Module 4 Design for Assembly

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Lecture 6 Design for Joining of Plastics

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Instructional objectives
By the end of this lecture, the student will know 1. principles of different welding processes used for plastic joining, 2. advantages and limitations of different plastic joining processes, 3. recommended designs to achieve good quality joints in polymers.

Joining of moulded plastic parts is required when the finished assembly is too large or complex to mould in one piece, requires disassembly and reassembly is necessary, and often to reduce cost to produce a single large moulded plastic component. The plastic parts about to join can be of same or dissimilar materials. Thermoplastics are generally joined by welding processes, in which the part surfaces are melted, allowing polymer chains to interdiffuse. Few important welding processes used for thermoplastics welding are ultrasonic welding, vibration welding, spin welding, and induction welding.

Ultrasonic Welding of Plastics

Principle
Ultrasonic plastic welding is, in principle, the joining of thermoplastics through the use of heat generated from high frequency mechanical motion. It is accomplished by converting high frequency electrical energy into high frequency mechanical motion. The mechanical motion along with the applied force creates the frictional heat at the mating surface of the plastic components. In effect, the plastic material at the joint surface melts and forms a molecular bond between the parts. The frequency of the frequency is around 20 to 40 kHz. Figure 4.6.1 depicts the line diagram of an ultrasonic welding machine. The electrical power supply provides high-frequency electrical power to a typical piezoelectric based transducer creating a high frequency mechanical vibration at the end of the transducer. Next, the booster amplifies the mechanical vibrations produced by the transducer and supplies to the horn. Further, the horn (also known as sonotrode) transfers the amplified mechanical vibrations to the workpiece.

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Figure 4.6.1 Illustration of the ultrasonic welding for polymers [1].

Advantages and Disadvantages

Table 4.6.1 explains the advantages and the disadvantages of ultrasonic welding of plastics

Table 4.6.1

Advantages and disadvantages with ultrasonic welding of plastics Disadvantages high strength joints Large joints (>250 x 300 mm) can not be welded in a single operation. Specifically designed joints are required. Ultrasonic vibrations can damage electric components. Tooling costs for fixtures are high.

Advantages Fast, economical and easily automated. Mass production, upto 60 parts per minute is possible. Increased flexibility and versatility Possibility to join large structures. Used in health care industries due to clean welds. Produce the

consistently.

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Applications of Ultrasonic Welding of Plastics

(1) Ultrasonic welding is used in the automotive industry to fabricate headlamp parts, dashboards, buttons and switches, fuel filter, fluid vessels, seat-belt locks, electronic key fobs, lamp assemblies and air ducts. (2) In electronic appliances like switches, sensors and data storage keys are fabricated using ultrasonic welding. (3) Ultrasonic welding is also used to make medical parts like filters, catheters, medical garment and masks. (4) Packing applications like blister packs, pouches, tubes, storage containers and carton spouts can be fabricated using ultrasonic welding.

Suitable Plastic Materials for Ultrasonic Welding

Most of the thermoplastic materials can be ultrasonic weldable. Teflon with low coefficient of friction and high melting temperature is impossible to weld using this process. The list of the thermoplastic materials suitable for ultrasonic welding is given elsewhere [1, 2].

Design Recommendations for Ultrasonic Welding of Plastics

(1) Surfaces of the plastic workpieces to be joined should be free of distortion and warpage. (2) Bead or narrow raised sections called energy indicators are molded on one of the surfaces of the workpieces. This smallest possible surface area increases the frictional heat and in turn the melting rate [Figure 4.6.2(b)]. (3) Step joints are more preferable to reduce the unwanted flash and to increase the joint strength [Figure 4.6.2(c)]. Even a greater strength is possible by using the tongue-andgroove joint as shown in Figure 4.6.2(d). But moulding this type of joint is more difficult. (4) (5) Figures 4.6.2(e)-(h) show few more recommended joint designs. It is not recommended to bevel one surface of the joint [Figure 4.6.2(i)]. The problem associated with this joint is the expulsion of the large volume of the material beyond the joint.

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Figure 4.6.2 Fig. no.

Design recommendations for ultrasonic welding of plastics [2]. Name of the joint and its performance

Joint design

Normal butt joint; Bad

Butt joint with energy indicator; Good

Step joint; Better

Tongue-and-groove joint; Best

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Figure 4.6.2 Design recommendations for ultrasonic welding of plastics (continued) [2]. Fig. no. Joint design Name of the joint and its performance

f Typical ultrasonic joint designs; Better g

Butt joint with bevel edge; Bad

Vibration Welding of Plastics

Principle
In vibration welding process, the weld joint is produced at the interface of the thermoplastic workpieces due to the heat generated by the high magnitude (3-5 mm) vibrations at low frequencies (120 Hz). The molten materials flow together under pressure, forming a weld upon cooling. Figure 4.6.3 depicts the movement of the parts undergoing vibration welding. The direction of the vibration is parallel to the plane of the joint rather than perpendicular as in the case of ultrasonic welding. Moreover the vibration can be linear or angular.

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Figure 4.6.3 The movement of parts in vibration welding can be either linear or angular [2].

Advantages and Disadvantage

Table 4.6.2 explains the advantages and the disadvantages with vibration welding of plastics

Table 4.6.2

Advantages and disadvantages with vibration welding of plastics Disadvantages Initial high capital cost of the

Advantages Welds are produced in short cycle time. Large parts can be welded with ease. Insensitivity to surface preparation. No additional materials are required to place between the workpieces. Parts can be welded regardless of how they processes (injection molded,

equipment and tooling compared to ultrasonic welding. Sound generation, which is typically of 90-95dB is a drawback. Generation of fine particulates or fluff at the joint line is a drawback for some end-use applications. Sometimes it is difficult to lock large workpieces into the supporting fixtures.

extruded, vacuum formed, etc.). Produce high strength, pressure-tight hermetic seals.

Applications of Vibration Welding

(1) Extensively used in the appliance industry for assembling washer and dishwasher pumps, particulate-filled soap dispensers, and dishwasher spray arms. (2) Automotive applications include all-plastic automotive bumper, headlight, taillight, instrument panel assemblies [Figure 4.6.4(a)], acetal gasoline reservoirs, dash-andtrim components, air conditioning and heater ducts etc.
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(3) Manufacturing of the automotive air intake manifold. The manifold is made in two or three injection molded parts and linear vibration welding is used to assemble the final manifold [Figure 4.6.4(b)]. (4) Welding chain saw motor housings made of 30% glass filled nylon, butane gas lighter tanks, batteries and pneumatic logic boards. (5) Widely used in making high quality joints in polyethylene (PE) gas distribution pipes.

(a)

(b)

Figure 4.6.4 (a) automotive instrument panel assembly (b) vibration welded automotive air intake manifold [1].

Suitable Plastic Materials for Vibration Welding

Most of the thermoplastic materials can be vibration welded. The only polymers that are difficult to weld are fluoropolymers, due to their low coefficient of friction. The list of the thermoplastic materials suitable for vibration welding is given elsewhere [1, 2].

Spin Welding of Plastics

Spin welding is a form of friction welding used to join the thermoplastic parts/workpieces having circular joint line. To spin-weld, one part of the assembly is rotated at high speed and presses against the other stationary part. This results in the generation of the frictional heat at the mating surface and subsequent melting. When the rotary motion is stopped, pressure is retained until the molten material solidifies and forms the final joint. Depending on the workpiece material to be joined, the rotational velocities ranging from 3 to12 m/s and pressure ranging from 2000 to 4800 kPa are required to bring it to the melting temperature.

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Advantages and Disadvantages

Table 4.6.3 explains the advantages and the disadvantages with spin welding of plastics

Table 4.6.3

Advantages and Disadvantages with spin welding of plastics Disadvantages Limited to parts with a circular joint line. Protrusions on the rotatable part of the system or any eccentric part restrict the use of the process.

Advantages Simple and highly energy efficient process. Suitable for automation. Strong hermetic joints can be produced. No need of introducing any foreign material between the parts. Parts over one meter diameter can also be spin welded.

Applications of the Spin Welding

1. Successfully used in assembling structural components, connecting ventilation pipes to blow-molded fuel tanks, and welding tops and bottoms on containers. 2. Used for the joining and repair of polyethylene (PE) pipes. 3. Manufacturing of fuel filter, check valves, truck lights, aerosol cylinders and floats.

Suitable Plastic Materials for Spin Welding

Almost all thermoplastic materials can be spin welded. The list of the thermoplastic materials suitable for spin welding is given elsewhere [1,2].

Design Recommendations for Vibration and Spin Welding of Plastics

1. One part of the assembly must be free to move relative to the other in the plane of the weld in both vibration and spin welding 2. Adding a flange [thickness (t) equals to 2 to 3 times of the part thickness (w)] to the joining surface of the parts improves the rigidity that limits flexure, applies uniform pressure close to the weld joint and improves the strength of the weld joint [Figure 4.6.5(a)]. 3. Special joint designs are required to contain the flash that is squeezed to the outside of the part during the welding process [Figures 4.6.5(b) (d)].
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4. Breakaway stud or socket can be incorporated into the part halves for easy assembly alignment [Figure 4.6.6].

Figure 4.6.5

Recommended designs for vibration and spin welding of plastics [2]. Fig. no. Recommended joint design

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Figure 4.6.6

Breakaway studs to aid preassembly of parts prior to vibration welding [2].

Induction Welding of Plastics

Principle
Induction welding uses electromagnetic induction to heat the workpiece. The welding system usually contains an induction coil that is energised with a radio frequency electric current. A high frequency electromagnetic field is generated that acts on an either electrically conductive or ferromagnetic workpiece. In electrically conductive workpiece, the main heating effect is resistive heating due to induced current also referred to as eddy current. In ferromagnetic materials, the heating is primarily caused due to hysteresis effect as the electromagnetic field distorts the magnetic domains of the workpiece. In the case of joining plastics, an additional metallic or ferromagnetic material (implant) is placed between the parts to be joined. This implant is a composite of the thermoplastic with either metal fibers or ferromagnetic particles. Next this assembly of the parts with implant is placed within or in the proximity to an induction coil, through which a high-frequency alternating current is passed. The electromagnetic field resulting from the current in the coil generates heat in the metal particles from eddy current. The hot metal particles melt their
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thermoplastic binder and, in turn, the surfaces of the parts to be joined. Figure 4.6.7 depicts a typical installation for welding the top to a cosmetics cartridge using induction welding process.

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Figure 4.6.7 Schematic view of induction welding [2].

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Advantages and Disadvantages

Table 4.6.4 explains the advantages and the disadvantages with induction welding of plastics

Table 4.6.4

Advantages and disadvantages with induction welding of plastics Advantages Disadvantages Additional cost of the implant. Additional work of preplacing implant. The presence of implant can sometimes affect the mechanical performance of the joint.

Strong and hermetic pressure tight joints can be produced The implant fills molding irregularities or cellular voids at the joint interface. Multiple joints can be welded simultaneously. Welded joint can be reopened for repair purpose. Production rate of the weld joints is high.

Applications
(1) Frequently used for welding large or irregular shaped parts made by injectionmoulding, blow-moulding, rotational moulding or thermo-formed [Figure 4.6.8]. (2) Used in the manufacturing of a glass-filled PA 6 injection moulded automotive intake resonator. (3) Extensively used in sealing plastic coated metal caps to plastic bottles, joining of cross linked PE pipes, welding metal grills to the front of loud speaker units etc.

Figure 4.6.8

Induction welded products [1]

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Suitable plastic materials for induction welding

Almost all thermoplastic materials can be induction welded. The list of the thermoplastic materials suitable for induction welding is given elsewhere [1, 2].

Design Recommendations for Induction Welding

(1) The coupling distance, i.e., the space between the work coil and the bond line should remain constant. (2) The joint line should be as close as possible to the work coil [Figure 4.6.9(a)]. The irregularities that prevent the work coil from being located close to the joint line should be avoided. (3) Joints should be designed in shear rather than in peel or butt [Figure 4.6.9(b)].

(a)

(b)

Figure 4.6.9 Recommended and not recommended joint designs for induction welding [2].

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Exercise
1. What are the design recommendations for the laser welding of plastics? 2. What are the limitations in using hot gas welding for plastic joining?

References
1. M. J. Troughton, Handbook of plastics joining, William andrew Inc, 2nd edition, New york. 2. J. B. Bralla, Design for manufacturability handbook, McGraw hill handbooks, 2nd edition, New York.

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