numerieal method of calcLd~ting the boundary [~yer on any three-dimenaional surf~,e h~ steady compremible flow without body forces. A variety of thermal properties o2 the surface, and suetion or injeetiou, are admitted. The fluid vkcoaity, thermal conduQtiTity, and sl>ec~c heat (at constant pressure) rosy be any functions of

automatic computer and, u m i g h t , be ~ a considerable amount of mathematical anal)~, ~as requin~ to fill the gap between the usual" boundary layer equations and an acceptable eomputer progr~,-,,,-~ " . The analym, however, sate results not only ofemnputational i n ~ but of fundamentalimportancein the unaeW,anding of b o ~ l a y e B and the boundary layer equations, and it is tha~ results we shall eon-" eentrate on bern. .: ."

and,~ identifying orthogonal line. on the aolid surra~o t h e lines q constant o r a t e d st ~ t apl~ -~,--~te~in the diree~on of the ~~e., and. ~
. . .
'. .

..

..

..

"

"-

. ,

o.

..

":

o.

tho

on

the surfaee. The (non-~-~ensional) dependent variables ehmen s,W ~, t. and ~, theeomponon, t Ofvelocityalong ~ - oon~.ant; the temper~m% and ~ component of chest stress along v~- co.rant, ~ t l v e ~ . Th~ or i ~ boundar~ la.~er eq~at/ons a ~ t m ~ ~ b y .~b.tt~. tton, ~o a set of three ~ order non-linear psrti~ d i i ~ U a l : e q u ~ t i ~ fore, t. and ~. The~ equation, a ~ ~ The ~ t reset of the ~ i s is that s l l ~ ~ ~ b y nm~: msls to the ~olid sur~aoe ~ - 1 are c h ~ e Surfao~ in the that all second and higher deriwt~ve, of e, ~, and ~ are indetennin~f~ when ~, t, and ~, and their first deriwt~vm are given. The edge of the boundary layer, ~ - O, is a.sin~ab.r .urfaee. I f such data are given ~ ..n o n - e ~ , _ , ~ r ~ d e ~urf~oe a unique analytic solution is d ~ f ~ o u g h o u t the region bounded by the surfaces ~ -- 0 and.;~ -- I and the characterize sm'faeejust enclosingthe n o n c e sm.fsoe oon~d~ ....
above elms of ~ surface I t k found ~.~,t, ~ v e n the value. of e. ~, and ~, on a c h ~ e suri'~o~, the fir~ derJvafivm with r e . p e ~ ~.~ .~ and ~ are indeterminate only at a line along which the ~ow aeroe. the surf~e vanlahe~ It can be deduced that the ~-Wuer.oeof conditions at any point is .~mnsferred t e o t h e r point~ in two ways: first, along n o r m ~ to the sul/d ~,_rfa~e, and secondly, by "eonvect~c~" .long s t r e - , ~ e ~ . T h e transformed equations thus " ~ u l a t e an elliptic system in the {;directic~ and a hyperbolic system in the other directions, in sub~on~ as ~ell as supersonic flow. In all tw~dhnen~onal flows, of eom~, these

2~
. .

. "

J.C.
. '-

Coor~ A.~-o ~

G, K , ~
. "

e~uations degenerat~ " to ia parabolic system. Suck features, being in- i n tmnsforn~tions, exist in all forms of the boundary layer equations. They arke from the o,,~i~on of certdu shear tern~ from the full equations of motion in conformance with the usual boundary laye~ assumptions and therefore prevail~whcre and only where these usumption~ are valid". Some specifio l)rol~,-ties con be deduced: Conditions at a given point affect the. solution(or the boundary.layer)within only a distinct zone wh/ch/s 0malogous to the "range of -.'nfluence" of the theory Of hyperbelie equations. This is the downstream region bounded bY the surfaces {~.- 0 and ~ - 1 and .s pair of characteristic surfaces throuh the given point. The pair is such. that the region is the smalIes~ for wh/ch any flow across the surfaces is nowhere outward from the re~om Conversely,. conditions at a given point will be affected by the solution within o n l y a distinct upstream zone which is analogous to a "domain. of depen: dence". This zone is bounded by the-corresl)onding pair of chamcteris-. tic surfaces extending upstream, from the given point. I f the latter zone is bounded upstream by a third chamcteristio surface, then arbidata on this surface and tha two surfaces ~ =. 0 and ~ - ' 1 can d ~ s solution everywhere wit.b;~ and o ~ y within this zone. It is worth remarking hem that the concept of the range of influence of loenlflow Conditions is important also for the understanding of three, ,~me~sional boundaa7 layers in the presence of afree edge, as on wings, discs, and blading, or in the presence of a streamwise comer, as a t wlng-body junctions and as in ducts and nozzles. The flow at, say. s free edge, where the usual boundary layer theory does not a vply, will in general afl'eot-conditions in the. ~mmedlatelv adjoining boundary layer, so that a knowledge of the range of influence of that part of the boundary layer would.give a me~suro of the .overall effects of the flee edge. These properties led Ra~tz to divide a flow fi~,ld into a number of parallelepiped domains, each bounded by ~ .= ~ , ~ =. gz, , / - V t , ' / = W, ~ - O, and ~ - I, where fx, ~.', '/I, and vjare constant. Given boundary data on ~ - O, ~ = I, ~ .. (x, and one of, or both, '! - 'R and ,~ - . W, depending on the directions of the flow, the flow throughout the domain can be computecL The domains can be treated separately i f taken in the proper order: the corresponding flows can be computed one after the other: so that an automatic computer of only moderate capacity is adequate if the domains, are suitably chosen. A special finite difference procedure is used for the actual compute.tions. Each parallelepiped is replaced by a lattice of points with constant spacings a, b, ~ in the ~, 'I, ~ directions respectively (in the ~, ,~, ~ and not the physical space). The spacings are all small and in addition a is

.Q

~,

much miller than b or c. Then the thr~ ,econd dmwtivm in the equation,, ~u, tcc, and ~cc, are replseed b y (~cc-(./c)~a), ( t ~ . . (a/c)ZtU), and (~cc- (a/c)Z~.) respectivelY. This (artificial)device gives numerical stability for s neglig/ble loss of accm'sc7.11aetz remarks that banlcally the added terms, even though small, change the ~;~'ex~,ntisl
byperboliO eonelude~ with a mectioa~on examp]csare given , and the pre~mt authorm~have been unableto find" any in the available ] i ~ ' " . ~. ". - ,....

3~ Solutions of Y o h n e r a n d H an s e n . " . The ineompresdble b o u n d ~ layer over developable ~ ~ - 0" isoonsidered. The eo-ordin~te eurvcs~ - eonstand~ - oonsf,.a~'~talL'ess"~. along geodesics of the surfsee, so that ~1 - ~ - 1 and Kz -. Ks -, O. When ~ .- 0 is a plane sur~a~e the coordinates ~,:~, ~;; eonstitute ~i rectangular Cart~sisn. system,. The boundary layer equztions; whioh may be derived from Eq,. (I). (2) and (5). 1 ~ g ~ O~(S) ~"d (9) , m
(, -

~/p)

."

.o

~+.~+~form
I 19

o.

(s~

~ n m ~ d H.-~g-. and ~ = . ,ho.-~d t ~ t ~ffi~,-,el"t~., o~t ~

- - - F ( Z ) ,
.

...-g(Z),
- ~

(z~)

1A'he~'q)
t .

c~/.,/,,)gce, ,,).

(4o)

were pouible in the four cams, given in Table L We deecribe briefly each of them fmnmet The equations of the ex-tm~a] m m l ; n e s ,
~ z, ~e~i

244.
a.r~.

J. C. C o o x ~ -

~.~D :~L .G.

. ~.--

b ~=-4+1
'
6"

,,,

co~.
"

for m ~ , ~ - l , . i
for m - ~-.I;

..

m'".~'l" ].

,7 m - Io~ ~ + ~ t ~

The flow is rotationalwith & specified distribution o f vorticity unless b =- 0 or.m - O.

T,~SZ.Z S
Camo
.,

I
, ."

IZ

ul

rv

;.

i ~"

" i

..at=,~,,-.l..

a,c~.-,~,.
/~.~ ~....

,~,~

..

b!-~

!/CUQ-

g
/" .

~/(~.1.

: Cc-.}...

; ."

~,

b and care a r b i t r ~ , constant~

:

T h e solutions can be combined to provide the inon-simi]ar) solution for the ex~ernel flow d e f i n e d b y .. ..

(41)

I t is easy to show that if (u, vm, w) are the velocity components in th~ boundsry l&yer of s flow defined by
~. - b ~ = ,

then
C"., ~ ",,,,")
m

will be the components in the flow clcfined by' Eqs. (41). The external streamlines are here given by
~/

I a

b,, m - - n + 1 ~m-n+l + constant,

Hansenu showed how individual !im;i.. solutionz canbe combined for

th,,,x:.~,,,is.]cue,,.-o..
"C~d~II" " : ":'" " ' " "

~ :..~

i
"

. ..
': ......

.
.

I..L
,

..)
:':
' .

" "": ";

. ,.
% .

The equations of the ~ - e - . ~ l ~

,. ." ,, .

are
.

...

.
:

..'

:
. .

. : . .

.~

-.oonsta~x~,

.All streamlines for s I~,en

5 / . ' a r e the . m e "m .s]ia,pe but,d/~erby l: m~de ~actor. XfS/= >. 0 they form a family of curves pa~ing ~ , t h e ori~a an~ touching the d~or ~ dm~; if 5]~ .< 0 t h e famgy i~ a s y m ~ t i e . to both the ~ and ~ axe~. The flow is again rotatior~l with ~z~itiedL distribution of vor~clty, unless ~ - a - 1. This latter.caN was studied. by Howarth ~ who gave thesolution for~]~ - 0,:0.Y~, 0-~0, 0.T~ and. l-O0. This case k in fa~-t a solution of the full NavieS.. toke~ equati .o~. in C a r t ~ a n coordinates, aa H o w ~ & pointed out. ., .

c . : u , . -., :
.'rh, e ~ t i o ~
,

":
m ; :. -

:..
' i.:

orthe ~

:...

. .:.i

..

'

"They are translat~,'butthe valuesof ~. and v, a r e d ~ e r e ~ at r e s l z z ~ u g points of any two streamlines. A]] the streamlines are Nyml~ totie to t h e ~ i a ~ T h e flow is r o ~ o ~ d . ' " .
-. ..

:C,~,rv:

"

'.

".

The equations of t h e ' ~ ' a r e

. " o f the form.

and again they f o r m a family of traaalate~ .As in Case l i t ~ possible to ~ solutions for diffe~mt wdu.es of m to provide a solution for the ~ow defined.by
.

"

~ -

aexp(z~},

,,-

~ ~,,, ~ c , , e ) .

The streamlines can then be of ~ y shape representable by a e e r i ~ of exponentials. ~[oreover the variation of the square of rem~tant velocity, namely ~e2-1-~e 2, along & b ' t ~ e may be of any form mpresentable by a series of exponentials. The flow is rotational un]em"
b-Oorm m O. "
"

Yohner and Hansen14 calculated similar solutions for cases I rand II for -- I and a range ofvalues o f b / a , m, and ~. These cues were cho~a. because it was felt they e o ~ n d e d to flows of greatest pmefieal

246

J . C . C o o n ~.~'n bL G. ~[.,~-.

importance, where the boundary layer started fiwm leading edge or ~iOn point or an attachment line. . . . By substitution of~Eqs. (39) in ]~qs. (36) and (37), it isfound that ~' and (7 sstisfy the following equations:

Ca~ I

,~(/'~. X)-(.+ l ~ r ~ ' - ~ " =.o, m(F'Gt'- 1)-(.-t- 1)1T'- G " - O.

~ " b b . .

(42) (43)

Ca~/1

,,(/,z- x)-i(,,+ 1)/'/"' + ~ , , , - 1)(o'/' - x ) - ~ ( m + l)a/'. , r ' . - o,

--..(o'~-

bm

; ) - ~ ( , a + i ) o o , +(,21)1~' o ' . i ) - t ( . + 1) 0 ' T ' ~ " l o~

The boundary eonditiou a~,

..

~ ' ( o ) : - ~'(o) - . o(o) ~'(iQo)

~ ' ( o ) . . o,

- a'(ao)-

x.

~otice thst in Case I Eq. i42)can be solved for ~' independentry of G. Eq. (4~).k in fit~ the well known Yalkner--Skan64 equation. Hendg and HansenU ~dcul&ted solutions for Case.l for ~ .. 0 and mxsngiug from 0 to 10. These are included in t,he solutionJ presented by Yohner and Hansen, which are for the rangesof values: "
. - 0, 1~2, 4,

for e a c h .

6, 8, I0;

m - 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10.

(i

mR

l,
2;

m+.

t, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, S, 10.

b --

for n - . 0
m - 1, 3, $;

and

a-I n=.5

for
m-

and 0, 1, 3, 5.

,L..3

In order to consider the shapes of the limiting s*.ream!inm, we note

*.~

l~uDi-lo~

or,1;,,,;t.z~g,~r,~,_ ,.,,~;,..D~l~e=b;r"

"-

..

.- " .

".: .

.,

~{~ ,,,,.(~.~.

ta,,~ : o,.~o) ,..o~,,~/ ,..o~,,,,r:/~/.~~:

,=

,=a h~=. ,a ,,q=,=o= o~ ~,o a=~a,w =t~,.,.,...= , ~ ,,b,, ~

boundary lsyer flow can be inferred from ~ k n o w l e d p of ~ =lone. Wlue~ of ~ ' ( 0 ) / ~ ' ( 0 ) L-~ p : e ~ n t e d in lq~. 4, w h i c h
:
.

hand aide is multiplied by" G'(O)/~(O), .Thus ~ rough pictm~ of t h e

ratio ~keu
-* .
"

:,

."

. "...~

~"

;2"

1~) :-~

.~.

I.

I~ ~

'

.,

" "

-" m

~t

(=) ~ I ,olut~o~. (~) ~ ~" , o ] ~ , ~ * ~/a - . = . V a l u ~ ot ~'(o)p;"(0) fi'm= :P,,~. 14.

24s

. Coo

(}-.EL:.

from Yohnerand Hanzen; The use ofthese, values can eas/ly ~e extendedtocover the above compoeite type oi" solution. As ,an illustration we

may refer again toHg.

whi

ows a fAreily 0f streamtines and 1;,-at.

ing Stl~_~mlln~S. - . .. The fact that the similar eoluti0ns de6cr~bed here require in general a specified distribution of vorticity in the external flowis an important limitation from the l~ractical view~int. In addition it has been pointed out by Hall as. and it can be. shown from the abo.-e discussion, that since the external streArel;nes cannot form An envelope neither can the ];re;t. ing streAmlines, and hence i;m;]ar solutions, do not arlm;t boundary lay-era that separate locally, along an envelope of |;re;ting stre-~1;nes-. ~foreover, since ~v"(O) cannot be locally zero, such local separation is impossible also w~th boundary layers having solutions that are combinations of those for Case L The main app];cstions of the solutions pre~nted by Yohner and Hansen have been in furthering the qualitative understanding of ~he behaviour of three~;,-ensional boundary layers, and in setting up appropriate momentnm integral methods of calculation~ 3.3. Sedney's eo solution f o r the yawed..splnnt.n ~ cone : '~ Sedneym obtained a solution, for the boundary layer on a spinning cone a~ small angles of attack by & perturb&tlon method. The basis solution, for zero spin ~ zero a n g l e o f attack, was obtained b y Hantzsche and Wendtx.s and by Manglerx?.A fumt order elect of s p i n and angle of attack, taken together, can be obtained by superpoeing the results of mi.gworthZS, and Moorexs. But to calculate the Magnus eEects due to asymmetry in the displacement thickness with respect to the plane of yaw s more detailed analysis, accounting for the interaction of spin with angle of attack effects, is neceua. 7 . This Sedney c s x ~ . out. ~ e outline his solution here because it yields quantities of intrinaie interest: the boundary layer velocity profiles, ;]r;. friction, and displacement thickness. The solution is the least, specialized of exact solutions for a cone, and should be useful in developing a p ~ x i mate methods. ~foore's boundary layer equationss7 in geodesic ce-ordm&t~s m&y be taken as the starting point. We follow the notation of Section 9.3. The co-ordinate is taken to measure distance along a ray, and distanc6 normal to the ray in the surface of the cone is denoted by ~q, so that r - ~ and ~ -. 3X. It is assumed that the inviscid supersonic flow is conical, so that ep/aX =, 0, and also that the Prandtl number is one. l~ew independent variables are introduced, namely the ~=~muth angle
- ,de,

..

."

-.

'

.. ,.

. '
.

.. :
..

~-.',.~<,~ ~sm',-.', ~'~;'~ ~ ~ ; :

, ." ..
. "..' . , ". ; ~

;~
" .. ..

wl~re ,:
"

"

-:

~=

( , ~ e x ~ , . x " , g ~ e or ~.~1.

..

,+ B ~ . t . . type,~mmmt~ v+.~bz.
~v'.-"
.

"

~a2 ~ , , n ~ . for d ~ u , ~ fro,,, ~ i l ~ t y d ~ to ~I~, ~ t . l ~ ,+..~t(~e~l.o,

=he~'e ~,;- me - , , ~

'

,,~Jo~y Or me co.+, a.cZ ,,o i. m e (dime,~OmZ)

" . . " . . ./ +':. :":

Lm~lythezub~tat~ozw
"

e - ~ ( . ,

o.),

" :

" "

"

are made. The non..dime'~ional velocity eoznponen~ t~and u L - ' e ' t ~ a l ~lve~ .bY .. . ..... " -.. b,~, .
..

:Equ~tlo~ (23), ( 2 4 ) . t ~ d 'l~e

~.. ~p

(26)-titan

~luoe ~ . 2- a~ . a-

:
.

"" "
= O,

2
-~,'.

"
"

- 2 .....

z ~p,

-'x

:+

s"-

s ~,

"

J'~ = * ( ] - a ~ z g~ - - ~ l z
p/Po-

Qoeo)

zlno, " "

!+'Asocm~ l+ar.~ emCp,

p -

where ~ is the (sm~ll) angle of Lttack, P0 is the pressure over tho eor. responding uny~wed eone, and the eoe~dentn ~ mm know~ f~not~om of f r e e - ~ . ~ M a ~ h number and cone verte~ &ngle n. O n the m a ~ e e of ~.he eone, A - O ,
v q

O,

P.~O

J'. C. Coog.g ~,co ~,L G. ]:r,r.T..

On inserting the last pair of conditi.'ons in Eq- (46) we see that there is a variation of sursce temperature that depends on the square of the distance ~ along a ray or generator. Thus only when the cone is not, splnn~ng is there no heat tr~n-~'er at the surface, : Sectney assumes a solution of the form " . " / = Pee(A)-A1 cce~Pol(~)+~,cAlsin~Fu(A), g = o~.-t.,sin 4'GIn(A)+ ~Glo(A)-=.,rJz cod4,Gu(A). '

These are, effectively, ~,hefirst few terms of& pair of power series expansions in th~ two small parametens = and ~. Fee governs the baaio uno perturbed flow (~fangler17, and Hantzsche and ~Vendtl6), Pal and Oot the angle of attack effects (~[oore10); O10 the spin effeet~(Dllngworthzs), and F u and Gxx the interaction effects. The interaction terml are t h e only second order termsineluded. B y substituting in Eqs. (44) a n d (45) it can be seen that-Foe:satisfies ' the Blssius equation. The remaining functions satisfy linear, t h i r d ; order ordinary dL'rerentid equations which con.ain, through the A ' s , the two pammcters cone angle and free stream ~fach number. The fun~' tions are not, therefore, functions of A alone (excepting Glo), so, rather, than solving directly, the corresponding equations are rewritten so that only Subsidiary functions,. ~i~. /:, of ~t alone need be so.ught. The P's,-and similarly the G~a, then take the form"

..

..

..

where the coefficients a+ are algebraic ex-press~ons containing only J ' s , e, and q - 1 +(7-1)~lt'o~/2 (Jfo - ~[o~h number of inviscid flow over unyawed cone). There are fourteen subsidiary functions, a n d Sedney has computed themall, togetherwith their first andsecond derivatives, and h u tabulated the results. , . Several quantities can be deduced from Sedney's tables' The boundary layer velocities and the skin friction coefficients follow directly,. To find the displacement thickness Sedney solves a first-order partial differential equation. A Reynolds number based on displacement thickness is obtained which contains an a~ term that makes the displacement thickness unsymmetrical with respect t o the plane of yaw. It is found that the effect of spin is to rotate the positions of maximum and mirdmum displacement thickness in the direction of Spin.

i
:' . . . " . . "

:
, :'

4. Integral Methods f o r Laminar- IncOmpressible B o u n d a r y .. " ~ , Layers .4.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n " ':/~" . . . : i . . . As we have l~inted out; the integral methods deve]olc~d for' ~ e ~ . dimensional boundary layers.are extensions of those used for two. d'2mensiona] boundary layerL For the mome~um integral methods in two dimensions .there have been two .approsehee, which are e~ed for convenience the Pohlhansen~ and Thwaites44 approsches. ~ aim a t . reducing to one t4~e three unkno~vns in the momentum inteLn~l tion "
"
m

. . :..

- .;, .

. dO

-- : - ~ . ! d ~ ' " O + S ~ . ) .

.
. .

."~

dz

"

~z

p ~ l ~

'.

the surface respeet.ively, e is the m o m e n t u m t h i ~ ,

a n d ~ the dis- : "

.placement thieknea. In the Pol~lh~nsen approach an expremkm is assumed for th e velocity profile. A typical example is the expression ..
. . * .. . .,

....

...

wherethe"func~ion'f and g are ~ e d , but the I m m ~ '.er ~. a hyP~, thetical l~mdary layS. thickness, is left free as.a ~alii~g and multi." .pl~gfaetor. The forum o f f and f are to some ~ t fixed by 4~e demands of the .boundary. cond/t.ions to. be sst,isfied by W/we,but expedenee plays, a large l~tt in the final choice, l~ote parti0u]srly .that the expression (48) r~resents 8 singly infinite fami]." y-of veloeit~ J proflleL BY substitution, all the unkno~'ns in the equation eaxn be exlmeessed in terms of the one unknown, ~, and the solution of the equation k t h ~ reduced ~o the determ;nation Of ~. In the Thws/tes apl~os~ the equ~t.ion is rendered determinate essentially b v replacing two. of the uu- . knowns :by approx~ations derived from known boundary ]syer solu. ' tior~ The approximat.ions must sl] be functions of the same psmmet~, and the ch0iee oft.his parameter isthe erucixl step. Thwaites expeemed . H . . ~1]0 a n d I -- ( O / T ~ e ) ( ~ u / ~ ) ~ a s functions of m - - ( ~ / P ) d u s ] d s : and solved, essentially, for ~. .There is a close relation between .the Thwaites and the Pohlhansen . aFprenches. The approsehes are equivalent in the sense that it can be sho~m that the assumption of the one-parameter femi]y of velocity profiles implies that ! and H can be represe~tted as functions of a tingle suitably ohosen parameter; the parameter m ~'as one of a number of valid parameten. The shortcomings in the Thwaites approach are

zTs

..

~5~
" " . ." , r

. J. C. Coozz --.~ ~
,

G. ~ /
.

paralleled by a h o r t ~ o m / ~ in the Pohlausen, in that where I or Heartnot be represented by universal/unctions of m a/one (with decelerat~ing mainstream), the one-parameter faro/lies prove inadequate. Corrcspond;ng di~cu/ties are encountered also in attempts to calculate boundary layers with suction.. The chief advantage of the Thwa/tes approach i s that ib m/nhnizea the labour of calculation. It seems hnpract.icable in general, however, to extend the approach to cases where the~unknowus in the integral equation are fmlctions of more than one parameter; the :derivati0n o f approximate functions o f two or three parameters ~om a limited number of "known boundary layer solutlons is a. formidable t ~ . . E a c h approach contributes, however, to the understan ,d!ngof the other. This will be seen to apply a/so in the exten~ons to three.dlmenaeons, "

The Pohlh~usen approach is on the other hand readilyextended to " the cases where the unknowns are func~ons of more than one paremeter; and Heaxi47 ]ms in fact done this successfully in two ~;mensionL Head adopted a doubly infinite f~,,;ly of velocity profiles
.,
:

,,.
~'

=
o

~'~

+b/~

where and b are independent of y/& This introduce- a second unknown into t h e proble m so that the so-called energy integral equation ~. well. as the momentum integral equat/on can be astisfied. The method is n o t subject to the ehortcominSs ot~the simple: momentum intesral methock, 0rod even, permits the estimation of boundary l~yer stability. The exten~on to three r]imensious, complicatef tlw problem c o n s i d e : ably. E v e n i f it is confined to moment, un integral equations there i s , instead of a single ordinary diEerential equation, a pair of simultaneous
di~erentdsl e q u i t i o n a Instead o f three unknowns there are

seven. For the Pohlhausen approach expressions/or the profilea of the two velocity components ~ a n d . m u n be assumed, and these expresSions will involve two free param~m. For the Thwaitcs. approach approximations consisting of functions of ~wo parameters have to be derived fi'om known solutions, when it is n o t e v e n clear what the two parameters should b e . .. .. Eichelbrenner and OudartS orisina/ly presented a relatively ~imple method which is worth no~ing here though it has now been'improved. They adopted streamline co-ordinat~s and the Pohl~ausen approach. For the cr0ss-flow they assumed
-" 7,h

..-,.:

...
..

. .

-.

"
, .

,
. .

.
.

.
.

:
.

.'
.

''-.

.
'

"

.
~ .

. -

..

.
. .

",~

.'.

.-..
'

.,

. ~

,~ ~ , ~ . L a y e r

as

T;.~Dbr.em~:.

.: " ~
. . . ,

/i
.

-here isthe

. oth ic- boundarylayer

T"m

for the Stre~mwise profile. The erou-flow thus ~t~fied .the xvquiMtt boundm7 conditions but., since no new free parameter was introduoe~ the momentum integral equation for the.erom-flow cmfld not be saris: fled. The loss ofaecuracy is mustrated in Fig. II, whidi givm a ~nnpad- " son Of results obtained by this .method with resultsobtained by "late~. ' methods. Now ~Eichelbrenner and Oudart could have satisfied both tim boundary conditions and the momentum integral equation for the emm-. i flow. by ch.oosinS di~er~.nt hypothetical boundary layer thicknemes for the s t r e s m w i ~ and erms-wise profiles am, indeed; some. other : aut.hors~-m. 4s. ~ ' ~ ' have done, There has been some . ~ t r,bout the validi1~yof such a step. The present au~hoxz hold t h ~ sinoe the 'F's s ~ hypothe'~ca] anyway there'is no serious objection to d i f f ~ values "being used as a means 0f achieving.greater sveuraey. This um c a n be m;-]eading, so that care must be exercised in m~t-;qginterp~ t&tious, but there i s n o ontradiefi0n t o the notion that the boundary l~yer thieknem is a physical quantity which zhould be independent of the par~c~,Im, ve]ocitycomponent considered.. ' If. greater accuracyis sought than can be ae]deved by~t.kf~d~ig "the pair of momenbum integral equations above, attempts can be mad.e ..to satiny "energy'! integral equations as well F.me~gyintegr~ ~ " areobtained by multiplying each of the equations of motion (1) mid ~Z).~ by ~ .or ~ and integrating with respect +~ ~ scrota the boundary layer. .. New tbicknmm= 0 ~ m~e, ,.,udogous t 0 t h e s e i n EqL (lbg. 'Foe problem. is thus more complicated a n d the additional parametem make. the Thwaites a p p r o a ~ completely unsuitable.. . . . ~Fm-tunstely, the eomplications can often b e l~du~:l by the n s e o f stream]line eo-ordh!atm., and in most of the methods developed, including those to bedmeribed here, such co-ordinates are ~ Boundm7 layers are m d ~ M by following a s e r ~ of external stresmlinm one: at a time. I t is frequently found, ~'.th streamline co-ordinates, timt one component of "the flow (the ~ m m w k e fow) behaves like a two' dimensional boundary layer, even where the otber component is apprem'able. The other component (the erom-flow) is simple in that the erom~ e velocity is zero both at.the surface and at the edge ofthe boundary layer. Moreover, in a boundary layer with external str~_m]~-es that . exhibit comfiderabie turning this component may remain small, whereas with, say, rectangular eo-ordir~tes both :components must in genera] be appreciable. When t,~e cross-flow is small the streamwi~ flow can be calculated indep.~ndt "3y. It seems that. if the co-ordinate system is based on the "geometry" of the flow rather than on thst of the surface, the number of possible modes of variation of the velocity components, o r o f quantities derived from these, can be reduced. This simplifies the

'

J. c.:coo~ ~.,a, ~LG. ~ .

t a s k . o f onstru~ing.a method of calculation that is F~th reliable a n d

stmightforwax~l, although it must be admitted that the co-ozdinato

curves themselves must first be e a ] c u l a t ~ Of course there ace cases where streamline co-ord/nates are not the most stdtable, as for imCanee the well-lmo.nn c~se of the yawed irdin/te cylinder ,
'. . . .

4.2 T l m m a n ' s methodSS . " T'maman's m e t h o d is an application of the Pohl~ausen approach to t.hz~ dJmensiom, utilizing, stz~am]Lne eo.ordinates. The methods of Z~tSg, 40, 4s and Cook~ s ]rove been developed M m thia. " T'mamma derived momentum, int,egra.l eqtmtiorm for S laminar in-

compresaible boundary layer. His equations, .which may be obtained from Eqs. i16) avd (17) by putting ![~ -' V'~Yu,(so that i 7 re~mblu astream function) and v - ~/p with. both p mad p constant, a m '
o
..
,

.
v.

.., " O

.
.

"o"

' , ,

:
-

(4~)

-ff.

..,

Lengths measured along a surface putting

normalare mad~ non-dimensional, b y

m a d 0,1 = ~ / ( ~ ) O . ,

" . ~: = V'(ov)g,

S, = Vr(m,)a.

(Sl)

where ~ is a" free, scaling, parameter. The streamwise a n d cross-wise velocity profiles chosen sre, respectivelY.

~. -

f ( z ) - . ^g(~)-iva(~,

'

(ss)

(53) where
z-/'(z) =, ~ { Z ) + e x - - p ( , gr) = 2h(g) + (i + g~) o x p ( - g~)
" aO

"

s 3v',,z

~(-z

~) +

~s .,

f e x p ( - t ~ ) dr,

"+

..

-"

+,,,PA,...m
..+ .-. . .., " . " . "I . " . '"

,
.. : . "

P.m+
. -+ -. '

A.
. . =,

+ . ~ O '. .

."

"'

.+

.' o,

,+

"'.

- 0 if A >; 0 (.e,de:'at4~iflow), :
.

:.:

:~ -

A~A <

0 (re~rded llow),

-.

.-:

-.

layer thicknesses used in defining ~/(o~)and t1~/(o~), diff~ng by

the.profiles oft+ and r are, respectively the factor D. By substitution of the expressions for the Velocity profiles, all the+~nknowns in the momentum:. integral equations can be expressed as functions of the parameters and D. The exp_ress,_'onsare eompUcated. Using them,-Za&t,-van Spiegel, .and Timm~s~ solvedthe equations for the boundary layer over a fist ellipsoid at zexo incidence and 4b ~ yaw in ,miform ~ . The ea]~-., lations w ~ .in/~ie~te mind~ the use of a high speed eomlmt~. . "I~e simple form~ of. Timman'- exprt~iOrun for the velodW, pm'oilu may be noted. Although the h~rpothetical boundary l&yer thidmeues for =/u, and v/vnt differ, each of the two families of profiles .is effectively .s one-parameter family. The factor "~ is i n t ~ l u e e d to improve the accuracy ~ t h decel~rating external flows; from experience with two-dimensional boundary layem. The functions land g are nl~c~t klentleal to the well-known pair of funeti'ons in Pohlhausen's original proNe~ In fact the exp _re~_s_~on for vz/~e is one which Timman earlier used for two-dhnensionl~ boundary layer~ The v/we profiles are represented b y a single term, close]y resembling the middle term of the ~ ~ m for The earlier gcner~ discussion 6f cross-flows(Section Y.4) throws some light on the validity of Timman's assumptions concerning the cr~swise velocity profilm ~/"e. They are similar profiles, and.the magnitudo of the cross-flow varies with

Hence i f the c ~ a t ~

Em of an e~xt-.maT st.~amlir~, or the ~ - ~ - i ~

pressure gradient, is zero, so is the correspondin~ cross-flow. Thus it cannot be expected that Timman's cross-wise reloeity profiles will be satisfactory near a point of inflexion of an external st~amUne, Since (Section 2.4) there is in general an appreciable cross-flow at such points.

~.~S-

J . C . Cooxz ,~-v M~ G. Hax~

Similar arguments m a y be used to show tha~tthe profileswill not be e~tisfactorywherever the streamline curvature is d ~ g alK~re~dably.
4.3 Hall's~. extension of Thwattes' approach Hall tokes as starting point the incompressible form of Eq~ (13) and (14-) in stz,e~mllne co-ordinates, retaining As. He introduces the factor~ H in the substitutions

as - Hzelz e=" 8.~.

ezz - ~ u H s e n .

(17)

t.

"

. "

and also non-dlmendonal f o r ~ analogous to those of,T~waitee:

ess (a=~ LX,,- ,Uo ~"r.] ~,,o

s, La_

" "i ;.
n
'"

en. ap
" mlR "

~,~.
le

(ss)

auza~

I,k,1 ~ ' L - s[z, + (2 + Hz)ml].

I
q

By substitution, Eqs. (13) and (14) can be rewritten in a form which makes it clear that they could be solved for 0zz and ~ f f Hx, L, Hz, lz and His were functions of ml or ms. To examine the pomdbi~ty that Hi, L, Hz,/4 and His can be expreeaed a~ functions of ml or ms, the five quantities are evaluated for six d~eror. ent boundary layers, identified by the letters A to F, whose solutions are k n o ~ exactly. This is actually a wider range of boundary layers than that considered in Hall's original report 4a. Referred to rectangtd~W Caxtesian co-ordinate8 ~, ~, the mainstream velocity components ~ze,~e,
are;

( A ) e,, - 1, (B) ~,-., 1.

(c) ~, - z ,

eo : v'3~s, e,, : ~ - o . 4 ,
eo ,. p-o.,t~s-o.e,

(D)

e,-

1,-

e o - z.2t-o.6P,

~,

y~'e i~~'k,~e ,Dime~o~ :

. . . . , . ......

~.6T
.;. .

..,

: :-

layers over s f a t plste under s t ~ m l i , ~ e s t.h&t are translate~ ~ u r g e e m s s - f l o ~ , and & range of favourable and adverse pressure E~'~lie~ta~ are exhibited. The boundary layers E and F are possible flows i n t h e

O4
0-~

o.

"-

,.

".

04
""
..

i'

0
I
I ' !

q'

"

/"

..

"1HD
m , . ..

T . i

.E

O.--a.- F --e-m" q-:

.~ .

" -/~ ..~V~,v

.:....

.~V

(
,.

f'.Z

~.

ii

i. I

..

04l
.,

jf
-04

-O-If!
e,~.2J DO*ZO ~0~12 1111., I0,04 0 ~ 0-I~

~ o . 8. Curve,, of Ib Bz ~

.L from exact soluUoas. Section '4~3.

...-

*
"'

Boundary. .

layer .

A n
0

l
|

...

.-

..-

(a)
m

,l"

"3

..

~o8

- -

80undary
," .

la~er.i

[
F

' "
I

.1

O-Oa

/
J . . ,

..

, .

. .

. !

(b)
0"08

0"02

0"04

O-Oa

1~0.

6.

~a) c u r v e s o f / t f r o m e x a c t solutiorm. Sect.lon 4 . 3 . :" (b) c u r v e s o f l= f r o m 9 x a c t s o l u t i o n a . S e c t i o n 4 . 3 .

.'."

"

..

...'.

j:;

-.

-. ",

-.

;.

"

-neighbourhood of an attachment line and a stagnation po'mt ~ ' . . .

t3vely, but exhibit ordy smaU ~ - f l o w s . For F onty t h a t part of t h e ~ boundary layer under the streamline ~ ' - 0.5~ is eonsidered. All Six boundary ]ayem belong to classes investigated by Hansen and 3qerzjgz*; the exact solutions for A, B; C; D are obtained from tables in P,ef. II," but all the solutions can be obtained from the table~ grouped to~-ther by Yohnsr and Hansen~i. I t can easl]y be shown that in none of the boundary layers sre the s t r e a m ~ e velocity profiles similar and that the " cross-wise l~ofiles are =im;lar in A, B, E, and F, but notin C and D. " Becau=e of the importanee of l~ in calculating skin friction ~ is.~ evaluated as we]] as the five quantities above. In Fig. 5 the calculated vidues of l~, Hb and 1; are plotted against m~. The e~l~ulated value= of .l,..and H= and Hlt,,.are plotted against m=~u=and .m=t m respectively in Figs. e, 7 ~ d g. ~ i g = ~ s. e. 7 and 8 ,ho~ that--.~th = n , = ~ r of ~ = ~ m t qu,U.~ fieations, notably concerning boundary layen C and D ~!z, HX, and ~ . may be represented as. functions of ml a|one~ and/2, H2, and Hx=.may be represented as.functions of ~ a]one, The spread o f the eurves in Fig..5 for the various bounda~ layers is in fe~t roughly thesame as'the" ~ found by Thwa!te~ in t,,,'o m-,ensions. Taking Thwalte.' ~ H. L, .and m to correspond to Ix, Hx, Z,, .and mr. here. ~ v e l y , hi= chosen rep~ent~tive v=lue, are superimposed in the tlS=ro. It oau be seen that representative values here may be taken over direct2y from those for two dimensions! Excepting part of the boundary lay~s C a n d D , the Curves of/=, B2, and Hx= show little ,pread. They a r e , . ~ , .approximate]y str~ght lines. The close ~semblanee between the H z a n d t.he.Hz= curves shouldbe specially noted....~ " . ..
. . ..

Tbe

=,,y he

foUo,,,,i

(i) The ranges ofrex and m~ over which the r e p r e ~ t a t ~ can b e valid are limited. However, in the boundary, layers considered, mx covers about the same range as does m of Thwaltes, for two-dimensional boundary layers, and ~ takes ~alues associated with crose-wise velocit;zes v/u= up to 0-6 or 0.7. (ii) All the cross.wise velocity profiles of the boundary layers in the class considered must be approximately similar for LZ,H=, and Hx=to b e represented as functions of r~. This can be deduced by re~racmg t h e steps in the evaluation of/~, Hz, H~=, and ~z~from the Imown solutionL Small .depa~ures from s;m;la~ity occur if there are appree~ble diffe~enees in the rates of increase of curvature of the external stz,Aml;~es (or the rate of increase of the cross.wise pressure gradient). It is this which produces the spread of the approximately ~raight parts of the curves in the f i g u ~ . Much larger departures from simUaxity occur if

260 .

J'.. C, Coomz ~.-,-D5[.: G; ~

"

the eurv&ture ~ appreciably ater h s ~ n g produced ~ ~ b s t s u - . tial.cross-liow. The.resdlt is.seen ~in t h e w i d e divergences of the cu=ves. fo." C and D, wh/ch (ef, Section -.4 on cross-flows) are manii'estationJ of the re]at/'vely slow ~ e decay of =mes-ilOw.
i

0-8

8oundary layer

A
~_.

t
+ _j, + .

O-i

"

' i

' "

,+

-. o . s

i-o
m 2

l.s

2.o

o.

0-,2

'

8oundary layer

E*--O-,--

.+

o.oe

i ++

o-04

(b) o
0-1

o.z + mt v~

o.3

(ai +urvea (~) c,u-ree of/'Is from

I~o. e.v.~t exact

7. soluUons. solutiom. Section Section 4.3. 4.3.

of B's f:om

e,,!-~), eta,. must not.be ~.ions. Such derivatives do n~t appear in the

.two~i--~,~on~l mom.entum integral equation; ~but they do herL

. .Further workis required to resolve this point. -..;. . : (iv) ~ ~-ith ! .in two ~i--ensions,the zeprment~tive aurves of |I in

the range.of po~ave ~ (~-~ded ~o~) m u~..bee h o m to.,~tthe p , ~ .

eular problem oamidered...

Oust as the Pohlhausm and Thwaite, approa~es in ~wo ~ n s l o n s

are z~.~ated, so ~ e the e x t e ~ o ~ to ~ dimensions of ~,~,~-~ s~! I t aan be ,liown, by ,ubsUtutin+ ~ , m , ; , ' , expremom (+~) a n d (53) for the velocity profiles into +n'+ H~+n. 1~, ere+ that ~mman'a assumptions for the forms of the expression~ are necessary and su~cient conditions that lz.and/71 are functions of mz but not ,~, and that and Hz vary linearly ~ith ~ and m ~ ~ v e l y and are indepm-. dent ofm~. However, Ti-nman's expressions provide no obvious elue. t o t h e near identity of H u and Hz noticed by HalL T i m m ~ ' s formula for e~ - H , , H ~ e n is complicated, and Hall's relation ms.y be a useful ,&mplification. The main .inferenoe here is t h a t in so far as ~1 and H~, and/~ and H~, can be represented by ~ I of mi and .m~r~peetively, "the boundary k y ~ .vde~I~ prolile~ ~vin.be in the form I ~ m e d by Timmm. C o n ~ , ~,~,,,~-'0- .mumptinns are , u p p o r t ~ a l t h o r ~ no cheek on the d e ~ e of his functions.f, g, and ~ has been eanied Out.. On the.other hLud the ahortcom~,,~ of the repre~en~tion.are proof of s h m ~ _ ~ , ~ in T~,,,,~,~'slmethod. ~ m ~ ' s method d o e s ..l~e~me

. ~ u ~ , ~her~ the . t r ~ , ~ e ~v~ture is ~ w.hn.t . the cr~s-flow is substantial .. the of th, m,ntm .p. p r o ~ , ~ t i o n s derived from the analysis of the k~own solutions .a~ substituted in them, has been examined. The equa~ons ~ ~ a pair.of quasi-linear partial ~ e r e n t i a l equations of the first order foe 8n and ~ with two independent variables ~ and ~. I t turns out that the system is hyperbolic (of. Section 3.1) so that some useful ~onoepts from the msthemstical theory for such systems can be ~ In F~. 9 -some e h ~ e s for the boundary layer B are Sket~ed, ~ 8 ~ , h ~ with external ~t,reamlines and the limitin~ streamlines on the surfaoe, The haracteristies define domains of dependenee and ranges ofhdinenee within the boundary layer. The domain of dependence of eonditiom at the station P in the figure is the region upstream of P bounded by the pair of charaeterkfic~ through P. Conditions at P depend only on oonditions in that region. The rane of influence of P is the complementary r e , on downstream of P.

.Q

2e~l

J . C . Cooxac ~ D ~ L

G. ~,,.T.
[ q l l

" "

4.4 Zaat's~,~0, 4~ and Cooke's d~ methods, l These are dervelopments of T~,~an:s method~ in wh/ch the adwmrages, of small eross-~ow are exploited. I the cross-wise ~eloeity component, v, Ls small, ~m~man'8 Eqs. (49) and (50) reduoe t o .
+ .

(5.)

, 8 o u n d .a r y

lay~

"w

"' 'I

.'

""

04

~ nl 1
I

14

Z~

|ovnde'y
O'08

iayor

E .l,a..1

I~/~

I'll~l O'O4

/
/11
(b)
o-I o-z o-3

/,o

~o.

(~) curves o f Z~iz from e x a e t solutlonm. S e c t i o n 4.3.

(b) curvem o f B l z from e x a c t solutions. S e c t i o n 4.3.

:
"

..::

so,,~.Z,,,~.,.,~,.,.,,.~
" , .'." " " ' t.

- . '
t

: a
" / .

.Along ~ay exten~ ,~*~".e theeeequ.,tior.s,;,,,,y~ ~

uoz'din'."

arT differential, equations. MoreOver, the first equation k eal~ble of yielding remalts.for the streamwise flow independently of the ~ m d . equation, or Of the cro~-flow. The prooedure is to rewrite the equatiom by making the non-alm,-.~onal wabstitutiom (51) and substitutin~ for . seek appx~m-tiom by lrhi'oh the equstiom may be fur~er ,~m~ll~sd. .
:..:.. .':.,. : ... i . .., . '" "" " " ]" " I " ... "

(eule~)~.o and (a, le~)c.o from amnned ~loeity promes, ~ d then to:.

i ".

~ :

I,
i. '.
. -

. :.

:
.

..

=:;'- /I
,..
-

I/]!
.

I/1 l :: :: :
: ,,,
"'

.: .'.
.

~.
.

."

,,,,,.

,,I

,....:

-o.
m ~ J

~z

0 4

o4

o4

..

"

F
. ~ . o . e , - . , , , , , - ~ c ~ - ~ ..... ~ , , , , a ~ f o , , ~ , ~ ~ , , ,
J. ~t, km 4.11..

-.

z ~ . , o

~dop~ ~mm~'. ~ _ o n
,

(s2) for ~/~ and n ~ ' (ei)

.

Eq. (59) in the form

.~/,,,~,,

4..

3~,r . . From Eqs. (~2) and (54) he finds that, appr~m,~ely H "- (~436-0-17P~ and Eq. (61) reduces to and (~u - ~293,

(~)

m"~ - ~.0~: ~-TJ s--

(63)

264

..

J.C. Coort x.','o hL G.. ~,T.,,. . . .

so that, given an initial condition, the solution for ~ aIong a stre~ml;ne isobto.ined. b r a quadrature. " .. " F o r t h e second equation Za~t adopts, LU his first versions, ~mman'l expression ( ~ ) for clue, and reduces Eq. (60)to the fom. .
"

(64)

He then obtains ~o..mthe-profil~ ~ a p p ~ x i m a t e formu~

. . .

where p,. q and v are known functions, 4o that Eq. (64) can be solved. numerically.for O. Z a ~ notiees, howeTer, the..sho~-omin~s in. ~unman's cross'wize velocity profile near a point of inflexion of an external streamline, and proposss 40 the.mod;~csti'on .

-- .-

(661

where ~ and: ~ az~ tl~e s~me as in Section 4~2, and 11 and ~ are a pair of parameters only one ofwhi'ch is fieeat any given time. ~ - . 0 until the point of ;nflexion ia~pproached. Then ~ is "kept constant and the.momentum integral equation is satisfied by allowing ~ t o vary, At some point beyond the point of inflexion A'. becomes zero. It is kept zero, and is allowed to vary oneemore. There is some arbitrariness in the choice of the I~int to switch from va~n" g ~ to varying ~ , and Cooke4~ h u proposed a method which avoids ~ Cooke's treatment of the streamwise component of flow differs only ~ very slightly from Zaat's. He drops N from the expression for ~/u, (52) to obtain better agreement with a known exact solution. ~,qs, (62) still hold approximately and so his stmamwiSe equation il the u m e u (63) However, for the cro~-wise velocity profile Cooke drops Q and as. sumes instead
' .

19
. --

r~9-.~gtz),

(6~)

where P '- a ~

pa,~e~r'~d

k(Z) - Z e x p ( - Zz). (68) This had in fact been considerbd, at one time, by T~m-~an3s. Note that

Using the expression (67), Cooke obtains, from the momentum integral equation (60) for the cross-flow,

,.' . .

'i.--

. ~~ . ~

~s~-,'m

~ ' / - ~ , Z > ~ ~

.'i~.
"

.:
~..

~
" . ...

" . ~." ': ~ ,i ~ . "- ~ ~ """--iP ~~co~6~A ~ o.~.~j, ~~"...i~oi.. ".:. " -..~, p".1 ' .~z . ~ .. .: " . ..... : . . . . ' . . .

"

~-.

"(~95~o22A)P-(o-o3o+~oo~v.
. " . .

' "

on)
. .

Sinee o is !mown from t h e solution of Eq. (63), (70)is e a ~ , n t / ~ . y , a n equation in P. Given an init.ia] condition it may be solved numorieally Without ~;mcu!ty.~rom the ~sults*for u a n d P may.be derived t h a : skin friction components and the direction of s ~ t i n g streamline cm .the surface. The skin friction components, are givenby .- ..
' " : . .

~".~.
n
.

(~)~. ~'.
n
.

~.~,
, 3 ~ n

'~
. :. : :I

(Tin)
"
.

" " "

.

n "

"

:"

{ ( ~ )

"

"

...

'

.
~ ~

'i
..
.

~--~-~-T~ .b---;~ + !
,~e,~d
"
" .. .

,)
..

-(~)

and is ~ is the ~ e
," , .

be~,,n

an e ~ . ~

~e
:
.-

~ .
"--".

ing ! ; . , ; * . i a g m ~ a r ~ m ] ~ , t h e n .- ~"
.;
-,

- ' ..

..

"

:.~ tam
.
. . .

~ ~ ' (~s;-~:X,.
,

2+A

'. . .

-"(~ 4t).
.- :"

....."

and a s s adapted it to eompre-.sible flow. W e g l v e its basis ba~an~,ei4, aFpea~ to be a prom;.d~g development. He replaces Eqs. (I;2) a n d (~1)
b y " , . .. .. . .,: ... . , , ". , . . ~ -:

..

, ~.-sc~)-~!~)--~~).+~~,.

~..

..

-,~,c.)*~c.)o~(~,

... J

t w o relsfionm b e t w e e n these t h r e e p ~ - a m e t e n l ~ n g i n eSeot one L e e p a r a m e t e r w h i ~ - ~ p l a e e s t h e o r i g i n a l one ~ I n addition ~t fin&, by.

comparison known exact solution in two dimensions, that it is bc~ter to re-define H. He now supposes, as before, that H - 0 for A > 0, but takes H - - A ~ for A < 0. It is probable that t3~ mo~;~cation would in general improve Cooke's~ method, without requiring any additional labour. Starting the solution, with either Zaat's or Cooke's method, k frequently the' most formidable part of the problem. Zaat proposes an iWrstive method of solving his ~'-qs. (63) and (04) for the boundary Isyer
~ t h a

266

J.C.

C,:Xz ,L'~ M. G..]:r,,.T_.

near an attachment line. For the Krst apprc~matibn the deriv&tives of ~ and o wi~h respect to ~ are neglected. The results of the iteration thus provide initial conditions for the remainder of the calculation. Cooke h~s repeatedly found that the main part o the solution is not at all sensitive to the way in which the, solution is started.

""',141" Oil ~L~.t[;lillliW, 11~1=, ~

D

~
" O-t . , 1 '

ae

'.

0"~

0-4

0.4

o-I
o

"*

1,

zTo

"

2+.e
.

In Figtu~ I0, II s~d 12 the approximte metl~odi ofZaat (I) 4, Zaat (.2)~t, Cooke4= and Eichelbre~m.~r and OudartS, are compared. The curveso Figs. I0, II sad 12 show calculated (approximate) valuee of stre~mw~.'se skin 'friction, crou-w~e skin friction, and streanfline direction, respectively, for a boundary layer with &known exert solution derived from results of Her,Jg and Hansen u. In Fig 13 Calculated streamline directions are shown for the boundary layer over a conically cambered delt~ wing. 4.5 The m e t h o d of Llndfleld, Plnsent and P l m e n t t6 These authors presented integral methods designed to deal with suetion effects in t ~ e n s i o n a l boundary layers. These effects have been beyond the capabilities of 811 the a p p r o ~ n a t e methods so far described. The methods all follow the Pohlhausen approach and differ mainly in the choice of co-ordinate ,.,/stem. '~Vedescribe here the method in Which streamline co-ordinates are adopted. The standard momentum integral Eqs. (13) and (14), expressed in streamline co-ordinates, .are used, together with two "energy" equations obtained by multiplying.Eq.~.. (1) and (2) by u and integrating

.-.

:.

..'...-.,-"".-

....

....:.i:i.:":."

i"-

-.

. -

" "-~" . . . . :

. : " . ~ '
...; .

" i-i
-0'4 ,, ".,

~,,,,.e.,~~;~,:~,~,~~

' i i.

-~6~'
, .-

.:

:..

E ~ I ~ '

./

'"

. . . ..

~/.~-//.
i ~.)'~7 ~

~..
',

."

0"2

"

"V

;i~'~"A
~
o

".-.~
i ,o ~.

.i'
.-0

0-,

0-~

0-3

0.4

D.$

04

0.?
.

'
+

O-I

"

:.
. .

/.

.'.
" o

.o,

. "

....

. . ,"

~ o . n . c ~ , . , ~ - ~ ~ , , h m . . - .

....

,..,
.o

.~ '-~,
uu.
, . ,.

": - 2+~-~,!.
~,

..

.~

,.

'-;ii..

""

O-S

" i n i

" i

'

"

' , I

.-~. " /

i~'.
i.

. O,,~!

.C

o:z
".

'

"

.O-t

o
~'t

~
O*l 0-2 0"~

'

'

'

.,N~ /
04

'l w ~{/-~

"

"

"

0-4
.~l m

04

0-?
:
o

O'l

0'4) .

Vo

Vo

~ss
~ . . .

J.C.

Cooz.~ ~

3[..

G. ~

acrossthe boundary layer. As well a,s the n o r invoDed ..

. .

"thick.essex"

(1,5) there are

' i " [ [

".

~"

. j
0 0

x~/

" . ( 7 6 ) Altogether there are four partied differential equations conneCk!n~ the various expressions in ]~qs. (IS) and (76) , together with a series o f wM1 ",~ompatibll ity CentUrions".
-. . . : . .. ..

r.

" i

'

Seoc~r~ion
.

j i~oim
IL y

3~

--

'

*~k,

"~.

'

)..,,,)

'

"
.~.

"

" A

~ ',.~

ZO
.

o,,.

.~--...,

..
i.o
0.9.

.."t.
.

..

o.e Ka

0.?

. O-G

Ym. 13. Angle b e t ~ n l i m i ~ l st,r ~ and r~7~ rot con,lc~ cambered ddt~ ~ of Pet. a~. The next ~ e p ~ to consmm~ suitable velocity profiles. For the stream' wise flow Lindfield el al. adopt the profiles of Hemi47, after chocking against exact solutions. In the pre~ent n o ~ t i o n , Head's profiles am

given by

where a and 5 are parameters which determine the shape of the profile. They do not work "~'ith a, 5, and 8, but rather with

""

. . . .

-.

.-

:
. .
"

23o~,.nT~,,~~ , ,
..
o /

~,~,TAr'~ .D/m~
.. -"
'

-.
. ..
.o ..

. .. , . . "..

:
wh.

" -

"

"

c,)
.

"

(0<,

~: i)

--. . ..

m O
. .

"

"*;.." " "

"(, > -z)

2.;''
t
. . : . .

'"

"

"

t'"

."

q l m

,,;

)oD'~n
"tity Q' i n , is a scaling factor whiah ~ the measure of the ratio of the hypothetical boundary layer thickness for the cso~-flow, 10o' ~ . to the e o ~ p o n d i n g thiekne~ forthe ~reamwke flow. . ThuJ there are mix u n k n o t , Z. m, 0n, , d and 1'. Two of t l i ~ e~n be -l~,,~ir,~t4~cl. by the boundary conditions ( I 0 ) a n d (II), and h e n ~ ' ihwe there are four inteL,ml equations, the problem k d ~ The antual ealouls~ion is e~rried out by a step-by-step method which follows Hesd's method closely~. Work proeee~ along i n d i ~ l u l external strew_ ,,,l~,~m ~ - oommmt;.all derivLtives of the unknowm w i t h respect to ~ are ignored at first, and are ~counted for later by i .te~.~n
if neoemry. .

L~d~e~ ~ ~. ~ * e eztena~ t ~ m.Uiod ~ eomp~.~-o~ ~ w wire

l~-andtl number .,~Ity for flow p u t an in6~'te yawed eylinder with. zero heat tmnder or ~ith.eonstant wall tempemtu~ ~ they do by m e a ~ of the ~ m , S ~ - o r t h - S t e w ~ tmuafonnstionm.~, obtaining. equations which rosy be solved in a m a n n e r ~ m n a r to that dese~3~d sbove, ~ , ~ g the same charts for velocity profilm in the *~x~formed" plsn~
. ...

4.6

Remarks on the integral method~i

~'or momentum i n t ~ l method~ there ~

I n the Po',,thsusen s ~ we may .PUt

two free ~

our dispm~. The method of Cooke and the l~test method of Za~o exploit then parameter~ as fully as ~ neoe~n~V.

.}

.. (77)

~rhere 2~ and ~ are the two free parameter. These are the most general forms for u and v that admit a so]ution of the momentum i n t e ~

~7o

J'. C. Cooxa ~

x~ O. 1 ~

eclu~tions in atre~ml;ne co~ordin~teek ~znman assumed e~entiaUy that

M
-

u~

e.

o.

whero

x .,T-

v'(o,,), aV'(m,).

HIS method is not r e s ~ to boundary ]~yers w/th small c~-~towa, but is restricted to boundary layem where the crom-w~m velocity profiles are &t least approximately similar, and thus it cannot be used where the external stre~ml;-~ h~ve~ point of in~exion, or where their curv~ turn is d e e r e s ~ 8pprecisbly. So far the profiles mo~ clmmly remnnb!~-g the ~ ~eg (77) &bore are thou p r o ~ by Cooke and Zaat for boundary lay e~m.with small oro~-flows. These pro~l~ can be
~rimm
o

~JQ.

U
~$ . '

e.

where
j? -(~.),

~.?,
There dow no~ appear to be any practical need to introduce the sec. ond parameter ~ into the expression for u/ue. However, it hN been found, and indeed it is to be expected, that the stresmwise flow cannot be adequately represented by a m ~ y ~ i ~ f ~ y of v e l ~ profiles when the st~amwise pressure gradients are positive or rapidly changing; & two-r]~rnensional boundary l&yer reouires a doubly infirdte family in corresponding circumstances. This shcx~.c, oming can be re~ueed by s device like Timman's intrmiuction of ~T ~Eq. (52)), but at present it can be properly remedied only by use of an energy integral equation for the streamwise flow. The ~ w a i ~ approach has been foUowed by Hall, but only in one of the simplest possible ways, and no aetllal method of calculation is

. : .

..

,,

+.

..

. three.types; thoee relating to the streamwise flow (011. |,_. B~, tho~. r e l a t ~ to thect'ou-flow (~, Z=, Bz), and one ( e l l - H 'L~len~ derived from both flow~ In general the approximLtions to these u n k n o ~ will be functions of both the available free parameters. But HaJl.oonsidem. only one parameter fc~ each o f the first and leoond types (ml Lud m s respectively). 0nly for the ,,,;-ed unknown are both l ~ n = m amsidemd. The IFprozimstionshave s eount~n-pa~i n ~ ' s work, ..and are, in fact, valid only when Timmm's smmmed i=oKles are ~ndid:, biethods u t i l ~ - g the energy integral equ&tion as well as the n~men turn integral equition are now, for the first time, being seriously o n sidereal. +The Poblha,'.wen approach alone is alqrmprkte, but eventhen s nmhber of pomdble eourmB rosy be followed, each entL~ling a major e~ort; Only one method h a s been prmented so far, t h ~ of Lindfield eZaZ.4s:I t is instructive to follow the eoume they adopted. F J . ' ~ , they . assumed that, exoept in the extreme case when ~ was grea.t~ than Head's4v velocity profiles could be'applied direetiy to the ~ w i s e ~ + .+flow in the boundary layer, This they+suppo.-~,ed by eomparkons with. known bolutio~ for three4imensionLl boundary, layers. Further eomlutrisoni have been made by Hail with the. wide range of solutions given by Yohner and YA~enU. The solutions included ease8 of large pmitive and negative preasum ~ d i e n ~ , rapidly eJ~nging pressure gradient& and ross-flows v up to .0-76 ~ in magnit"ude. Head's curves.fitted ',+-ellas if' they were being ~pplied to + two~,~ensiontl boundary ]s3~. i
Thus ifwe exclude the extreme ease we have the followingremarkablb

end important genend result:~'aea.~a,n.~,e , ~ . : o v o ~

in t ~ ~ i ~ , ~

~,,a

heo.~mep-.6ona~ bouaSar~ l a i r . Esch ~ w i ~

profile an be regarded as a member of s two-parameter family; it is "then specified by the values taken by the two parsmete~ The equivslent two pa~meters for a two~4;,-ensional boundary layer are b y substitutin~ the given flow direction for the.e~umwi~e dh~ction. I f the two Pairs of Par~metem are the m~ne the two profiles will sdm be the sam. Note, however., that in the st=~mw~e ease for a throe~;.,,....',,,.'onsl bom,dsry l~yer the velue, taken by the two ~re in general stil/infloeneed by the ross.flow, because the integral equations for the st~amwise and cross-wise directions are, in general, not independent. When cross-flows are. sm&ll the stre~mwise flow may be independently ealeulsted entirely by Head's method. Tur-;~o to t h e cross-flow, we note that Lindfield el al. introduced two additional free parameters in their e~pre~on for the profile and then set themselves the tauk of satisfying another energy integral equation, m ~ - ~ four equations in all

5. Turbulent Boun~l*,-yLayers
S.rF..quaCtons ot. moclon

'

"

In the usual waywe write u+~s' ins~a,d.o u e~.,.where I is now the mean w l u e of the .velocity component and u' the deviation from.the mean. These are.now substituted in the ~tuations of motion and mean values taken. Aider the boundary l~yer appro~mations have been made theequations reduce. (as shown by ~'sg~io-Lsurin~a) to

~ ~ J~c ~+~.r~.-~_~,,

..
. o.

t a p - a r a v

,;~1~

--

,,

,,

'

. ~,).~~)+

,~, + . .
,o

.. (~ w').

-o,
"

(so)

...

-: :

Or r~,,7 Z-Pra

w--.~7i

(,)

In these equations the mesa of s product fg is denoted by ~ . Certain terms on the right-hand aid u of ]]qs. (T8)and (79), namely

_p(.; ),
eo.mt at s h ~ s~:eu ~

a,
with"Zey-"

~(~iaO ~nd #(e~laO together

holds stress ~(~'w "~') and - p(u:w'). Their values on the sursee are denoted by ~'oxand ~0z. Itusual is to give empirical values to 1"oxand ~oz. It will be seen that the first three equations are similar to laminar equations except that w.is replaced by w-l-(I/p)(p'w'). This is true also of the energy equation, except for an additional term - p(w-r~). It is t~erefo~ possible to u-rite clown momentum i n ~ r a l equations .just es in laminar flow, since the term to+(1/p)(p'~;)is eliminated in

~.,~

~=~ ~ ~,.~-~/i

ij. ~ , ~

thee,fore be.m~l for t u r ~ t ~d ~amused: . ..."

flow, provided empiriczl values f~r-m. . -. . ..... "

~ in st~J,-~;-e oO-ordinates, T h e streamwise shear U ~ ~- the~ taken to b e t h e m,o=e u ~ two ~;-~*-,~o~. This ,ee== t o b e in.fair ' so,oral..with ~ . Auump~iom a l x ~ -To= hive leen mo~ ~rL-i~l. :It is ~ to u s u m e the fo'~n of the ~t~t'~,mw~eand crees-wire velo~3 ~ A number of d/~erent form. Imve been p ~ . ~ i - . p a ~ , W - , opinion, on the ~ o m - ~ pros!e, .~-"r oomide~bly. I t cannot be said t h a t any of the assumptions made have been well " ~ . by ~ t . Consequentlyno ..~Icul~fion method ~ on them k
m e t h o & h s ~ been. m . a e -'.d we outline some o f them hem. I.... .
. . ." . " .

likelyto be entirely~tiafactory.Neverthek~ attemptsto.d~im-=u~ :

s~~e ,~..~..

aoW

- ~ . : . . - .

and .~o1'is usually given as a function o f the st~eam~e mome=tum

thicknm On, u definedin ~IS. (l~),bothforeomprmm'ble~ineompre~. sibleflow.Onoe thisiidone the momentum e q u ~ (16)ean be wed.
The function for ~ i s otfen taken a=. a power law; thus a gak4y m~."" factory relati~nin inoompremble flow, due to Youn~w, k -. $

/ ~ _ ~

...

tho.~o ~ p0~-~/-~y ~ . - ~
A ~s~

-"

"

I f the uid is eomp_re~__!blethe -~;- friction may be related to t h a t i n incompre~__3_ble flow by means of t h e "intermediate emthalpy" techniqueVA.

~m~u~ ~,. ~ ~ o , ~ s . ~ ~ . ~'. - ] ( T . + Y . ) + ~ ( ~ ' . ' ~ " . ) ,

"

(~)

~,o

being the ~ . o v e ~ f ~ o r , often +.~m as 1~1n or some~,-u - - 0.89. Tv is the temperature at the ~ 1 . The=

~,

J . o . Coo--- ,~D ~ e, ~

where .e is th~ function that exprem~ the dependence of ~,o~pt~S on /~'e~nh, in incompree,m"bleflow, for instance Eq. (83). " Cooke 4e further used the small.crou-flow a~umption and.thus w u able to .-omplete the-streamwise solution by means of the axially symmetric.analogy, o~ng. the extension to axially ~ymmetric flow of a two-]im-uaiceud method due to Spence:s. In Spence's method H ( - ~,d~) isassumed to. be constantly equal to 1-~ and the ~id~ friction law is g~ven by Eq. (83). Cooke's result is. u follows: We write
. " . ." .....

e = eu

...

(Se)

and the equation for @ k

I

,,.,.,
,= o - o l o 8 - - ; . - - . . (,,,-F'o~. . . .

.~Ka)-H~

(s7)

where ~ -.1!(/,.,z~,) s u in Section 4.',.. (for:ffiero heat tr~n-fer) inatead ofEq. (S~).
=o.olos,~l:&l
J .

"

In c o m p ~ b l e tiow, again using ~ method due to S L 0 e n ~ we Knd

:,,-,.0,

(1~.o.12s~.2)-~.m,
-

(as)
.

Me-,,,i,,g.that p varies ea T', where ,.,= 8/9. :7'ois an iaen&"ropic external reference temperature. Other w o r ~ m have also assumed ,m~]l crou:flow and have used one or 9ther of the well,known two-dimensional appro~mate methods for the atreamwke flow. A common wmmption for the ~ n w i m oomponent of veloGityil "
~ /~'~1~

for both compremdble and ~crJmpresdble flow; Za6t4s h u s u ~ the more general formu18

,,{
~. -

l+k 1-

though it is not clear on what evidence this form is b~ed. 5.3 The croJs-flow ]Kager sl, Braun so ~ud Cooke4o have used relations which are equiw~lent to

- -

~p.

(90)

....

*~:re-_ , ~ , , e a Mawr ~nd Cooke quoted experhneutal evidenoe for t h ~ the first from ttow in duets~,the second from f l ~ ' ~ ~ w~K~.......

and, i,,.~,,g the momentum equation (1~') modified for small erom-flow, ~ana wn~nl~ .
-.~ . -

..
-..

- ~ .

I.~.

. .....

.
.~.

~ value dm~dy u.ed in Spenoe'.method for the strmmwim ~ow.'Im

E $4

:
.

".

~.. S . ~

'

.
.'. .

and e ha: been d~',,,~,,edfrom F,q.1~}.

"

Brsunm, using the assumptions (89) and (90), is able, i'or eompreetiible flow past a slightly~ W ~ l ~, ~ ~ ~ a n d ~ in ~ of the angle of yaw, and he gives the ~ two ~ of each expau~i'un in elo~d form,.. " .. ::
z~t~
pm, o~ ~o~ the cr~,~:~,

the ~'om

"

Beoke~S m m m e e ~hst the ~ou-flow velocity,l~Ofllesam, in inoomprem'ble ow , . .

.. 10"m - ~ l - -

whu.e ~ b rmdl. He finds from the ~ e n t o of finmehwR=~"thSt for beet ~it with experiment the value of To2/~m should not be put equal to ~ M might be expected, but 3~/~. Becket dM!~ with rsther a specialized family of external flowl, namdy one for which ~We/~ {where Weis the eompon~ut of the external w~loeity normal to the wall) ~ - - ~ e s st the edge of the boundary layer. With this eew~re restriction he obtains momentum inte~-al eclu~tions which m~y be ~ l v e d with the usual two-&~,~,~onsl streamwise smumptionL

3oh-~.on ~ propmes & different form M~ogethor for :the ~-~s;flow. TTe ~ m t a that near to tl~e.wsll we should and ,rthe: out
..

.~. - - -. e - -

(911

where e and A a r e c o m t e a~ shy given station. A sketch of the velocity component p o ~ plot is given in Fig. 14. Johng~B gives some experimental, evidence for this form 74, 7e, 77, and s u g g ~ , t h ~ for

shaped
.

,
. . .

A -. -2:'

(931

where ='. isthe Angle through which tim mainstream direction of a o w

has turned from the start. J'ohnstonst found, however,: ~ t , exceptPer]asps/or flow in ducts, one cannot rely on the f ~ o r - 2 in Eq. (93).

,J

o
.. : v.
M S

..

" m i

Fzo. 14. Johnston's form for the c ~ o ~ o w in turbulent boundazT ]syenk Indeed a factor - 1 g~ve closer agreement in one ease. At .present we may ssy t~tt there is some evidence for the type of profile given by (91) and (921 but thst it is not yet clear how the value of A should be determ;ned. Th e parameter e is equal to tan ~ as already defined.
.

6. C o a d u d i n ~ R e m a r k s Since Moore's reviewt of 1956, the significance of crou.flows, and especially small croM-flows, in the theory o f three~;mensional boundary layers has become widely recognized. ~rhcn cross-flows are s m ~ ,

" ,

-.

the effe~ of s ' a ~ l L ~ e divergen~ is found to tu~ve an analozy in a x i ~ y ' i symm,,ricboundary layers, and a comIne~ble bom.&u7 layer c u b e . ~ correLtted .with.an i~com/.mmsihle one. Sofar, these dmp]J~eat/cm, are . con~ed to l,m;nar boundary i a y e n , but the ezten.,don to turbulent l~yers should be ]it+.l~more t.haz: ~ formality. It has in general boen .. profitable practice to e,~pl.oit the ,~,~plifications occurring when erOm-. .. fiows.aresmalL . . . -. .. -. '

utio . for

of-

I t i~ major contn'oution to the u n d m t ~ d J ~ "Ofb o ~ r ~ l ~ ' ~ . ~ ' ~ . ~ and s t t~e ~ t ~ e it plaem, once and for all, hitherto intractable problems within the scope of aurorario: computers of moderate capacity. V'~tually any p ~ i c u l a r bonndary laye~ in steady flow can now be computed ff the external flowisknow~ .-. ~foreover, the method does not hide but .-~th~ b r h ~ out th~ physical " m~;,,~,,;,.,,- invoked. The, solutions of Yohnor. a n d H a n m ~ u and .+ Sedneym provide: extensive material for ~fereneo, The l a t t ~ h s ~ direct ~ e a l al~I/~tio~, and at the ~ e time are ~ aL~t~

~m ou~g.

which ~pproxin~to .~tho& ~n be ehecke~The former lmve few

direct applications, bee.sur~ a specified ~dlst~'bution of. vortidty in'the." is requh~d, but'are particularly well suRed to p r o v i d e . :. the fundamental data from which approxhnate.fonnu]s e ~ be derived : for use in/ntegral metho&. ~ k be~u.e many t y ~ of boundary layer can be ob_~,i,wd simply by varying few , p a r a m e ~ . That tim external flow ~e Usually rotational and .the external streamlines am translstes, or the solutions are similar sOlUtion; limits the direot applications, hut is not a serious handiesp ff the i n t e r , method employs - s t r ~ , - ~ e oo-ordinates..With respect to st.,~mline eo-ordinstes . the boundary layer solutions are .neither independent of one. of the ooordinates nor 4~milar solutions. However, the solutions do not sdmlt ~epamtion Llong an envelope of !~m~ting ~ , . l ~ . ~ , .s c u e of great

ln-.et.ical i m p o r t a n t
A P t n ~ m a t e integral methods of calculation have been developed to the degree that, at least for eertain types of boundary lsyer, :~lisble resultl sre obt~;~ed. The essen+.iA1steps in the development hsve been the adoption of str~,~ll-e co-ordinate8 and the assumption of small cross-flow. It has been established that for ~ large elau of boundary layers the streamwise velocity lw~fi]es are-virtually identical to the velocity proKles in the correspond~g two~mensiona] txnmdary.lsye~. For this to hold cr~s-flows need not be small, and on]y an extreme chum of profile n.-~d be excluded. Further tests ofZaat's40, 4~, 45 and Cooke's4z methods are needed, but these methods should then be al)pliea'o~ewithin clearly defined Vrnlts (so long as the cross-flow is small). The compressibility coxTelation ~enders:these:methods applicable also to COmlrressib]
~9 "'

J . c . coo

m G.

ib o u n d ~ layerswith zero heat t r s ~ a r : Where the. ' methods Sail, a method ut;l_;~;n~: the energy i~egral e<IUAtiOM iS r~lizq~l~a~Id Lindfield ~ ,~r.4e have recentl7 presented such a metho&, I~~:~ems that the simplicity attained i n the methods, o calCulat,ing tw.o, ~'.tmensional boundary ~.yers can never be approsched with thrce di~.eusions, because to begin, a ,calculation the co-ordinate~ ~stem mus~ itself be calculated. The alternative to accepting this additional labou~ --adop'~ing a coordinate c~jatem that is indeI~endent of the ~low--.doee not seem prom;ling. It would be ~;mcult to find reliable appro~m~ionx on which to base the ~aleulation. and even if theeo were- found they would be so complicated that the integr~ equa~osm would be cUf]ieul~ to Solve. There k much scope for further work with stre~-,,-e eoordinatu. Extensions Of. Zaat,s and Cooke's methods to a~eount for larger croe~flbw~ would be useful, and 8o would refinements and simpli, ficationa~of the me~hOd o f Lindfield e~ a/. Although the Thwaltes64 approach 4~ has be~.u instructive and m y be useful in spe~_!~ cams i~ seema unsuited to any .further .development. The most ursent need is for comprehensive experimental dat8 on three-dimeneioneJ t ~ boundary htyem. Experiment.is virtually the ozdy.source of the information from which approX!,-Ate formulae can be derived. Once the information ix available the experience with l~m;~ar layem should.make it re~,~vely easy to develop practicable intesral method~.
. . . . . -

..

..

"

..

".

"

..

.".~

".

'......"

."

'

References

: .

Acsdmsdo P r e ~ 19~.

~ ~-.-,

~ ~

z~.'~

~ . ~

x~,

to ~ ] , . , ~

b~ o:rms

a xt,m:zc~ E. c., ~ o ~ m,rm:,~o~ in ~ dimension,, ARC ~s,oas (lSSS). : 4. Ooomc, J. C. and B a z ~ ' z , G. G , The ns.~u~ of sepamtiou and its pemm~. tlou b y geometric design in wholly subsoaio flow. Chapter in f o r t h e o n ~ . book: ,Bounda~.Z,ayer and ~ Control, edited by G. V. I,mchmam~ Peq~ mort Pssm, London (1961). " "
.

~. ~csm..m,z.-.~rz~ F... ~. ~ o ~ . ~ , ~ . ~ o d . de o,.~o~ ,i. i,, -i,.,,;~ U ' ~ a ; ~ o n n e ! ~ A p p l i c a t i o a . k uu corps f u n d & ~ ~ le

ONERA, P u b . 1~o. 7 e ( 1 9 ~ ) .

wmt,.

boundar~ IS~rrs. A.RC, R ~ M .l~o. 3200 (June, 1 9 5 9 ) . 7. Coozz..t.C., Stewm'.~o~'s cmnprmm'bilicy oorml~oa~n ~ , ~ ~ s,,,.,~es,Pmc, P,,ob':Boc. A ~00,:84 {1949)... .. " .. ~ .~ .,.-. _. 9, Loos~ I L o , A u ~ e ~ b o u n ~ b ~ r wit~ ,eooadm~ aow.., ~. , u , ~ : , ~ . 22, ~ (liSa). ", i0. Sow~.Is~r, L., Soeondary flow i n s boundaw l~ye~roJL~.C 16,83= (Mm.o~ 1954).i.

~..Hzsm., ~r. z. -.~ H.,m,,z~, .~ 0., ~

,rod m.~.W.i ~ tm,a,~.ip,.

tiros or' mmondm? :flom, i~, d u c ~ J. ,,te,.o.,~c~.24, =IV 0 9 ~ ) . lZ. ~c.,mDr, A. G.-m~,d"~--,,'-,,,, I L Z., On l~mible ~dmilm'ity s o l u ' ~ m f'~ '~ / n e e m p r m m ' b l e ~,,--.. bound.z? Isyess. I - - S ~ | t y with s ~ ~ ~ to m~tlozmx7 'metanlru~ eo.onlise~ea ,~AC,t T~SVe8 (194). n _ 8 ~ . "~y with mq~ee~ to statioasry polar eo.c~;,-,tm. _~ACA T ~ (1956). I Z I ~ t y 'with sq~oct to ststionsr~ polsr e o ~ m t ~ for/ angle w.riatiou..NACA T I ~ ' I I 0 (19S7). . lS.' Gz:rs, T , "AhnI~.b," dmidime~ona~ G n m ~ J~. J ; ~ m ~ M ~ dML & No. 4, 643 (19,~). 14. Yolaacs, P. L. ~ l:ri',~m, A. G., Some numerk~ oolutiom e f " d u ~ , i ~ e q u A ~ for ~ ' o ~ ~ m a r inoomprem"~e boundm'7-1sym'~ow~. ~ACA ~ 4 3 7 0 (September, 1958),

15. w ~ . w.. v . ~ n e ~ ~ z~-~ ~ ~ - ~ Gren~ehirhten. M i t t ~ u n ~ n aus dem Max-PlanckJ~itut tilt 3ta~k~mus~ fomchung mad den"Aerodynean~hen V e m u ~ t , Nr. ~4 (1959). 16. ~ ~V. and W~'DT, ~ Die ~ GrenzschJeht an -;~-n mit l~bersebal]6qes~wiadigkeit angmtr~'~en nicht angwtellten
3ahvb. d. ~ . Z ~ / V ~ . J ~ , 1, V6 (1941~ 17. l~,~n,.Vlm ~ V . , Z ~ z w i s c h e n ebene~und mtationmymmotr~on ~hichten in kompeemib}en FH~ssigkeit~n, ZAa~ 28, 97 (1945). IS. v--',~owmu.i, C. P.. The laminar b o u a d ~ lJyer of r o t ~ ~ ot revolution, Ph(I fa C. Set. 7, ,/4, 309 (19,'3). 19. MOOI~Z,F. ][., Y.~minar bot~rlary la~er o-~ a t i t u l a r eo~kn supersonic flow at a sm~l] angle of attack, ~ACA T ~ I (October, 19b|). 279 i

b o ~ d ~ ~ _ r o,,,~ , . ~ co-, ~.. ~ ~'~r &tt.~ek/n supe~onie ~.ow. J . ~!ero. ~ ' . =4, 430 (19~7). ~1: C.~WI"L/CLH., Zcw ~ ~re~c/:t Am vch~ebe:ad~.n ZylJ.u~.c~..ArcP,.
jl/'ad,. 3, 216.(1962), .

2o. s~,,-~T, R.. ~

2~ sCv,~, Jr. D. P.. ~ e laminar b o e a d ~ layer w/t~ d/sm'bu-,od ,uc,iou on , u :

. ~ . T w a i n ) , .

infinite ~-,ylind~, ARC 1T, I:~3 ~1954): A . ' . ~ H ~ , t usnsree" and ~ic*~ons: e~ecc, in bunin~ t ~ m d s , 7 layers. Part 4---UU/verssl seesea " eoluCiom, W A J ~ Tech. Pep. ~ - 2 S 8 , Par*.4 (1954), . 24. C~a~-v~ H:, A ~ series/or the calcu~alt/oa of stecdy laminar be,-~,,~-y 'layer flows, J . ~/atA. :Mech. 6, I, (1967). 2& Pomxo~zo, E. and Br.czwrrz, L R:, Comprs~ble laminar botmdary Iayers over a yswod i n i ~ t e e y ! ~ - ~ r w/th h u t t r a a s f ~ a n d m b i t m r y Pmndt~ number, I~ACA TN398e (19~7). 26. T ~ . l m , 3., Efl'eet of:yaw on the eompremible laminar boundm7 layer,

2?. R ~ o ~ x o , E., H m ~ troas~er to ~ yawod ! - s , ; t e oyl/nd~ in compressible flow; 19~e Hm~ ~ ' m . a f ~ o ~ ~ u ~ t ~ e d u z n ~ . ~ I , ~ / ~ u ~ . S t a n f o ~ C~L,
20~

~s. c o ~ i

~., ~ : . ~ , b o ~ o p ~ a ~ ~,t~o~ ~,a ~p~,~io~ Chapterin.~fodm~ ~lfo,~,,~i~ for Enflnm~, oditod by E. F. Breekonb~b.

McGrsw.Hill, 1956. " 2S. ~ G..~., A method or" c a i c u l a t i n g t h r e e . d i m ~ o n s l ~ boun,.bsry laymm of steady comp~a, ible flo~m.i ~ o ~ p ~ Ine.,. Report So. 1~'AI.88.73 (BLC.144) (December, 19~7), 30. H ~ x ~ , D. M., Forced flow against a rotating diae, ARC 1t & M 2772 (1955). 3 1 , S~,.~'; T., On the elrectq of unJfcrm suction on the steady fl0w due to ' rotating dkg, Quart. S. A~'e~.App..Mech. 7, 44e"(1964), 3~. S ~ W ~ lay, ~'he lam~-,-; boundaryla~ eow en r c ~ t i n g cylinders: Part I - - F l a t plat~, Part ~ - - T h i n e y E n d e ~ Grad. Seh. Aeron. ~,,~, ComeU U n i v . , AFOSR T~T ~-29S, ASTIA 13~3e9 (19e7). " ' ' 3& W ~ . c.~q., T h e three.dimenai0nal incompressible l a m ~ boundary layer-. on a spinn/~ cone, A ~ . ,.%'/, Re,. (A)8, 140 (1~9),. 34. Pow,-w~mlz~, K., Zur n~th;runssweken Integration der DiHerentialgle/chung der lam/nxr,m Reibungsseh/cht, ZA.3L~f 1, $85 (19~1). 3& Tv~ct.~r, R., A calculation method for three-dim0n~ionsl laminar bounds~7 ' layem, ~ L L Report F.66 (1980) 36. T r ~ , , - ~ , I t . The theory of thre~dimemionai boundary layera ,~mp~um mt Boundarf ~ayer Effec~ in Acn~dynamir.~, ~ational Physical .Laboratory,. 1955. 37. ZA~T, ,I".A., SPz;ImZ~.,]~. VX.wand T1312~r, R., The thrse-d/mens/onal Ismin&r boundary Isyer flow abou~ a yawed ellipsoid at zero incidence, l'q'/,.L-Report F.~e8 ( t g ~ ) . . .3& T n o c ~ , R. and Z,I.A2". J'. A., E[ne Rechenmethode fG,r d.mid,~ens~onsle Orsnz~hichten, 50 Jahre ~."en~.htfor~.Aun~ (1953]. Fr/odr, Vieweg. ~ Sohn Brat, nschwelg~ .39. ~ , ,T. A., a simplL~ed method for the calculation of three-dlmenaional laminar boundary layers. ~ Rep0r~ F.184 (19S6). 40. Z ~ , .1".A~ ~aehprSfung dee e.lnfachen Reehenmethode f~r dreidL~er~ionala laminate Grenzscl~chten mit Hi]re yon exakten L6aungen, ~ Report F.202 (~une 1957)..

~..-

. . . .

..

'

"

.-

..u

-:

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4~ Coozz. :r. C, Apl~,r~.~tee&leuh~tioa of thswe.dimm~ons~ .uunm~ oounu:t3. 1:1" . ~ O., On .t~. = ~ m ~ i n t e l ~ ~ U * J m iroe tb~,-dimm/~im~ ." ' ~ b o u n d e , w l~yem in'inmml~e~m'ble flew, Aumalia~ A ~ .;=te,ma..~ C.,o~..,;~eo ] R q x ~ ACJ~ ~o. 6= (~ov~mbcr, 19f,9). " - - . T=w.,=m=., ~.,.z,:,tm.osim.= =am~.~a= or. the Imin, u..bo=,S,~ h,por, Ae,~. ~ 1, ~5 (1949). :. ,h. ~ . L P,e p o n ]~TP Z90 (1960). 4 e , L u a ) T z z ~ , A. W , t ' z s m c ~ . EL O. and Pnmzs-r..P..A.. Appmsima~ smtbods for eek.ukting ~ e n a l boundary.layer ~ o n wlsq~ a e v , v ~ m .r,(,)~,. ,=r,4 ~ Co,troh. edited by g. v . Xaehr,,,~,. P(,%,==~ r , mdea ( 1 ~ t ~ . ~. " -.

iaye~ in. two-dime~mud ineompmm'ole flow, ~

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]Pob,tw.h,i= X z ~ t u t e of ~-,ook~:i~ P ~ . L ~ Zo. ,(~. (ls)#,s). - . . . . 49. COOZ:Z, J; C~,A es]eu)ation method for three~lim~'omd ~ )mmhuT." , ~yen~ ARC. 1~ & ~[ : 1 ~ '(Ootob~, l m ) . , : 60. B i r t h , 1V.H, Turbulent bomull~ layer'on yawod eoae, ~A~.~ *I~.41~,
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mw, h denn Impulwerfabren, J~. ~'lugw/~. ~, )AS (19S9). ,1. P . O n t b e " turbulmt bouadsry.)8~re*

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(196o). .. 54. JOlO4r/o~, .T.P.,Tho turbulent boundary ~yer s t L plano 0 ~ y m m e ~ in &

,~. ~ow,~u,,z, L., ~ 'bouochu7 ~,~t, ~ . . t h ~ e ~ ~,w. ~ I,,-. Dm,'h~tlon of the oqu=ttom for flow ,,~o~ -. ~ ~=vod), m=,t~s~.,t='~, . JU'~). ( v ) , , ~ , = = 9 (19sl). ee. s ~ m z , L. c., ~be thme, d ~ l b o u n d ~ ~-ye~ e q u s ~ =ad U ~ s o r i e s solutions, A~C, B & M 3006 ( l i S T ) . . ~V. Mooz~, F. K~, 'l'hn)e.,(Umeo~oo,~I ( ~ m ~ ' b ' l o ~ boundmT.l~yor ~ow,

Z~ACA~ 2 2 7 9 ~ a r c h , 1951). . U. How~Tit, I~, Concerning the effect of eomprmm~ility mintlaminltr boundary htye~ and their separation, Prec. Roy. 8o. A 194, 16 (1948). 69. VAOLxo+T-'um~.It. ~ hint transfer on bltmt4meed bodies in dimemiona] hypenmnic flow, WAX)C T'~ 6S-,147 (1958). 60. VAoLIo-Ltu3t~, 1~., ~trbulent heat transfer on blunt-nosed bodies in twodlmenaioncl and genera] three-dime~ional hypemonl flow, 'V~'ADC 58-301 (September, 1958). 61. ~ , D. ~. and P , ~ ' a ~ , 3I. W., Temperature sad velocity pm~es in

2S2

J . C . Cooxx ~ . ~ ~

G. H ~ &

face tempersure, J . ~ . ~ ' . l&, ~ 7 (September, 1949). 62. B~tz.wJ~z, G. G., Some simple conical camber ~apes to prod~e lore dependent dragon a slender delta w/aft, AP,C Current Paper425 (195T). 63. H o w z - , a , L;, ~ne bounda~ layer in throe-dimen~nal flow. Part r r ~ T h e /low near a stag~stion point~ Pht~..~y. (7)42, 1433 (1961). 64. F~LX.~:~., V. M. and S~-, S. W., Some appeoxm~te solutiom, of the boundar 7 layer equstions+ PAd..~oq. 12, 865 (1931); R &.~[ 1340, (1930). 65. ~ 31. O., On three~mensional boundary layers lmv/ng ~ solutions~ J. ,;~o S~ S~. 27, .~o. I, 80 (1960). 66. Koezz, Z. (Ed.), Tables of .supersmz/e flow of air around eoneL ~[~.T. l ~ p t . Elee. Enf.TeCh. Report .~o. I (1947). Tables o,"m~personie ~ow a r ~ d yaweone~. M.LT. Dept, ~-'le. F ~ . Teeh. Report ,%'o. $ (1947}. 67. Wvr~, J. M., The boundary l s y ~ of )-swed ir.f~t~ ~ J . ~lwo. ,'~-L 16, 41 (1949). layers..4e~..~,n~. 3, O1 (1951). 69. CoOscz, J. C., On P o h ~ u ' s mothod, with ~pp.licstlon to a swirl of T~yler,.J. ,4eeo. ~q. 19, 486 (~ qb2). 70. You~o; .~ D., The ~leulatlon of the profile drag ,)f ~erofoils and bodies of revo!ution at supenmn/e speeds, CoIL Aero. Report .~0. "/3, ARC 15970 (I 9~3). 71. Ec~'za~, E. R, O., 1~-ngineer/ng relatiome for fs~tiou and heat t . ~ e r to mz.-~,aeesin high velocity flow. J. Aero. ~ d , 2"~i.-~o. $, 586 ( 1 9 ~ ) . 72..TawarZzs,.B. (Ed.). Incompr~bl~ Am~xlynan, ie~, rJ.xt'ck~i~n/verslt~r P r e ~ 1960. 73. SPz:rcz, D. A , T h e growth of compressible :turbulent boundary layers on ~mthermal and adiabatic walls, ARC 21144, R & M 31911 (June, I969). 74. G s ~ ' , ~ - ~ , E. Turbulente R e i b ~ h i e h t , m mit Sekundgstr6mung, I a ~ A r c h . , Bd. V~, 358 (1935}. 7S. Wagr, acz, R. E., The. experimental investigation of a. swept~Lng .research model boundary layer, Aerod~-rmmie Report. ~ o , 092 of the Mun/eipal Un/versity of +,Yiehits (1953). 76. ICUw~z, A. ~L, MI~, P. ]3. and Cu~aa~r, W. H., .~feo~urements in the boundm? layer of a yawed win~, HACA T~1946. (1949). 77. Jom+m'ox, J. P., The three-dimensional turbulent boundsr~, layer, So.D. Thesis, M.I.T., 1957; alao available as M.LT. Gas Turbine L s b o ~ + ry Report ~o. 39 095~).