DC 669.

14 : 543-24,543842

( First Reprint JULY 1989 )

Indian

METHODS

IS : 228 (Part

1 ) - 1987

Standard

FOR CHEMICAL

ANALYSIS

OF STEELS

PART 1 DETERMINATION
OF CARBON BY VOLUMETRIC
( FOR CARBON 0.05 TO 250 PERCENT )

METHOD

( Third Revision )

1. Scope - This standard (Part 1 ) covers volumetric method for determination

range 0% to 250 percent in plain carbon, low alloy and high alloys steels.
2. Determination

of carbon in th,

of Carbon

2;l Outline of the MethodThe sample is burnt in a current of pure oxygen in presence of a suitable
flux. Combustion of the sample in a stream of oxygen, thus converts all the carbon present to carbor
dioxide. After removal of sulphurous gases by suitable absorbents, the carbon dioxide gas is collectec
in a specially jacketed burette along with excess of oxygen.
The carbon dioxide is then absorbed ir
alkali.
On passing the excess oxygen back to the burrette, the contraction in volume is read agains
s scale, calibrated directly to the percentage of carbon.
3. Sampling-The
sample is cleaned
before use. )

sample shall be drawn as prescribed in the relevant Indian Standard.

(The
wilh organic solvent like ether or acetone, dried in an air oven at lOO* f 5C

4. Apparatus - The apparatus recommended in IS : 6226 (Part 1 )-1971 Recommendations

fol
apparatus for chemical analysis of metals : Part 1 Determination
of carbon by direct combustion
method may be used.
I5. Procedure
I5.1 Before use the apparatus should
appropriate values of carbon.

be tested

for satisfactory

working

against

standard

steel o

5.2 For Plain Carbon Steel- Take one gram of an accurately weighed and clean sample free from
extraneous carbon in the form of small drillings or shavings in a porcelain boat which can withstand
3 temperature of 1 150C without breaking or cracking.
5.2.1
1I 1ooc.

Introduce

the boat

into

the

hot combustion

tube

in the furnace

kept

at 1000

ta

i.3 For Low Alloy and High Alloy Steels-Take

one gram of an accurateiy weighed and clean
,ample free from extraneous carbon in the form of small drillings
or shavings in a porcelain boat,
vhich can stand a temperature of 1 250C without breaking and cracking.
Spread 05 g of pure
in granules over the sample. In case of high alloy steel mix the sample with 05 g of pure iron
9999 percent) filings also. Introd&
the boat into the hot combustion
tube in the furnace,
,ept between 1 150 to 1 250C.
5i.4 Close the furnace inlet with a rubber stopper, allow the sample t? heat for one to one and a half
Regulate the flow of oxygen to 300-400 ml per minute mto the furnace and establish
nlinute.
water
c onnection with the burette, which has been previously filled with acidulated water/brine
oloured with methyl red, so that the liquid level in the bulbed porf,ion of the gas burette does not
Fc311rapidly. After a minute or so the level of water in the burette begms, to fall more rapIdly, though
th esame rate of oxygen is maintained, indicating completion of combustion.
5.5 Take readings, when the level reaches near the zero graduation mark after closing the bend way
stopcock and equalizing the levels of the burette and the connected
levelling bottle.
Pass the
*aopted 4 December1987

@ June 1988, BIS

I
I
aREA
OF INDIAN
STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN,9 a*AOR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEWDLL! 110002

G, 2
--..-

.___

~-

IS:228(Partl)-1987
collected and measured gas twice into the absorbing bulb, till constant reading is obtarncd. Record
the burette reading. On the basis of one gram of sample taken for analysis, the burette is graduated
to measure directly the percentage of carbon.
6.5.1 Examine the combustion
boat for complete
repeat the determination with a fresh sample.

fusion of the sample,

5.6 Blank-Run
a blank experiment on the same quantity
and make the appropriate CorrectiOnS.

of accelerators

if not thoroughly

used, without

fused,

any sample

5.7 Calcolation
Carbon, percent = (A - B ) x F
where
A = burette reading after absorption
sample,

of carbon dioxide in caustic potash with one gram of

B = burette reading for the blank experiment,

F = Correction
5.8 Reproducibility-

fector for temperature

and

and pressure ( see Table 1 ).

i-O.01 percent up to 150 percent carbon, and

&IO02 percent above 150 percent carbon.

APPENDIX
INDIAN
IS : 228

STANDARDS

ON METHODS

FOR CHEMICAL

ANALYSIS

OF STEELS

Methods for chemical analysis of steels:

(Part 2)-1987
Determination of manganese
arsenite method (third revision )

in plain carbon and low alloy steels by

( Part 3 )-I987

by alkalimetric

Determination

of phosphorus

method (/lGrd revision )

( Part

4)-1987
Determination of carbon by gravimetric
percent ) (f/Cd revision)

( Part

5)-1987
Determination of nickel by dimethylgfyoxime
( for nickel 3: 01 percent ) ( third revision)

(Part

tj)-1987
Determination
of chromium by persulphate
chromium > 01 percent ) (third revision)

(Part

7)-1974
Determination
of molybdenum
by or-benzoinoxime
molybdenum > 1 percent ) ( second revision)

(Part

8)-1975
Determination
of silicon by
> 01 percent) (second revision)

( Part

9)-1975
Determination
(second revision )

of sulphur

method

the gravimetric

(for carbon > 01

(g&metric
oxidation

method

) method
method ( for

met!wd
(for

in plain carbon steels by evolution

(for
silicon
method

( Part IO)-1976
Determination of molybdenum by thiocyanate (photometric)
method
( for molybdenum
up to 1 percent) in low and high alloy steels (second
revision )
( Part 11 )-I 976 Determination of silicon by photometric method in carbon steels and
low alloy steels ( for silicon 001 to 005 percent ) (second revision )
( Part 12)-1988
Determination
of manganese by periodate (spectrophotometric)
method in low and high alloy steels (for manganese Up to 001 to 200 percent )(second revision)
(Part 13)-1982
Determination of arsenic
(Part 14 )-1987
Determination of carbon by thermal conductivity
0.005 to 2000 percent )

method (for carbon

TABLE 7

730

732

734

736

738

740

742

744

CORRECTlON

746

748

FACTORS

750

752

754

.-_
_ ,_-

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)
-.

(5)

(6)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(!l)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(151

0.967
0,962
0.356
0953
o343

0.970
0.365
0961
0 956
0.352

0,972
0.368
0933
0359
O-964

0.975
0370
0966
D961
0.957

0.978
0.973
0963
O-953
0,964

0.930 0.983
0.976 0978
0,971 0374
O-Q67 0969
0962 O-965

O-986
0,981
0,977
0.972
0.967

0,988
O-Q84
0.979
0.975
0.370

0.99,
0,987
0.382
0.977
0.973

0994
0.389
0.985
0.380
0.375

0,996
0,392
0.987
0983
0.978

0.999
0.995
0,990
o.985
098,

20

O-937
0.942
0932
O-927
0.922

0944
0940
0.935
0,930
0.325

0.342
O-947
O-337
0.933
O-928

0950
0345 O-947
O-952
0940 0.943
0.935 0,338
O-930 .0.333

0,950
O-935
0945

0.957
O-953
0,948
0,943
0.938

0960
0.955
0.950
0.346
0.94,

0.963
O-958
0.953
0 $42
0.943

0.965
O-96,
0.956
C.95,
0,946

0,968
0.963
0,958
0,954
0.949

0.071
O-966
O.Qti,
O-956
0.95,

0.973
0.968
0.964
0.959
O-954

O-913
0.918
0.508
0.903
0,897

0.915
0.920
0910
0,905
0900

O-918
0.923
0.9i3
0.908
0903

0320
0.325
O-915
0.910
0906

0.323
0.928
O-918
0.913
0.308

0.331
0926 0.933
0.021 0.928
0 QiG 0.923
0310 0,318
0.913

0.336
0,931
0.926
0.92,
O.Si5

0~332
0,333
0,928
0 923
O.Qi8

0 S4,
0~936
0 93,
0.926
0.920

0.944
0.939
0.~~34
O-928
0.923

0.946
0.94,
o.!j36
O-33,
0.926

0887
0892
O-882
0876
0.870

0.889
0.895
0,864
0,878
0.873

0.897
O-892
0886
0.881
0.875

0.300
0834
0889
0.884
0878

0.897
0,302
0892
0.886
O-860

0-330
0.335
0,894
0.869
0.863

0308
0.902
O-897
O-891
0866

0.9io
0305
0~893
0.894
0.668

0+13
0307
0.902
0 896
089,

0915
0,310
0 904
0.599
0.893

0%x8
0.912
0.907
0.30,
O-696

36
35
37

C.853
0.865
O-853
O-847
0.841

0.861
0.867
0.856
O-850
0.843

O-864
0.870
0.858
O-862
0846

0.866
0,872
0-860
0.854
0848

0.869
0875
O-863
O-857
0.851

0.877
0,866
0.871
9.859
O-853

0.880
0,874
0.866
O-862
0.856

0~882 0885
0876 0.879
0870 0873
0864 0-667
0858 0.861

0,667
O-882
0 8,6
0869
0863

40

0828
0.835
0.822
0815
0808

O-831
0.837
0824
0818
0.811

0.833
C.840
0.827
0620
0813

0,836
0842
0829
0822
0816

0838
0844
0832
0.825
0618

0847
0841

0.843
0850

0846
0.852

0.848
0,854

0.850
0857

0.827
0.834 0836
0~.820 0830
0623

0839
0832
0.625

0.841
0.835
0828

0.801

0.804

0.806

0809

0.811

0.814

0818

0.821

25

2
43
44
45

O-340
0.936

0.816

760

762

764

766

708

770

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

-.-

O-964
0.960
0955
0.351
OS46

24

768

--

15
10
17
18
13

2;
23
0

(7)

756

(16)

(17)

(18)

--..

. . _,

i.002
0.997
0.993
0.988
0.983

1.005 1.007
1~000 1003
O-995 0338
0391 0993
0986 0983

1.010
1,005
1.00,
0396
0331

1.013
1008
1.003
0.939
0394

1015
1011
1WX
1.001
O-996

l-018
1013
1009
1004
O-999

0976
O-97,
O,g(iG
0.96,
0956

0978
0.974
0.963
0.964
0.959

0.981
0,976
0.972
0967
0,962

O-984
0979
09,4
0-303
0964

0.986
0.982
0977
0.972
0.961

0989
0.984
0~979
0.974
O-QG7

0992
0987
0.982
0.977
O.Q72

0994
0990
0985
0 9~0
0~975

0.949
O-944
0.939
0.934
0.928

O-95,
0.946
0.34,
0.936
0.93,

0.954
094~
0.944
0.939
O-933

0.95,
0~~52
0.946
O-94,
0,936

0-959
0,954
o-949
0,944
O-938

O-362
0357
0.952
0946
0.94,

0.964
O-953
oS54
0343
0944

0967
0.962
0.357
0952
0346

OS/0
O~QVt
9S
0954
O-949

0920
0.315
0.309
0.904
0.898

0.923
0.91,
0912
0,906
0.90,

0.925
0920
o-914
0~~0~
0.903

0.928
0,922
0,917
0.91,
0906

O-930
o-925
~920
0,914
0908

0.933
0,928
0.922
0916
0.91,

0936
0930
0.925
0,913
0.913

0938
0.333
O-927
0922
0.916

0941
0935
0330
0924
O-318

0943
O-338
O-932
0327
0,321

0690
0,884
0.878
0,672
0.666

0892
0.866
0.860
0874
0668

0895
0%8Q
0663
0-8,~
0.67,

0.897
0.892
0866
0.873
0.873

0~900
0894
0.888
0.862
0.676

Oc3,2
C-896
O-690
O-684
0.678

0.905
0893
C-893
0.667
0.86,

OS07
0902
0.696
0669
0683

O-910
0.904
o-698
0892
0.886

0912
0.906
0300
0894
0.888

0315
0.909
0.903
0,837
0830

0.644
0.837
0630

0,859
0.653
0846
0.840
@633

0662
0.855
0849
0842
0.835

0.664
0.656
065,
0.644
0.638

0.867
0.660
0.654
0847
0.640

0.869
0863
0.856
0.849
o-642

0872
0.866
0.859
0.652
0.845

0.874
0.668
0.86,
0.854.
0.84,

0877
0.870
&864
0857
0650

0879
0.873
0866
0.659
0652

0882
0875
0.868
0.862
0.655

0.884
0.818
0870
0.864
0.857

0823

0626

0.828

0830

0,833

0835

0838

0840

0.843

0.645

0848

0850

IS:,228(Partl)-1987

EXPLANATORY

NOTE

IS : 228 was issued is a tentative stxdard

in 1952 and revised in 1959 covering the chemical
analysis of pig iron, cast iron and plain certon 2nd Icw allcy steels. For the convenience, it was
decided to publish ccrrpreher.sive
series on chemical analysis of steels including high alloy steels
and another series on ct.emical analysis of pig iron and cc^st iron. Acccrdingly, chemical analysis of
steels was published in varicus parts. This standard is series of parts on chemical analysis of steels.
The other parts published are given in Appendix A. The chemical analysis of pig iron and cast iron
is being published in separate standard.
In this revision the major modifications

are as follows:

a) The limit of determination of carbon in steel

place of greater than or equal to 01 percent.
b) The ravge of pressure for the correction
730 to 770 instead of 700 to 770.

have been mcdified

factors

as 005 to 250 percent in

in Table 1 have been incorporated

from