Research Bullen, Ain Shams Univ.

, 2012

THE MICROBIAL IMPACT OF BIO-INOCULANT AND SOME NATURAL RESOURCES ON THE QUALITY OF RICE STRAW COMPOSTING

[1]
El-Tahlawy, Y.A.1; Wedad T. Ewada2; M.S. Sharaf2 and A.F. Abdel-Wahab1 ABESTRACT Six piles of rice straw, as a primary material, were constructed to inspection various scenarios of composting process under controlling of multifarious bio-inoculant sources, represented with farmyard manure (FM), cultural inoculant (LC-Ino.) and/or aerated compost tea (ACT), in order to achieve biotransformation process; as well as tracking some physical, chemical and biological changes along the biotransformation process. Microorganisms Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trichoderma viridi and Trichoderma harzianum fungi were used as a lignocellulose decomposers to form a composite Bio-inoculant. The data revealed that treatments led to variation in the rate and degree of temperature pattern, some physiochemical properties as well as biological criteria that return affect the stability/maturity characteristics of outcome product. The pile that received farmyard manure resulted in higher bulk density, more salinity and less organic matter losses. Although C/N ratio nearly acceptable level for mature compost in all piles (ranged from 17.12 -20.22), the addition of bio-inoculant rapidly produced more stable and mature compost as indicated by higher values of microbial activity and germination index. Composting process, Bio-inoculant resources; decomposers, Compost quality. and the residual remain as public nuisance (CAPMAS, 2011). INTRODUCTION Composting is a way of obtaining a Lignocellulosic biomass is a stable product from biological oxidative renewable and abundant resource with a transformations, in environmental sound, great potential for bioconversion to valuesimilar to that naturally occurs in the soil. added bioproducts. In Egypt, rice straw, Although composting has been practiced as lignocellulose resource, represented for thousands of years, the research about 18% of the total crop residues but studies have been, until the 20th century, only about 38% of it had been reutilized progressed to spur increased interest in 1- Agric. Microbiol. Dept., Soil & Water Res. Inst., ARC, Giza, Egypt. 2- Agric. Microbiol. Dept., Agric. Fac., Ain Shams Univ. Shubra El-Khema, Cairo, Egypt. (Received 12 November, 2012) (Accepted 18 November, 2012) KEYWORDS: Rice straw, Lignocellulose

El-Tahlawy, Y.A.; Wedad T. Ewada; M.S. Sharaf and A.F. Abdel-Wahab multifarious bio-inoculate sources, were represented with farmyard manure (FM), cultural inoculant (LC-Ino.) and/or aerated compost tea (ACT), in order to achieve biotransformation process; as well as tracking some physical, chemical and biological changes due to the biotransformation of the composted materials during composting process. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aerated compost tea (ACT) preparation Mature rice straw compost, for compost tea preparation, was prepared with FM, bentonite, urea and sulphur at rate of 15, 10, 2.5 and 1%, respectively with action of Trichoderma viridi and Trichoderma harzianum inoculum (Abdel-Wahab 2008). Aerated compost tea (ACT) had been prepared according to Ingham (2005) in Pump design system. The main criteria of the mature compost and ACT are shown in Table1.

composting and compost use as well as gave a way to interest the development by the broad of scientists of various disciplines such as agronomy, mechanical engineering, horticulture, mushroom science, soil science, microbiology and ecology (Fitzpatrick et al, 2005). The strategy of inoculants to improve the composting process has been a controversial subject since scientists started to devote attention to this question. Some works describe the complete absence of effects of this kind of treatment (Golueke et al, 1954; Finstein and Morris 1975; Lei and Vandergheynst 2000), whereas others report the way that inoculation leads to the production of compost with better properties, to achieve specific goals and/or to overcome the obstacles of production (Pandey et al, 2009; Huang et al, 2010; Mirdamadian et al, 2011). Based on the forgoing, the present study has been aiming to inspection various scenarios of the rice straw composting process under controlling of
Rice straw 6.74 2.96 49.12 0.49 0.03 Farmyard manure 7.61 4.02 19.16 1.29 0.59

Table 1. The main estimated parameters of ingredients used into compost recipe
Vinasse 4.20 22.07 20.35 0.21 0.04 Rockpho sphate 7.71 3.05 0.20 0.03 11.95 Bentonite 7.95 15.40 0.36 0.02 0.37 Enriched Compost 7.23 4.22 22.62 1.39 1.04 Compost Tea 6.89 3.56 10.04 1.14 0.86

pHw (1:10) EC (dS/m) Organic-C (%) Total-N Total -P (%)

Lignocellulolytic inoculate (LC-Ino.) preparation Microorganisms Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trichoderma viridi and Trichoderma harzianum fungi were used as a lignocellulose decomposers had been kindly obtained from Biofertilizers Production Unit, Microbiol. Dept., Soils, Water and Environ. Res. Inst., ARC, Giza, Egypt. The fungi stock had been

being grown on slants of Blakeslee`s Malt Agar (Atlas 2004) for 3-7 days at 28oC. Mother culture of each fungus was prepared using Potato Dextrose broth (ATCC Medium 336). After then, each mother culture was inoculated into medium based on Fulvic Acid Preparation media (FAP) as it was documented by Zvyagintsev et al, (2008) and incubated at room temperature to

Research Bullen, Ain Shams Univ., 2012

The microbial impact of bio-inoculant.. achieve about 1 X 109 CFU/ml of microbial load. Eventually, a composite inoculum (LC-Ino) was prepared at ratio of 2:1:1 volumes of Ph. chrysosporium, T. viridi and T. harzianum, respectively. Pile construction Chopped rice straw, as a primary material, was alternatively stacked in layers with farmyard manure, bentonite, elemental sulfur and rockphosphate, some characteristics of raw materials are presented in Table 1.

. Urea was used to guarantee initial C/N ratio to be about 38. The compost recipes were determined according to Compost Lab Software, ver.3.0.12 (2007) Green Mountain Technologies, Inc., illustrated in Table 2. At zero, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 100 days intervals, stratified composite sample of each pile was formed as described by Thompson et al, (2001) for analysis.

Table 2. Recipes of the Composting treatments Pile No. Inoculant Source RS Total-FM Pile-1 +FM* 1000 kg 400 kg FM Pile-2 -FM 1000 kg 200 kg Pile-3 LC+FM 1000 kg 200 kg Ino.*** Pile-4 -FM 1000 kg -Pile-5 +FM 1000 kg 200 kg ACT Pile-6 -FM 1000 kg --

Vin.** --100 L 100 L

ACT ---100 L 100 L

Urea 15 kg 16 kg 16 kg 17 kg 15 kg 16 kg

*control treatment contain double amount of farmyard manure. **Vin.= vinasse dilution in the ratio of 1:200 w/v tap water. *** LC-Ino. = included into Vin. Sol. in the rate of 1 L/ton. All piles received 5% Rockphosphate, 15% Bentonite

and

0,25%

sulpher.

Analysis Bulk density, pH and EC (dS/m at 25oC), loss on ignition (LOI) at 550oC, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus according to Margesin and Schinner (2005) were estimated. WaterHolding Capacity (WHC) and Potential static respiration index, based on CO2 production, (PSRI) as described by Trautmann and Krasny (1998) were carried out. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was determined according to Zmora-Nahum et al, (2005). Dehydrogenases enzymes activity (DHase) was determined according to Casida (1977). The germination index was analyzed by the method of Tiquia et al,

(1996) using cress seeds (Lepidium sativum L.). The descriptive analysis of the data during composting process performed by Microsoft excel 2010 (14.0.6023.10). Each parameter mean were estimated from sample statistics using standard error (p<0.05) of three values. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Temperature pattern The daily changes in temperature of piles matrix accompanied by ambient temperature is shown in Figure 1. Generally, the data revealed that the treatments visually had a slight variation in-between the temporal temperature profiles. However, the temperature pattern could be viewed as a sequence of

Research Bullen, Ain Shams Univ., 2012

Research Bullen, Ain Shams Univ., 2012

contin.
Research Bullen, Ain Shams Univ., 2012

The microbial impact of bio-inoculant..

Figure 1. Temporal temperature profile rice straw composting under different strategies.

Research Bullen, Ain Shams Univ., 2012

El-Tahlawy, Y.A.; Wedad T. Ewada; M.S. Sharaf and A.F. Abdel-Wahab

thermal phases with more or less steep rise of temperature. Under the current situation, after lag period, these phases potentially represented by active phase (days 1 - 5), temperature falling phase (days 6 - 21), thermophilic phase (days 22 - 60) as well as maturation phase. The temperature increases were caused due to microbial metabolism that leads inevitably to the production of heat. This is actually a consequence of the 2nd law of thermodynamics, i.e., only part of the energy consumed can be transformed into useful work, e.g., biosynthesis, while the rest is liberated as heat to increase the entropy of the surroundings (Kutzner 2000). Eventually, gradual declines were slightly recorded until the process end, but without collapsing the recorded ambient temperatures. By enter the maturation phase, the temperature values ranged from about 9 11oC above the ambient temperature in all piles, which tended to have lowest values obviously in the inoculated pile or that received aerated compost tea. The situation of current phase reflect the degree of compost stabilization due to exhaustion of biodegradable substrates versus recalcitrant compounds that are not further degradable, such as ligninhumus complexes, that are formed and become predominant. This is in agreement with that of Vukobratovi et al, (2008) and Rashad et al, (2010) but disagree over no significant differences between the inoculated and not-inoculated treatments reported by Acevedo et al, (2005).

Physiochemical changes Physical properties changes during composting of rice straw under different sources of inoculation are shown in Table 3. The bulk density in the all tested piles increased, from zero to 90 days, by 145.56, 148.56, 148.87, 186.92, 143.98, and 166.29 % for Piles 1-6, respectively. However, a higher progressive increase of bulk density has been observed for the inoculated or ACT supplemented piles during first period due to higher decomposition progress, as compared by lower rates until the end of process. The aerobic decomposition of organic materials led to increase ash and decreases volatile solids content whose imply raise particle density and subsequently the bulk density (Larney et al, 2000; Madejn et al, 2002; Mohee et al, 2008). The changes in water holding capacity revealed a remarkable increase of composted material, in all piles, to hold the water. The ability of the end product to retain the water raised by 100.80, 132.83, 132.31, 152.10, 120.97 and 139.42 % more than starting matrix of Piles 1-6, respectively. The smaller particles of matter (higher specific gravity) which have a much more surface area than that with larger ones (lower specific gravity) and in turn a large surface area that allows a compost to hold more water. Therefore, the biotransformation of organic matter during composting process by action of microorganisms (e.g. LC-Ino. or ACT) led to improve its WHC. In context, as a percentage of humified organic matter increase the affinity for water holding increased (Badawi 2003).

Research Bullen, Ain Shams Univ., 2012

The microbial impact of bio-inoculant..

Table 3. Some physical properties changes during composting of rice straw under different source of inoculation.
Bulk Density (kg/m3) W.H.C (%) pH EC (ds/m at 25oC) Organic matter (%) Dissolv ed carbon (%) C/N Ratio Total-N (%) Total-P (%)

Pile-1 Pile-2 Pile-3 Pile-4 Pile-5 Pile-6 Pile-1 Pile-2 Pile-3 Pile-4 Pile-5 Pile-6 Pile-1 Pile-2 Pile-3 Pile-4 Pile-5 Pile-6 Pile-1 Pile-2 Pile-3 Pile-4 Pile-5 Pile-6 Pile-1 Pile-2 Pile-3 Pile-4 Pile-5 Pile-6 Pile-1 Pile-2 Pile-3 Pile-4 Pile-5 Pile-6 Pile-1 Pile-2 Pile-3 Pile-4 Pile-5 Pile-6

167.37 148.28 140.26 117.14 148.41 128.71 189.13 166.68 163.57 171.32 179.70 179.96 222.36 190.07 204.18 236.90 227.34 237.74 267.20 228.97 249.51 294.10 290.69 270.01 319.24 255.09 277.07 312.29 323.79 303.01 383.37 305.28 327.52 318.33 336.43 326.91 410.99 368.56 349.07 336.10 362.11 342.73

102.10 86.76 88.71 88.74 96.88 91.50 118.05 96.91 97.58 128.65 112.40 124.09 144.06 124.08 130.18 196.90 166.02 181.03 186.40 150.03 170.02 215.72 197.63 210.04 202.06 192.04 197.41 219.81 210.09 216.07 201.03 189.06 195.04 221.32 214.05 220.04 205.01 202.00 206.09 223.73 214.07 219.07

7.76 7.52 7.13 6.70 7.11 6.86 8.73 8.12 8.16 8.60 8.13 8.33 8.40 8.09 7.92 7.60 8.00 7.82 7.81 7.62 7.32 7.22 7.52 7.41 7.51 7.30 7.12 6.92 7.23 7.04 7.31 7.23 7.01 6.90 7.22 7.13 7.34 7.22 6.90 6.82 7.05 7.02

7.60 6.99 6.80 6.17 6.50 6.00 8.80 7.50 7.60 7.40 7.40 7.70 9.00 8.00 8.40 7.57 8.03 7.80 8.40 8.20 7.80 6.00 7.00 5.70 7.70 7.30 6.70 5.60 6.20 5.40 6.90 6.00 6.20 5.20 5.70 5.10 6.60 5.60 5.70 4.80 5.20 4.70

79.75 83.76 82.78 84.47 83.34 85.67 77.84 81.12 77.97 74.07 75.15 75.62 60.60 70.77 67.16 49.69 55.99 52.44 47.41 66.02 60.11 41.17 47.45 45.86 42.24 54.87 50.82 37.39 40.29 40.88 40.41 46.98 43.61 35.06 38.43 36.45 38.12 44.77 41.41 33.03 36.26 34.52

18.10 16.40 21.80 22.90 21.90 22.60 14.20 14.80 15.80 8.85 13.20 11.80 9.99 11.10 11.80 6.41 9.08 7.91 8.16 9.32 8.23 5.68 7.39 5.90 6.55 7.10 7.15 5.60 6.64 5.62 6.00 6.81 6.36 5.57 5.77 5.60 5.96 6.17 6.08 5.56 5.91 5.58

39.08 38.33 38.25 37.94 38.39 38.14 34.19 37.50 36.65 32.85 34.42 33.35 29.59 35.42 33.71 26.85 28.51 27.66 26.31 32.07 31.03 21.48 24.63 23.35 22.34 25.59 24.77 19.10 20.97 20.21 19.80 21.12 20.88 17.74 19.12 18.23 18.47 20.24 19.74 16.54 17.81 17.15

1.18 1.27 1.26 1.29 1.26 1.30 1.32 1.26 1.24 1.31 1.27 1.32 1.19 1.16 1.16 1.07 1.14 1.10 1.05 1.19 1.12 1.11 1.12 1.14 1.10 1.24 1.19 1.14 1.12 1.17 1.18 1.29 1.21 1.15 1.17 1.16 1.20 1.29 1.22 1.16 1.18 1.17

0.43 0.39 0.41 0.50 0.42 0.46 0.78 0.54 0.67 0.87 0.83 0.83 0.87 0.70 0.79 1.08 0.96 1.00 0.98 0.79 0.87 1.16 1.00 1.12 0.98 0.83 0.92 1.20 1.04 1.16 1.09 0.95 1.04 1.26 1.14 1.22 1.26 1.07 1.20 1.32 1.28 1.28

90 Days

75 Days

60 Days

45 Days

30 Days

15 Days

Zero Time

Research Bullen, Ain Shams Univ., 2012

El-Tahlawy, Y.A.; Wedad T. Ewada; M.S. Sharaf and A.F. Abdel-Wahab (Gomez-Brandon et al, 2008; Rashad et al, 2010). However, Pandey et al, (2009) found that the bio-augmentation with fungal consortium (A. awamori, A. nidulans, T. viride, and P. chrysosporium) and nitrogen supplementation did not show any variation in the EC trend during the composting. Once the decomposition started, all values of the organic matter gradually fallen at the end to 38.12, 44.77, 41.41, 33.03, 36.26 and 34.52% in piles 1-6, respectively. The variation in organic matter values obviously appeared during the thermophilic stage (30 75 days) than other thermal stages. Water solublecarbon (Cw) decreased, mainly during the bio-oxidative phase, especially with addition of LC-Ino. or ACT. The Cw depleted by 203.91, 167.03, 260.29, 312.96, 271.73, and 305.55% from piles 1-6, respectively. While, ash percent was increased in accordance of OM loss. The C/N ratio decreased form about 38 in the piles 1-6 to 18.47, 20.24, 19.74, 16.54, 17.81and 17.15, respectively. The observed decreases could be due to the fact that the living microorganisms metabolize about 30 parts of carbon for each part of nitrogen; about 20 parts of carbon be oxidized to CO2 (ATP), and 10 parts are utilized to synthesize protoplasm (Insam and De Bertoldi 2007). Consequently, the decrease in C/N ratio could be due to loss of nitrogen through ammonia volatilization and/or as of Nleaching as well as due to carbon loss. Despite, those data supported by the results of Zeng et al, (2009) and Pandey et al, (2009). However, the results by Nair and Okamitsu (2010) noted no difference in C/N ratio between addition

Also, Robin et al, (2008) established that composting can increase the clay-like fraction. The values of pH was found to vary from near acidic to weakly alkaline (6.7 7.76) depending mainly on the feeding materials of composting piles. The relatively low starting pH values were recorded in piles received vinasse or that received compost tea (Pile-3, Pile-4, and Pile-6). During the first two weeks of composting, the pH values of all treatments increased to attain the maximum peaks (8.12 - 8.73) followed with declining trend from alkalinity towards neutrality (6.82 7.34) at the end of composting process. High pH values may be due to high temperatures as well as loss of nitrogen through the volatilization of ammonia. Taccari et al, (2009) attributed the increases in pH, during co-composting of agricultural wastes inoculated with Ph. chrysosporium, to consequence of the biodegradation of acids, such as those with carboxylic and phenolic groups. Moreover, the observed decrease in pH may be potentially caused as a result of the formation of humic substances that can act as buffers (Khalil et al, 2001; Zenjari et al, 2006). Electrical conductivity (EC) gradually increased during the first 30 days by rate of 18.42, 14.45, 23.53, 22.69, 23.54, and 30.00% for piles 1-6, respectively. After then, slight decreases were recorded to minimize the values to 6.60, 5.60, 5.70, 4.80, 5.20, and 4.70 in the same piles. The initial increases may be due to the release of soluble salts like ammonium and phosphate resulting from the decomposition of easily biodegradable organic substrates that leads to release of mineral salts and ammonium ions

Research Bullen, Ain Shams Univ., 2012

The microbial impact of bio-inoculant.. of lignocellulolytic EM or Trichoderma sp. as compared to control. Total-N profile reveals variation because the treatments overall the process. The values varied from 1.18, 1.27, 1.26, 1.29, 1.26, and 1.30% at the beginning of the process to 1.20, 1.29, 1.22, 1.16, 1.18, and 1.17% at the end of process in the piles 1-6, respectively. This is in agreement with Jorgensen and Jensen (2009), who showed that total nitrogen varied to a less extent than phosphorus, and with Nair and Okamitsu (2010) who found similar observation due to low initial nitrogen content. But, Rashad et al, (2010) invalidated the obtained result where the total nitrogen gradually increased by inoculation of rice straw. The changes in total phosphorus reveals a gradual increase in all treatments. However, LC-Ino. or ACT dominated higher values during the process course as compared to the farmyard manure. The piles increased by 193.25, 174.15, 197.26, 165.26, 206.69, and 179.73%, respectively. Regarding the rockphosphate (RP) enrichment, it could predict the potentially changes caused due to addition of vinasse or ACT or production of organic acids like citric, oxalic, tartaric, etc. during composting of organic matter as well as the improvement of physical properties of composted material (WHC) which reduce leaching effect. These trends agree with Gagnon and Simard (1999); Biswas and Narayanasamy (2006). Concerning the effect of inoculation, Kavitha and Subramanian (2007) recorded conspicuous increase in total phosphorus and available P2O5 contents of compost by 11-114% where rock phosphate was

applied with microbial inoculants of Aspergillus awamori. Biological changes The changes that are related to the biological activation as composting progressed had been indicated from potential static respiration index (PSRI), dehydrogenases activity (DH-ase) as well as phytotoxicity effects (Table 4). Our experimentation resulted in the Polynomial trend for all treatments of the examined parameters with different fluctuation. As the decomposition were progressed, PSRI revealed a second polynomial trend while DH-ase could be as third polynomial trend. This could explain different behaviors between the two parameters to reflect the microbial activities. In this concern, Barrena et al, (2008), observed a similar trend of SRI to DH-ase profile but the thermophilic stage is not completely characterized by the SRI. They explained this by fact that SRI is usually determined as a stability parameter and the assay conditions (mesophilic temperatures) were far from those found in the thermophilic stage. The microbial activities exponentially decreased in PSRI along with increases in the DH-ase, during the first stages followed by slight variation by entering the maturation phase. However, farmyard manure increased the microbial activities of raw material mixture, the addition of LC-Ino. or ACT had the first goal of stabilization. After 45 days from zero time the evaluated CO2 decreased from 30.24, 25.52, 21.50, 19.23, 23.67, and 24.42 to 9.53, 7.27, 5.48, 3.77 ,7.81 5.89 mg CO2-C/g organic carbon/day in the piles 1-6,respectively. The dehydrogenase values were from 1.03, 0.86, 0.94, 0.80, 0.98, 1.10, and 0.61, 0.77, 0.68, 0.38, 0.53 and 0.41mg TPF/g dry weight/h,

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Research Bullen, Ain Shams Univ., 2012

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Table 4. Some biological changes during composting of rice straw under different sources of inoculation.
PSRI ( mg CO2-C/g O.carbon/day)* DH-ase (mg TPF /g dry weight/h)** Seed Germination (%) Germination Index

Pile-1 Pile-2 Pile-3 Pile-4 Pile-5 Pile-6 Pile-1 Pile-2 Pile-3 Pile-4 Pile-5 Pile-6 Pile-1 Pile-2 Pile-3 Pile-4 Pile-5 Pile-6 Pile-1 Pile-2 Pile-3 Pile-4 Pile-5 Pile-6 Pile-1 Pile-2 Pile-3 Pile-4 Pile-5 Pile-6 Pile-1 Pile-2 Pile-3 Pile-4 Pile-5 Pile-6 Pile-1 Pile-2 Pile-3 Pile-4 Pile-5 Pile-6 *PSRI = potential static 90 Days 75 Days 60 Days 45 Days 30 Days 15 Days Zero Time

30.24 1.03 59.30 0.32 25.52 0.86 66.63 0.38 21.50 0.94 61.71 0.46 19.23 0.80 78.50 0.71 23.67 0.98 72.59 0.51 24.42 1.10 88.75 0.80 24.87 1.14 50.45 0.29 21.52 1.09 56.47 0.22 13.85 1.17 50.36 0.37 13.73 1.13 44.48 0.22 19.60 1.02 47.31 0.32 18.89 1.21 48.45 0.38 16.61 0.98 36.96 0.21 13.94 1.02 37.09 0.25 11.23 1.08 39.26 0.38 5.31 0.80 34.12 0.19 15.24 0.93 44.00 0.26 8.20 0.82 40.50 0.21 9.53 0.61 40.44 0.29 7.27 0.77 43.10 0.27 5.48 0.68 49.26 0.41 3.77 0.38 72.65 0.60 7.81 0.53 59.55 0.53 5.89 0.41 65.69 0.61 5.73 0.47 61.26 0.49 6.42 0.57 53.08 0.31 7.64 0.45 66.36 0.54 2.35 0.33 90.96 0.98 5.99 0.38 78.48 0.86 4.46 0.32 85.05 1.27 3.89 0.38 76.42 0.63 6.47 0.48 65.66 0.68 4.14 0.41 74.45 0.59 1.63 0.38 91.26 1.69 2.61 0.39 86.52 1.47 1.51 0.28 90.94 1.43 2.44 0.42 82.44 0.81 2.89 0.49 72.60 0.72 2.68 0.42 83.75 0.61 1.22 0.29 95.04 1.77 1.86 0.36 89.59 1.51 1.63 0.39 93.47 1.63 respiration index; ** = dehydrogenase enzymes activity.

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Research Bullen, Ain Shams Univ., 2012 in the same order. After that, slight variations were observed over the rest time. At the end of process, white rot fungi or ACT directed more stabilized out product as indicated by 1.22, 1.86, and 1.63 mg CO2-C/g organic carbon/day and 0.29, 0.36, and 0.39 mg TPF/g dry weight/h in piles 4, 5, and 6, respectively. The obtained results are in harmony with Benito et al, (2005); Matteson and Sullivan (2006); Aparna et al, (2008); Elegami (2011) who recorded a gradual decrease in the CO2 evaluation over the composting process. Concerning the phytotoxicity effect, it was found that the addition of farmyard manure arrested the germination of the cress seeds, at the zero time, as compared with LC-Ino. and/or ACT. The SG-values were 59.30, 66.63, 61.71, 78.50, 72.59 and 88.75% for piles 1-6, respectively. As soon as the decomposition started, gradually decreases to 36.96, 37.09, 39.26, 34.12, 44.00 and 40.50%, in the same order, at 30th day. After then, the germination increases were exponentially resumed, in piles 4, 5 and 6, to peak up 95.04, 89.59 and 93.47%, against 82.44, 72.60 and 83.75, in piles 1, 2 and 3, respectively. This is in agreement with Bustamante et al, (2008) who recorded GI value of 71 % at zero time of composting which tended to gradually decreases over the time and eventually increased to 90.5 % at 106th day. The effect of various bio-resources not only affect the efficiency of germination but clearly extended to the relative root elongation as well as germination index. Overall the process, the GI exceeded 80%, about 15 days, earlier with LC-Ino. and/or ACT which indicated the disappearance of phytotoxicity occurred in shorter time as compared with

11

farmyard manure addition which exported high toxicity more than other resources. Previously, Trautmann and Krasny (1998) speculated GI ranges of <0.4; 0.6 0.4; 0.6 0.8; and/or 0.8 1.0 as an indication of severe; strong; mild and/or no inhibition of cress germination. Other researchers found a germination index value of 80% has been used not only as an indicator of the disappearance of phytotoxicity in compost, but also as an indication of the maturity of the spent litter compost (Tiquia et al, 1996; Tang et al, 2006). Evaluation of final compost Some physiochemical, biological and maturity properties of outcome products, after 100 days, are shown in Table 5. It is apparent that the different sources of bioinoculant significantly affected all the physical and stability/maturity criteria except for pH and nitrogen parameters. The buffering capacity of decomposed organic matter potential resisted the change in pH fluctuation (Trautmann and Krasny 1998). However, the pHw values were nearly neutral (ranged from 6.8 7.3) in all piles. Slight variation in nitrogen source in initial recipes as well as the changes in forms of organic matter may be responsible of slight variation in the final product. The pile that received farmyard manure resulted in more bulk density, salinity and organic matter. Although C/N ratio nearly acceptable level for mature compost in all piles (ranged from 17.12 -20.22), the addition of bio-inoculant produced more stable and mature compost as indicated by higher values of germination index and low SPRI. These results are in harmony with Allam (2005); Abdel-Wahab (2008); Elegami (2011).

Research Bullen, Ain Shams Univ., 2012

Research Bullen, Ain Shams Univ., 2012 Table 5. Some physiochemical, biological and maturity properties of outcome products.
Pile-1 Bulk density(kg/m ) WHC (%) pHw EC (dS/m -25 C) OM content(g/Kg) Total-N (g/Kg) C/N ratio Total-P(%) SPRI DH-ase Germination index Final-C/N/Initial-C/N
o 3

12

Pile-2 366.41 0.76 201.29 0.38 7.22 0.001 5.34 0.18 445.54 1.69 15.02 1.69 20.22 0.02 1.03 0.00 2.59 0.24 0.44 0.03 0.79 0.04 0.53

Pile-3 346.67 1.85 205.49 0.78 6.90 0.001 5.58 0.07 412.94 1.29 13.37 1.29 19.70 0.02 1.17 0.01 2.30 0.31 0.34 0.03 0.66 0.04 0.52

Pile-4 333.97 1.66 222.39 0.45 6.82 0.00 4.44 0.07 328.55 0.77 13.39 0.77 16.49 0.00 1.29 0.02 0.86 0.20 0.20 0.03 1.82 0.03 0.43

Pile-5 360.74 1.15 213.56 0.54 7.05 0.00 4.86 0.11 359.80 0.90 14.60 0.90 17.80 0.01 1.24 0.02 1.47 0.34 0.33 0.02 1.54 0.02 0.46

Pile-6 340.58 0.80 217.71 0.57 7.02 0.00 4.47 0.16 343.59 1.84 13.32 1.84 17.12 0.02 1.26 0.01 1.07 0.13 0.35 0.02 1.69 0.03 0.45

LSD0.05 2.324 0.974 NS 0.227 2.464 NS 0.025 0.022 0.547 0.047 0.054 nd

408.78 1.24 204.43 0.48 7.34 0.001 6.41 0.13 379.47 1.48 13.73 1.48 18.45 0.01 1.22 0.01 1.87 0.49 0.38 0.03 0.83 0.01 0.47

NS=non-significant nd=not determined

Research Bullen, Ain Shams Univ., 2012

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Research Bullen, Ain Shams Univ., 2012