The Fundamentals of Lighting

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LIGHTING BASICS LIGHT SOURCES AND LAMP CHARACTERISTICS PHOTOMETRY CALCULATIONS COMPUTER TOOLS LIGHTING QUALITY

HL-862 7/07

The Fundamentals of Lighting

Index
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Holophane Research and Development . . .3 - 5 Lighting Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Luminous Flux Luminous Intensity Illuminance Luminance Exitance Metric conversions

Introduction
Illuminance is light falling on a surface measured in footcandles or lux. Distributed with an economic and visual plan, it becomes engineered lighting and, therefore, practical illumination.
A lighting designer has four major objectives:
1. Provide the visibility required based on the task to be performed and the economic objectives. 2. Furnish high quality lighting by providing a uniform illuminance level, where required, and by minimizing the negative effects of direct and reflected glare. 3. Choose luminaires aesthetically complimentary to the installation with mechanical, electrical and maintenance characteristics designed to minimize operational expense. 4. Minimize energy usage while achieving the visibility, quality and aesthetic objectives.

Light Sources and Lamp Characteristics . . .7 - 8

Incandescent Fluorescent Induction High Intensity Discharge Mercury Vapor Metal Halide High Pressure Sodium Low Pressure Sodium

There are two parts to the solution of a design problem:

1. To select luminaires which are designed to control the light in an effective and energy efficient manner. 2. To apply them to the project with all the skill and ingenuity the designer can bring to bear from his or her own knowledge and all the reliable sources available.

Photometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Candlepower Distribution Curve Coefficient of Utilization Isofootcandle Chart Spacing Criteria

The Zonal Cavity Method for Indoor Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 - 12

Methods of Calculating Illuminance Zonal Cavity Method

This primer has been developed to give the designer a useful summary of basic lighting principles. It gives important data and practical information on how to apply them. It offers the assistance of the Holophane technical sales force, who have Visual application software and SALE economic analysis software at their disposal. The facilities and staff of the Holophane Technical Support Group are also available. In addition, it prefaces a selection of quality lighting products that use the best design and manufacturing techniques of illumination science and technology available today. Their use assures the ultimate in lighting quality, economy, light distribution, energy efficiency and glare control.

The Lumen Method for Outdoor Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 - 14

Utilization Curve Method Point by Point Method

Visual 2.3 Professional Edition . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Lighting Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

1893: BLONDEL PRISMS PATENTED

HOLOPHANE

| THE FUNDAMENTALS OF LIGHTING

Prisms, when properly placed, control light. Holophane acquires rights to glass globes: 1895.

Research and Development

The high-caliber performance characteristic of Holophane luminaires is a result of quality in concept, research, development and execution. This depends on a staff with ability and integrity, along with the physical plant and equipment to carry on their work. The following are some brief aspects of the more important activities and facilities vital to the creation of quality Holophane lighting products.
A Photometers B
The Holophane Photometry Lab follows standards set by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. A single-cell spinning mirror photometer (A) with the capability of measuring every 1. A full-scale radial photometer (B) with a radius of 25 that will accommodate up to an 8 long or 5 square luminaire. There are photocells along the arc every 2 1/2, starting at 0 (nadir) up to 180 (zenith). Each luminaire that is tested is rotated to measure up to 72 planes of data. The systems are fully automated; the photocell readings are sent directly to an in-house computer which generates Photometric Test Reports used for calculation and analysis. Photometric reports are available in IESNA format on our Web site for use in Visual and other lighting application programs.

C Ballast and Electric Laboratory

Heavy-current laboratory will simulate various field power and load situations. Ballasts are designed and tested to ensure that they operate within applicable American National Standards Institute (ANSI) design limits. A properly designed ballast will optimize its own life while providing full lamp life and light output.

D Thermal Laboratory
Heat testing facility where luminaires and components are subjected to heat conditions well in excess of their normally expected exposure under field use. While this laboratory is used for research and development of luminaires, a significant part of its activities is directed to the meeting and maintenance of Underwriters Laboratories requirements. Holophanes Electric and Thermal Labs are UL certified and are audited annually for compliance.

1900: HOLOPHANE DIBDEN PHOTOMETER WAS INTRODUCED

Holophane engineers developed the first method to measure light intensity and distribution.

Research and Development

Research and Development

E Vibration Laboratory
Stability of equipment under a variety of vibration loadings is rigorously tested to meet specifications and field-use conditions. This assures product reliability when luminaires and poles are subjected to various wind conditions.

F Water Spray Facilities

Resistance to water penetration is evaluated in this closed cycle water spray system. Luminaires can be tested for standard UL wet-location and outdoor marine suitability. Also, a special 100-gallon per minute, 100-psi spray can be used to test such severe conditions as those found in tunnels.

G CAD System

A Computer Aided Design system is used for the precise design of optical and fixture components to assure precise light control and manufacturing tolerances from all the elements that make up the luminaire assembly.

H Light and Vision Center

A facility for teaching principles of lighting design and calculation, as well as a center for the consideration of lighting problems in consultation with recognized experts in the field. Seminars on lighting for industrial, retail and roadway applications are conducted, as well as schools for electrical distributors and utility personnel. Contact your local Holophane representative for a schedule.

Lighting Demonstration Center

In this laboratory, complete luminaires and systems are installed for measurement and visual evaluation of performance. The room is highly flexible, and mounting heights can be altered to duplicate various lighting conditions.

HOLOPHANE

| THE FUNDAMENTALS OF LIGHTING

1906: IESNA WAS FORMED Three prominent Holophane engineers were instrumental in the formation and early organization of the Society.

J Outdoor Lighting Laboratory

A street and parking lot area arranged for the measurement and visual evaluation of a variety of lighting systems, including sign lighting. Outdoor architectural, historical and municipal luminaires may also be examined in an adjacent park-like setting

K Lighting Design Department J L

A department staffed with professional lighting designers and engineers, to aid consultants and users in reaching their lighting decisions. The department uses various lighting analysis programs for their lighting designs.

L Optical Laboratory
A visual evaluation facility to aid in the optical design of high quality light control elements of Holophane luminaires.

J M Materials Laboratory
A facility for the testing of materials for strength, corrosion resistance and other properties related to luminaires.

N Model Shop
A complete wood and metal working shop for the preparation of models and working prototypes of luminaires under design.

M K

1920: THE BIRTH OF HIGH BAY LIGHTING Holophane develops high bay lighting, which would be used to effectively light large factories.

Research and Development

Lighting Basics
An understanding of some of the fundamental terms in lighting technology is basic to good design practice. The more important terms and concepts are reviewed here for this purpose. Luminous flux
Luminous flux is the time rate of flow of light as measured in lumens. It is a measure of the total light emitted by a source and is most commonly used for measurement of total lamp output.

Luminance (L)
Luminance, often called brightness, is the name given to what we see. Brightness is a subjective sensation varying from very dim or dark to very bright. Objectively it is referred to as luminance, defined as intensity in a given direction divided by a surfaces projected area as seen by the observer. The surface may be a luminaire surface or a reflecting surface, such as a wall or roadway. The direct luminance, or brightness, of luminaires at various angles of view is a major factor in the visual comfort evaluation of an installation using those luminaires. In general, it is desirable to minimize the brightness of ceiling mounted luminaires at the high vertical angles, 60-90. When the intensity is in candelas, and the projected area is in meters, the unit of luminance is candelas per square meter (cd/m2).

Luminous intensity (I)

The candela is the unit of intensity (I) and is analogous to pressure in a hydraulic system. It is sometimes called candlepower and describes the amount of light (lumens) in a unit of solid angle. This unit of solid angle is called the steradian. It will be seen from Figure 1 that as the light travels away from the source the solid angle covers a larger and larger area; but the angle itself remains the same, as does the amount of light it contains. Intensity therefore, in a given direction is constant regardless of distance. See Figure 1 I = (lumens) (steradians)

1 fc D = 1 ft. D = 2 ft.
Figure 1

/4 fc

Exitance (M)
It is often desirable to calculate the amount of light reflected from room surfaces. The total amount of light reflected, regardless of direction, is Exitance. Exitance = illuminance x reflection factor M = Ex Where E = Illuminance in footcandles = the reflection factor of the surface expressed as the percentage of light reflected M = the resulting exitance in lumens per square foot

Illuminance (E)
Illuminance is the quantity of light reaching a unit area of surface and is measured in footcandles or lux. As the area covered by a given solid angle becomes larger with distance from the source, the included light flux remains the same. The illumination density of light on the surface decreases, therefore, with the square of the distance. Illuminance is defined by the intensity () in candelas directed toward point P, divided by the square of the distance (D) from the source to the surface. E = I D2

D I

P
Figure 2

Metric system
As the U.S.A. moves toward conversion to the metric system to conform with the scientific fields and the rest of the world, our illumination engineering will convert to the International System of Units (SI). Only the terms involving length or area, illuminance and luminance, are affected. Illuminance (E) is stated in lux (lumens per sq. meter) in the metric system. 1fc = 10.76 lux. Luminance (L) is stated in nits (candelas per sq. meter) in the metric system.

This formula holds only if the receiving surface is perpendicular to the source direction. If light is incident at some other angle, See Figure 2, the formula becomes: E = I cos O D2

where E = illuminance in footcandles (fc) or lux I = intensity in candelas (cd) toward point P D = distance in feet or meters O = angle of incidence

1930: LOW BAY PRIMARY SOURCE FOR INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES

HOLOPHANE

| THE FUNDAMENTALS OF LIGHTING

Holophane developed the first reflector specifically designed to utilize mercury vapor lamps.

Light Sources and Lamp Characteristics

One of the first decisions in the design of a good lighting system is the choice of a light source. A number of light sources are available, each with its own unique combination of operating characteristics. A few of the lamp characteristics that a lighting designer should consider when choosing a light source include efficacy, or lumens per watt; color; lamp life; and lamp lumen depreciation, or the percent of output that a lamp loses over its life.

Although there are hundreds of lamps on the market today, they can be categorized by construction and operating characteristics into three main groups: incandescent, fluorescent and high intensity discharge (HID). HID lamps can be grouped into three major classes: high pressure sodium, metal halide and mercury vapor. Another type of lamp, low pressure sodium (LPS), shares some characteristics of HID lamps. Induction lamps are a special type of fluorescent.

Incandescent
An incandescent filament lamp is the light source most commonly used in residential lighting. Light is produced in this source by a wire or filament being heated to incandescence (emitting light) by a flow of current through it. The short life and low efficacy (lumens per watt) of this source limit its use mostly to residential and decorative commercial lighting. Efficacy varies with wattage and filament type, but generally ranges from 15 to 25 lumens per watt for general service lamps. The incandescent source does, however, produce light in a well accepted warm tone. It is more convenient than other light sources because it can be run directly on line current and therefore does not require a ballast. It can also be dimmed using relatively simple equipment. It is available in different bulb sizes, shapes and distributions to add a decorative touch to an area.

Induction
Induction lamps are electrodeless fluorescent lamps driven by high-frequency current, typically between 250kHz and 2.65mHz, usually via an external generator. They are available in limited wattages and are known for exceptionally long service life: up to 100,000 hours. Lamp efficacies typically range from 64 to 88 lumens per watt. Color rendition with induction lamps is very good. Although not easily optically controllable in a luminaire because of the large lamp size, induction lighting is often employed in applications where luminaires may be very difficult to access or where maintenance costs are a strong factor in the lighting design and installation. Initial system purchasing costs are high compared to the best HID or fluorescent systems.

High Intensity Discharge (HID) and LPS

High intensity discharge sources include mercury vapor, metal halide, and high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps. Light is produced in HID and low pressure sodium (LPS) sources through a gaseous arc discharge using a variety of elements. Each HID lamp consists of an arc tube which contains certain elements or mixtures of elements which, when an arc is created between the electrodes at each end, gasify and generate visible radiation. The major advantages of HID sources are their high efficacy in lumens per watt, long lamp life and point-source characteristic for good light control. Disadvantages include the need for a ballast to regulate lamp current and voltage as well as a starting aid for HPS and some MH and the delay in restriking after a momentary power interruption.

Fluorescent
The fluorescent lamp produces light by activating selected phosphors on the inner surface of the bulb with ultraviolet energy, which is generated by a mercury arc. Because of the characteristics of a gaseous arc, a ballast is needed to start and operate fluorescent lamps. The advantages of the fluorescent light source include improved efficacy and longer life than incandescent lamps. Efficacies for fluorescent lamps range anywhere from 50 to 100 lumens per watt. Their low surface brightness and heat generation make them ideal for offices and schools where thermal and visual comfort are important. The disadvantages of fluorescent lamps include their large size for the amount of light produced. This makes light control more difficult, which results in a diffuse, shadowless environment. Their use in outdoor areas becomes less economical because light output of a fluorescent source is reduced at low ambient temperatures.

1930S: FIRST VAPOR-PROOF FIXTURES FOR HAZARDOUS AREAS

Holophane introduced the first fixture ideal for acid plants, distilleries, oil refineries, and power plants.

Light Sources and Lamp Characteristics

Light Sources and Lamp Characteristics

Mercury Vapor (MV)

The mercury vapor source was the first HID lamp developed, filling the need for a more efficient, yet compact, high output lamp. When first developed, the majordisadvantage of this lamp was its poor color rendition. The color of the deluxe white lamp is somewhat improved through use of a phosphor coated bulb wall. The life of mercury vapor lamps is good, averaging 24,000 hours for most larger wattage lamps. However, because the output diminishes so greatly over time, economical operational life is often much shorter. Efficacy ranges from 30 to 60 lumens per watt, with the higher wattages being more efficacious than the lower wattages. As with other HID lamps, the starting of a mercury vapor lamp is not immediate. Starting time is short, though, taking 4-7 minutes to achieve maximum output depending upon the ambient temperature.

Metal Halide (MH)

Metal halide lamps are similar in construction to mercury lamps with the addition of various other metallic elements in the arc tube. The major benefits of this change are an increase in efficacy to 60 to 100 lumens per watt and an improvement in color rendition to the degree that this source is suitable for commercial areas. Light control of a metal halide lamp is also more precise than that of a deluxe mercury lamp since light emanates from the small arc tube, not the total outer bulb of the coated lamp. Pulse-start metal halide lamps have several advantages over standard (probe-start) metal halide: higher efficacy (110 lumens per watt), longer life, and better lumen maintenance. A disadvantage of the metal halide lamp is its shorter life (7,500 to 20,000 hrs) as compared to mercury and high pressure sodium lamps. Starting time of the metal halide lamp is approximately the same as for mercury lamps. Restriking after a voltage dip has extinguished the lamp, however, can take substantially longer, ranging from 4 to 12 minutes depending on the time required for the lamp to cool.

High Pressure Sodium (HPS)

In the 1970s, as increasing energy costs placed more emphasis on the efficiency of lighting, high pressure sodium lamps (developed in the 1960s) gained widespread usage. With efficacies ranging from 80 to 140 lumens per watt, these lamps provide about 7 times as much light per watt as incandescent and about twice as much as some mercury or fluorescent. The efficacy of this source is not its only advantage. An HPS lamp also offers the longest life (24,000+ hrs.) and the best lumen maintenance characteristics of all HID sources. The major objection to the use of HPS is its yellowish color and low color rendition. It is ideal mainly for some warehouse and outdoor applications.

Low Pressure Sodium (LPS)

Low pressure sodium offers the highest initial efficacy of all lamps on the market today, ranging from 100 to 180 lumens per watt. However, because all of the LPS output is in the yellow portion of the visible spectrum, it produces extremely poor and unattractive color rendition. Control of this source is more difficult than with HID sources because of the large size of the arc tube. The average life of low pressure sodium lamps is 18,000 hours. While lumen maintenance through life is good with LPS, there is an offsetting increase in lamp watts, reducing the efficacy of this lamp type with use.

HOLOPHANE

| THE FUNDAMENTALS OF LIGHTING

1940S: HOLOPHANE EARNS E AWARD FOR WAR CONTRIBUTIONS Holophane was very involved in the war effort, from start to finish, lighting war plants, airplane hangars, and developing signaling equipment for submarines.

Photometry
PHOTOMETRIC TEST REPORT
HOLOPHANE CORPORATION HOLOPHANE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CENTER NEWARK, OHIO 43055
120 150 180 150
600 CD/DIV

DISTRIBUTION DATA
VERTICAL CANDLE POWER ANGLE ZONAL LUMENS

120

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 180

2305 2236 2142 2158 2140 2153 2306 2451 2645 2771 2616 2212 1724 1324 1015 818 724 677 675 745 1063 1917 2063 1646 1252 881 572 431 341

213 612 997 1540 2146 1985 1315 865 739 813 1124 1903 1851 1275 786 408 162 41

90

90

60

60

Photometry means the measurement of light. The term photometry is often used to define any test data which describe the characteristics of a luminaires light output. The most common type of photometric data include candlepower distribution curves, spacing criteria, luminaire efficiency, isofootcandle charts, coefficients of utilization and luminance data. The purpose of a photometric report is to accurately describe the performance of a luminaire, to enable the designer to select the lighting equipment and design a fixture layout which best meets the needs of the job.
Following is a review of the more frequently used types of photometric data.

30

30

TEST OF HOLOPHANE BL2X250MHXXM PRISMGLO MENTOR POSITION OF LAMP Set Position LAMP 250W Coated MH WATTS 250 TEST DISTANCE 25 ft. LUMENS 23000 BULB TYPE E-28 S.C. 1.8

O U T P U T DATA ZONAL DEGREES ZONAL LUMENS TOTAL EFFIC.

0-30 30-60 60-90 0-90 90-180 0-180

1822 5671 2919 10411 8363 18774

8.9 27.7 14.2 50.8 40.8 91.6

Candlepower distribution curve

The photometric distribution curve is one of the lighting designers most valuable tools. It is a cross-sectional map of intensity (candelas) measured at many different vertical angles. It is a two-dimensional representation and therefore shows data for one plane only. If the distribution of the unit is symmetric, the curve in one plane is sufficient for all calculations. If asymmetric, such as with street lighting and fluorescent units, three or more planes are required. In general, incandescent and HID reflector units are described by a single vertical plane of photometry. Fluorescent luminaires require a minimum of one plane along the lamp axis, one across the lamp axis and one at a 45 angle. The greater the departure from symmetry, the more planes that are needed for accurate calculations. See figure 1

TESTED BY

CERTIFIED BY

TEST NO.
MANAGER OF ENGINEERING

42343

Figure 1

Coefficient of Utilization
fc 20% cc 80% w 50% 30% 10%
70% 50% 30%10% .92 .78 .68 .59 .52 .46 .41 .36 .33 .30 .27 .92 .75 .62 .52 .45 .38 .33 .29 .26 .23 .21 .92 .72 .57 .47 .39 .33 .28 .24 .21 .19 .17 50% 50% 30% 0% .79 .67 .58 .50 .44 .39 .35 .31 .28 .26 .24 .79 .64 .54 .45 .39 .33 .29 .26 .23 .20 .18 .79 .62 .50 .41 .34 .29 .25 .22 .19 .17 .15

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

.99 .85 .73 .63 .56 .49 .44 .39 .35 .32 .29

.99 .80 .67 .56 .48 .41 .36 .31 .28 .25 .22

.99 .77 .61 .50 .42 .35 .30 .26 .23 .20 .18

RCR

Coefficient of utilization
A coefficient of utilization refers to the ratio of lumens which ultimately reach the work plane to the total lumens generated by the lamp. CU figures are necessary for hand calculating average illuminance levels and are provided in one of two ways: a CU table or a utilization curve. A utilization curve is usually provided for units intended for outdoor use or units with a distribution radically asymmetric. A CU table is provided for units which are used primarily indoors. Use of CU data will be discussed in the section covering calculation methods. See figure 2

Figure 2

Isofootcandle chart
Ratio = Distance along/Mounting height 150W HPS at (10) 3.05m mounting Test No. 34673 .8 8 HOUSE STREET SIDE SIDE .7 7 .1 6 5 4 3 2 1 .5 1 2 5 .6 .2 .5 .4 .3 .2 .1

Isofootcandle chart
Isofootcandle charts are used to describe the light pattern produced by a luminaire. These charts are derived from the candlepower data and show exact plots or lines of equal footcandle levels on the work plane when the fixture is at a designated mounting height. Use of isofootcandle charts in determining illuminance at designated points will be discussed in the point calculations section. See figure 3

0 0 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Ratio = Distance across/Mounting height

Coefficients of ultilization (dashed curves)

Spacing criteria
Spacing criteria provide the designer with information regarding how far apart luminaires may be spaced while maintaining acceptable illumination uniformity on the work plane. Criteria for spacing are generally conservative; they take into account the direct component of illumination only and ignore the indirect component of light, which can contribute significantly to the uniformity. However, used within its limits, a Spacing Criterion can be useful. To use the Spacing Criterion, multiply the net mounting height (luminaire to work plane) by the Spacing Criterion number. This ratio is used predominantly with the Zonal Cavity Method of calculation.

Figure 3

1950S: THE REVOLUTIONARY WALLPACK UNIT

The first fixture to rest tightly against the wall, eliminating protruding surfaces in tunnels and underpasses.

Photometry

Zonal Cavity Method for Indoor Calculations

Methods of calculating illuminance
In order to design a luminaire layout that best meets the illuminance and uniformity requirements of the job, two types of information are generally needed: average illuminance level and illuminance level at a given point. Calculation of illuminance at specific points is often done to help the designer evaluate the lighting uniformity, especially when using luminaires where maximum spacing recommendations are not supplied, or where task lighting levels must be checked against ambient.

If average levels are to be calculated, two methods can be applied: 1. For indoor lighting situations, the Zonal Cavity Method is used with data from a coefficient of utilization table. 2. For outdoor lighting applications, a coefficient of utilization curve is provided, the CU is read directly from the curve and the standard lumen formula is used.

The following two methods can be used if calculations are to be done to determine illuminance at one point. 1. If an isofootcandle chart is provided, illuminance levels may be read directly from this curve. 2. If sufficient candlepower data are available, illuminance levels may be calculated from these data using the point-to-point method.

The following sections describe these methods of calculation.

Zonal Cavity Method
The Zonal Cavity Method (sometimes called the Lumen Method) is the currently accepted method for calculating average illuminance levels for indoor areas, unless the light distribution is radically asymmetric. It is an accurate hand method for indoor applications because it takes into consideration the effect that interreflectance has on the level of illuminance. Although it takes into account several variables, the basic premise that footcandles are equal to luminous flux over an area is not violated. The basis of the Zonal Cavity Method is that a room is made up of three spaces or cavities. The space between the ceiling and the fixtures, if they are suspended, is defined as the ceiling cavity; the space between the work plane and the floor, the floor cavity; and the space between the fixtures and the work plane, the room cavity. Once the concept of these cavities is understood, it is possible to calculate numerical relationships called cavity ratios, which can be used to determine the effective reflectance of the ceiling and floor cavities and then to find the coefficient of utilization.
hcc Ceiling Luminaires hrc Room Cavity Ceiling Cavity

There are four basic steps in any calculation of illuminance level:

1. Determine cavity ratios 2. Determine effective cavity reflectances

Workplane hfc Floor Floor Cavity

3. Select coefficient of utilization 4. Compute average illuminance level

1970S: THE REVOLUTIONARY HIGH MAST SYSTEMS

10

HOLOPHANE

| THE FUNDAMENTALS OF LIGHTING

Holophane develops the first lighting system to raise and lower for ground-level servicing.

Step 1: Cavity ratios for a rectangular space may be calculated by using the following formulas: Ceiling Cavity Ratio (CCR) = Room Cavity Ratio (RCR) = Floor Cavity Ratio (FCR) = Where: hcc hrc hfc L W 5 hcc (L+W) LxW 5 hrc (L+W) LxW 5 hfc (L+W) LxW

The coefficient of utilization found will be for a 20% effective floor cavity reflectance. Thus, it will be necessary to correct for the previously determined fc. This is done by multiplying the previously determined CU by the factor from Table B (pg.12). CU final = CU (20% floor) x Multiplier for actual fc. If it is other than 10% or 30%, interpolate or extrapolate and multiply by this factor.

Step 4: Computation of the illuminance level is performed using the standard Lumen Method formula. Footcandles =
(maintained)

= = = = =

distance in feet from luminaire to ceiling distance in feet from luminaire to work plane distance in feet from work plane to floor length of room, in feet width of room, in feet

# of fixtures x lamps per fixture x lumens per lamp x CU x LLF area in square feet

An alternate formula for calculating any cavity ratio is: Cavity Ratio = 2.5 x height of cavity x cavity perimeter area of cavity base

When the initial illuminance level required is known and the number of fixtures needed to obtain that level is desired, a variation of the standard lumen formula is used. maintained footcandles desired x area in sq. ft. # of luminaires = lamp/fixture x lumen/lamp x CU x LLF The total light loss factor (LLF) consists of three basic factors: lamp lumen depreciation (LLD), luminaire dirt depreciation (LDD) and ballast factor (BF). If initial levels are to be found, a multiplier of 1 is used. Light loss factors, along with the total lamp lumen output, vary with manufacturer and type of lamp or luminaire and are determined by consulting the manufacturers published data. Ballast factor (BF) is defined as the ratio between the published lamp lumens and the lumens delivered by the lamp on the ballast used. Typical HID ballast factors vary between .9 and .95. Holophane ballasts are designed to have a BF=1.0. Occasionally, other light loss factors may need to be applied when they are applicable. Some of these are luminaire ambient temperature, voltage factor and room surface dirt depreciation.

Step 2: Effective cavity reflectances must be determined for the ceiling cavity and for the floor cavity. These are located in Table A (see below) under the applicable combination of cavity ratio and actual reflectance of ceiling, walls and floor. The effective reflectance values found will then be cc (effective ceiling cavity reflectance) and fc (effective floor cavity reflectance). Note that if the luminaire is recessed or surface mounted, or if the floor is the work plane, the CCR or FCR will be 0 and then the actual reflectance of the ceiling or floor will also be the effective reflectance. Step 3: Coefficient of utilization: With these values of cc, fc, and w (wall reflectance), and knowing the room cavity ratio (RCR) previously calculated, find the coefficient of utilization in the luminaire coefficient of utilization (CU) table. Note that since the table is linear, linear interpolations can be made for exact cavity ratios and reflectance combinations.
Table A Percent effective ceiling or floor cavity reflectance for various reflectance combinations. % Ceiling or floor reflectance % Wall reflectance Cavity ratio 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 90 89 88 87 87 86 85 85 84 83 83 82 82 81 81 80 79 79 78 78 77 77 76 76 75 75 90 70 88 86 84 82 80 78 77 75 73 72 70 69 67 66 64 63 62 61 60 58 57 56 55 54 53 50 86 84 80 77 75 72 69 67 64 62 59 58 56 54 52 50 48 47 45 44 43 42 40 39 38 30 85 81 77 73 69 66 62 59 56 53 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 35 33 32 31 30 28 28 80 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 65 65 64 63 62 61 60 60 59 58 58 70 78 76 75 73 72 70 68 67 66 64 63 61 60 59 58 57 56 54 53 53 52 51 50 49 48 80 50 77 74 71 69 67 64 62 60 58 56 54 52 50 48 47 45 44 43 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 30 76 72 68 65 62 58 55 53 50 48 45 43 41 39 37 35 34 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 70 68 67 65 64 62 61 60 59 58 56 55 54 54 53 52 51 50 49 49 48 47 46 45 45 44 70 50 67 65 63 60 58 57 55 53 51 49 48 46 45 43 42 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31

50 30 66 63 59 56 53 50 47 45 42 40 38 37 35 33 32 31 29 28 27 26 25 24 24 23 22 70 49 48 47 47 46 45 45 44 43 43 42 42 41 41 40 39 39 39 38 38 37 37 36 36 35 50 48 47 45 44 43 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 29 28 28 27 26 26 25 30 47 45 43 40 38 36 35 33 31 30 29 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 21 20 20 19 18 18 17 70 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 50 29 29 28 28 27 27 26 25 25 24 24 24 23 23 22 22 22 21 21 21 20 20 20 20 19

30 30 29 28 26 25 24 23 22 22 21 20 19 19 18 17 17 16 16 15 15 14 14 14 13 13 13 10 28 26 25 23 22 21 19 18 17 16 15 14 14 13 12 12 11 10 10 09 09 09 08 08 08 50 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14

10 30 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 08 08 08 08 10 09 09 08 08 08 07 07 07 06 06 06 06 06 05 05 05 05 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04

1980S: THE GRANVILLE SPARKS A ROMANCE WITH HISTORICALLY STYLED STREET LIGHTING The acorn, a turn-of-the-century replica, offers the look of yesteryear with state-of-the-art technology.

Zonal Cavity Method for Indoor Calculations

11

Zonal Cavity Method of Calculating Illuminance Levels

Table B Multiplying factors for other than 20 percent effective floor cavity reflectance
% Effective ceiling cavity reflectance, cc % Wall reflectance, w 70 50

80

70

50

30

10

30

10

70

50

30

10

50

30

10

50

30

10

50

30

10

For 30 per cent effective floor cavity reflectance (20 per cent = 1.00) Room cavity ratio 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1.092 1.079 1.070 1.062 1.056 1.052 1.047 1.044 1.040 1.037

1.082 1.066 1.054 1.045 1 038 1.033 1.029 1.026 1.024 1.022

1.075 1.055 1 042 1.033 1.026 1.021 1.018 1.015 1.014 1.012

1.068 1.047 1.033 1.024 1.018 1.014 1.011 1.009 1.007 1.006

1.077 1.068 1.061 1.055 1.050 1.047 1.043 1.040 1.037 1.034

1.070 1.057 1.048 1.040 1.034 1.030 1.026 1.024 1.022 1.020

1.064 1.048 1.037 1.029 1.024 1.020 1.017 1.015 1.014 1.012

1.059 1.039 1.028 1.021 1.015 1.012 l.009 1.007 1.006 1.005

1.049 1.041 1.034 1.030 1.027 1.024 1.022 1.020 1.019 1.017

1.044 1.033 1.027 1.022 1.018 1.015 1.013 1.012 1.011 1.010

1.040 1.027 1.020 1.015 1.012 l.009 1.007 1.006 1.005 1.004

1.028 1.026 1.024 1.022 1.020 1.019 1.018 1.017 1.016 1.015

1.026 1.021 1.017 1.015 1.013 1.012 1.010 1.009 1.009 1.009

1.023 1.017 1.012 1.010 1.008 1.006 1.005 1.004 1.004 1.003

1.012 1.013 1.014 1.014 1.014 1.014 1.014 1.013 1.013 1.013

1.010 1.010 1.009 1.009 1.009 1.008 1.008 1.007 1.007 1.007

1.008 1.006 1.005 1.004 1.004 1.003 1.003 1.003 1.002 1.002

For 10 per cent effective floor cavity reflectance (20 per cent=1.00) Room cavity ratio 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

.923 .931 .939 .944 .949 .953 .957 .960 .963 .965

.929 .942 .951 .958 .964 .969 .973 .976 .978 .980

.935 .950 .961 .969 .976 .980 .983 .986 .987 .965

.940 .958 .969 .978 .983 .986 .991 .993 .994 .980

.933 .940 .945 .950 .954 .958 .961 .963 .965 .967

.939 .949 .957 .963 .968 .972 .975 .977 .979 .981

.943 .957 .966 .973 .978 .982 .985 .987 .989 .990

.948 .963 .973 .980 .985 .989 .991 .993 .994 .995

.956 .962 .967 .972 .975 .977 .979 .981 .983 .984

.960 .968 .975 .980 .983 .985 .987 .988 .990 .991

.963 .974 .981 .986 .989 .992 .994 .995 .996 .997

.973 .976 .978 .980 .981 .982 .983 .984 .985 .986

.976 .980 .983 .986 .988 .989 .990 .991 .992 .993

.979 .985 .988 .991 .993 .995 .996 .997 .998 .998

.989 .988 .988 .987 .987 .987 .987 .987 .988 .988

.991 .991 .992 .992 .992 .993 .993 .994 .994 .994

.993 .995 .996 .996 .997 .997 .998 .998 .999 .999

Example:
A typical lecture hall is 60' long and 30' wide with a 14 ceiling height. Reflectances are: ceiling 80%, walls 30%, floor 10%. Four-lamp Prismawrap (coefficients of utilization shown below) is to be used on 4' stems, and the work plane is 2' above the floor. Find the illuminance level if there are 18 luminaires in the room. (3) Knowing the room cavity ratio (RCR), it is now possible to find the coefficient of utilization for the Prismawrap luminaire in a room having an RCR of 2.0 and effective reflectances as follows: cc = 62%; w = 30%; fc = 20%. By interpolation between boxed numbers in the table this CU is .55. Note that this CU is for an effective reflectance of 20% while the actual effective reflectance of the floor fc is 10%. To correct for this, locate the appropriate multiplier in Table B for the RCR already calculated (2.0). It is .962 and is found by interpolating between the boxed number in Table B for 70% cc, 30% w, and 50% cc, 30% w at an RCR of 2.0. Then: CU final = .55 x .962 = .53 Note that all interpolations only need to be of the approximate, eyeball type, giving a credible degree of accuracy to the calculation. (4) Illuminance level can now be calculated if we know the number of units to be used and the lamp lumen rating. # of fixtures x lamps/fixture x lumens/lamp x CU FC initial = area FC initial = FC initial = 67 Check spacing of luminaires. A possible arrangement for these fixtures is three columns of six fixtures spaced ten feet on center in each direction. The Spacing Criterion is 1.4, making the maximum allowable spacing 11.2 feet. The actual spacing is less than the maximum allowable spacing. Therefore, the illumination on the work plane should be uniform. 18 x 4 x 3150 x .53 60 x 30

Solutions:
(1) Calculate cavity ratios as follows: CCR = 5(4)(30+60) = 1.0 30 x 60 RCR = 5(8)(30+60) = 2.0 30 x 60 FCR = 5(2) (30+60) = 0.5 30 x 60 (2) In Table A, look up effective cavity reflectances for these ceiling and floor cavities. cc for the ceiling cavity is determined to be 62%, while fc for the floor cavity is 10%.
Table C: Four-lamp Prismawrap luminaire coefficients of utilization Spacing Criterion 1.4 80% cc w 70% 50% 30% 10% 70% 50% 0 .78 .78 .78 .78 .75 .75 1 .72 .69 .67 .64 .69 .67 2 .66 .62 .58 .55 .64 .60 3 .61 .55 .51 .47 .59 .54 4 .57 .50 .45 .41 .55 .48 5 .52 .45 .39 .35 .50 .43 6 .48 .40 .35 .31 .47 .39 7 .45 .36 .31 .27 .43 .35 8 .41 .33 .27 .23 .40 .32 9 .38 .29 .24 .20 .36 .28 10 .35 .26 .21 .18 .34 .26

70% 30% .75 .65 .56 .50 .44 .38 .34 .30 .27 .23 .21

10% .75 .63 .53 .46 .40 .35 .31 .27 .23 .20 .18

50% .70 .63 .56 .51 .46 .41 .37 .34 .30 .27 .25

50% 30% .70 .61 .54 .47 .42 .37 .33 .29 .26 .23 .20

10% .70 .59 .51 .44 .39 .34 .30 .26 .23 .20 .17

50% .66 .59 .53 .48 .44 .39 .36 .32 .29 .26 .24

30% 30% .66 .58 .51 .45 .40 .36 .32 .28 .25 .22 .20

10% .66 .56 .49 .43 .38 .33 .29 .25 .22 .19 .17

50% .62 .56 .50 .46 .41 .37 .34 .31 .28 .25 .23

10% 30% .62 .55 .48 .43 .39 .34 .31 .27 .24 .21 .19

10% .62 .53 .47 .41 .36 .32 .28 .25 .22 .19 .16

RCR

1990S: ENERGY CONCERNS AND GREEN LIGHTS PROGRAM

12

HOLOPHANE

| THE FUNDAMENTALS OF LIGHTING

Holophane offered lighting solutions to companies to meet the EPA requirements and earn rebates.

Lumen Method for Outdoor Calculations

Calculating average illuminance levels using a utilization curve
The standard Lumen Method formula is also used to calculate average illuminance levels in an outdoor area when CUs are taken from a utilization curve.

Roa

dwa

y Ea

ou st B

nd
al pic Ty ing ac Sp

lumens/lamp x lamps/luminaire x # luminaires x CU x LLF area in square feet (maintained) Footcandles =

30 Pole 24 36 Setback

To calculate the number of luminaires needed to produce the desired footcandles, the following formula is used: maintained footcandles # of luminaires = desired x area in sq. ft. lumens/lamp x lamps/ luminaire x CU x LLF A variation of this formula, which is used mostly for roadway lighting, calculates how far apart the fixtures must be spaced to produce the necessary average illuminance. Spacing = lamp lumens x CU x LLF Avg. mtd FC x width of road

Figure 1

A utilization curve shows the percentage of light which falls onto an area having a designated width and an infinite length. This width is expressed on the utilization curve in terms of a ratio of the width of the area to the luminaire mounting height. A CU is found by reading across the bottom axis to this ratio, up until the dashed CU line is intersected, then across to the right hand axis, to read the value of the CU. Separate CUs are given for the area to the street side (forward) and area to the house side (rear) of the fixture and may be used to find illuminance on the roadway or sidewalk areas, or added to find the total light on the street in the case of median mounted luminaires.

Cat. No. MV400HP00NC6 - RE-248 400W Clear HPS/Test No. 49730

8 House Side Street Side .80 Coefficient of Utilization (Dashed Curves)
.001 .002

Ratio = Distance Along/Mounting Height

7 6
.2

.70 .60 .50

.5 1

Example:
A roadway 24 ft. wide is to be lighted to an average maintained illuminance level of 1.0 fc. Holophane Mongoose MV400HPNC6 luminaires are to be used and mounted on 30 ft. poles that are set back 36 ft. from the road. Find the spacing required. Spacing = See Figure 1 lamp lumens x CU x LLF Avg. mtd FC x width of road

5
.005

4
.01

.40 .30

3 2 1 0 5 4

.02 .05

.20 .10 0

Solution:
The CU is determined by reading from Chart 1 the intersection of the distance across/mounting height with the CU and hence horizontally to the CU axis. The CU for the roadway area only is determined by subtracting the CU of the setback area from the CU of the total area of both roadway and setback. The width of the total area is 60 feet ( 2.0 M.H.) and the width of the setback is 36 feet (1.2 M.H.). From the CU curve (see chart 1 ) we find that the corresponding CUs are .52 and .3. Deducting the second from the first we get a CU of .22. Inserting this CU into the standard Lumen Method formula results in a spacing of 371 feet. 50,000 x .22 x .81 = 371 ft. 1.0 x 24

3 2 1 0 1 2 3 Ratio = Distance Across/Mounting Height

Chart 1

Spacing =

2000: THE NEW SHAPE OF LIGHT

Illuminaire, a retail innovation with unlimited options and accessories, including up/down lighting options, and the first offer of a 90% uplight option.

Lumen Method for Outdoor Calculations

13

Outdoor Calculations and Examples

Point calculations using candlepower data

This method is especially useful in the determination of variation of illuminance levels and the uniformity of illumination provided by a lighting design. It is most frequently used in heavy industrial and design where inter-reflections are not a consideration, such as in track lighting and floodlighting. The point-by-point method accurately computes the illuminance level at any given point in an installation by summing up the illumination contributions to that point from every luminaire individually. It does not account for contributions from other sources such as Luminaire reflection from walls, ceiling, etc. For accuracy, the calculation distance from source to point of calculation should be at least five times the maximum luminaire dimension. Using the photometric distribution for the unit, we may calculate values for specific points, as follows for horizontal surfaces.
D

Point calculations using the isofootcandle chart

The isofootcandle chart can also be used to find the illuminance at a specific point. It is found by defining the horizontal distance from the fixture to that point in terms of a ratio of distance to mounting height, then looking up that ratio on the chart. If the actual mounting height of the fixture is different than the isofootcandle charts assumed mounting height, a correction factor must be applied using the following formula: correction factor = chart MH2 actual MH2

fc =

Example:

candlepower x cos O D2

Example:
Using the same layout and fixtures as were used in the example on page 13, determine the illuminance level, between the two units, on the far side of the road using Chart 1.

A single 400W HPS Prismpack luminaire is mounted 26 above a work plane. We wish to find the initial horizontal illuminance at a point 15 to one side of the luminaire. See figure 2.

Elevation Luminaire Plan Calculation Point

Solution:
From either fixture, point A is 60 feet to the street side (2.0 M.H.) and 140 feet down the street (4.7 M.H.). Looking at the isofootcandle curve, we find that the illuminance value at that point is .30 fc. This is the contribution from one luminaire and should be summed with other contributions for total footcandles. Since the isofootcandle chart mounting height is the same as our mounting height, no further correction is necessary.

Solution:
Since fc = candlepower x cos O D2

Figure 2

we need to determine the angle and look up the cp at this angle. We also must determine the distance D. Since D2 = a2 + h2 D2 = (15)2 + (26)2 D = 30 feet Tangent = a h = arc tangent 15 26 = 30 Now we can determine the candlepower of this luminaire from the cp curve, figure 3, to be 18936 (cp). When lighting a horizontal surface, angle is equal to angle O. The illuminance (E) is then: E= 18936 x cos 30 = 18.2 fc (30)2

Computer programs
PHOTOMETRIC TEST REPORT
HOLOPHANE CORPORATION HOLOPHANE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CENTER NEWARK, OHIO 43055
120 150 180 150

DISTRIBUTION DATA 2500 CD/DIV

120
VERTICAL CANDLE ANGLE POWER ZONAL LUMENS

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 180

16880 16774 17611 19672 20262

1601 5576

Point-by-point calculations can be time consuming. Our lighting software, Visual, can perform such calculations for many analysis points and luminaires in a fraction of the time necessary to do the same calculations by hand.

90

90

When many point calculations must be done by hand, a variation of the basic formula is somewhat more useful. fc = Candlepower x (cos O)3 h2

60

60

20286 9389 18936 16925 10632 14199 10411 8063 6367 3256 2921 1296 732 727 574 417 441 301 219 239 57 35 38 46 48 64 63 77 69 141 109 574 360 867 14 18 7
O U T P U T DATA

402 4 2

This version of the formula lets us deal with only the net mounting height of the fixtures and candlepower angles and eliminates the necessity to calculate each separate distance D.

30

30

TEST OF HOLOPHANE PP5K400HP00XXJ39 POSITION OF LAMP

ZONAL DEGREES

ZONAL LUMENS

TOTAL EFFIC.

Set Position
LUMENS 50000 BULB TYPE S.C. 1.4
CERTIFIED BY

LAMP 400W Clear HPS WATTS 4 0 0 TEST DISTANCE 25 FT.

TESTED BY

E-18

0-30 30-60 60-90 0-90 90-180 0-180

16567 21616 1407 39591 1096 40686

33.1 43.2 2.8 79.2 2.2 81.4

TEST NO.

42181

Figure 3

2002: LUNAROPTICS SOLUTION FOR IESNA CUT-OFF

14

HOLOPHANE

| THE FUNDAMENTALS OF LIGHTING

Holophane addresses environmental sky glow and light trespass issues with Lunar Optics.

Visual 2.3 Professional Edition

The Professional Edition of Visual 2.3 is a collection of lighting calculation tools designed for more demanding interior and exterior applications. The Professional Edition provides the ability to model complex architecture, including sloped or angled surfaces, domes, barrel vaults, and obstructions. A unique approach has been taken with regard to the 3-D interface to create a more intuitive and lighting-design-friendly manner of operation. As a result, working in 3-D is easy, fast, and informative. It is a unique and powerful extension of your own design process. The Professional Edition will read files created using the Basic Edition. Flexible and intuitive, it enables you to analyze and modify lighting designs faster than ever before, empowering you to spend less time building projects, and more time designing.

True 3D Environment
I Visual 2.3 provides the user with a true three-dimensional workspace, allowing the user to design and view lighting environments from any angle. I It allows the user to work dynamically in any of the standard planes (X-Y, X-Z, or Y-Z). This makes building complex spaces easy and efficient.

Non-Orthogonal Surfaces
I Visual 2.3 will model complex geometries accurately and in a time-efficient manner, including sloped ceilings, domes, and other curved surfaces.

Luminaire Schedules
I Visual 2.3 allows an unlimited number of luminaire types. I It provides a library of standard luminaire symbols and includes a symbol editor. Default information can be enhanced or changed as needed.

Flexible Calculation Grids

I Calculation grids can be added in any shape or orientation and on any surface desired. I Masking of grids is accomplished either in blocks or individually. The points may be oriented in any direction.

Iso-Illuminance Curves
I Optional iso-illuminance curves for any luminaire or pole configuration assist in placement.

Obstructions
I Both interior and exterior designs may include obstructions of any shape, orientation or reflectance. I Calculation grids are easily placed on any surface of an obstruction. I There is no limit to the number of obstructions allowed.

Presentation Quality Results

I The results can be printed to any size media, from an 8.5"x 11" page to a full E-sized plotted page. I The powerful print editor allows for completely customized pages, both in content and in appearance.

Additional Features
I Visual 2.3 follows standard Windows and CAD interface protocols, making for a short learning curve. I Both DXF and DWG format drawing files can be imported and exported. I A Lumen Method tool is provided for the quick design and analysis of simple lighting layouts where uniform illuminance is the objective. The streamlined calculation engine computes even the most complicated designs in only a fraction of the time.

2005: ISD SUPERGLASS REFLECTOR DEVELOPED

A revolutionary, scientific advancement in optical design

Visual 2.3

15

Lighting Quality
Achieving the required illuminance level does not necessarily ensure good lighting quality. The quality as well as the quantity of illuminance is important in producing a comfortable, productive, aesthetically pleasing lighted environment. The quality of the lighting system includes, but is not limited to, aspects of lighting such as proper color, good uniformity, proper room surface luminances, adequate brightness control and minimal glare. Research has suggested that the lighting system can affect impressions of visual clarity, spaciousness and pleasantness. These feelings occur in spaces that are uniformly lighted with emphasis on higher luminances on room surfaces. The improved user satisfaction from such spaces may or may not have any effect on worker performance. However, given two lighting systems with equal lifetime costs, lighting systems which provide improved worker satisfaction should be considered. User satisfaction is often considered in the design of offices and commercial spaces, but ignored in industrial spaces. However, the industrial environment should be designed to provide a high-quality visual environment, yielding improved worker satisfaction and possibly improved productivity as well. This can be accomplished by using lighting systems which produce the proper luminance on ceilings and walls.
Prismatic Glass (left) Aluminum Reflector (right)

The photo on this page illustrates two lighting systems in the same industrial environment. Both lighting systems provide the same quantity of horizontal illuminance on the work plane. The system on the right provides little uplight, resulting in the typical cavern effect associated with industrial spaces. The system on the left provides uplight and improves the luminance of the ceiling and vertical surfaces. This system can provide workers with a feeling of increased spaciousness. The uplight component also tends to improve work plane illuminance uniformity, reducing shadows and possibly yielding improved feelings of visual clarity. Any lighting design should consider the impressions of the user of the space. The photograph indicates that even an industrial environment can be improved with the hope of providing better working conditions and improved satisfaction and productivity for the worker.

Acuity Brands Lighting, Inc.

214 Oakwood Ave., Newark, OH 43055 / Holophane Canada, Inc. 9040 Leslie Street, Suite 208, Richmond Hill, ON L4B 3M4 / Holophane Europe Limited, Bond Ave., Milton Keynes MK1 1JG, England / Holophane, S.A. de C.V., Apartado Postal No. 986, Naucalpan de Juarez, 53000 Edo. de Mexico Contact your local Holophane factory sales representative for application assistance, and computer-aided design and cost studies. For information on other Holophane products and systems, call the Inside Sales Service Department at 740-345-9631. In Canada call 905-707-5830 or fax 905-707-5695. Limited Warranty and Limitation of Liability Refer to the Holophane limited material warranty and limitation of liability on this product, which are published in the Terms and Conditions section of the current Buyers Guide, and is available from your local Holophane sales representative.

Luminaires may utilize fluorescent or high intensity discharge sources that contain small amounts of mercury. New disposal labeling for these lamps includes the mercury identifier shown below to indicate that the lamp contains mercury and should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements. Information sources regarding lamp recycling and disposal are included on the packaging of most mercury-containing lamps and also can be located at www.lamprecycle.org.

Visit our web site at ww.holophane.com

HL-862 7/07 2007 Acuity Brands Lighting, Inc. Printed in USA