Prestressed Concrete Structures

Dr. Amlan K Sengupta and Prof. Devdas Menon

4.4 Design of Sections for Flexure (Part III)

This section covers the following topics.

Choice of Sections Determination of Limiting Zone Post-tensioning in Stages

4.4.1 Choice of Sections

The type of section is selected based on the use of the structure, architectural requirements, casting and fabrication options, available technology and skilled work force. Here, a few comments are given for the available types of sections. 1) The section should have large depth below the CGC, so as to have the provision of large eccentricity. The prestressing force can then be reduced. 2) There should be adequate concrete at the top and bottom to satisfy the allowable stresses. 3) The end section is usually solid to increase the shear capacity and prevent anchorage zone failure. Here, the sections are broadly grouped under rectangular section, T-section, I-section and inverted T-section. Some variations of each type are shown under the corresponding broad groups. The sections in each group have similar analysis procedure. The sections shown are not exclusive.

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Prestressed Concrete Structures

Dr. Amlan K Sengupta and Prof. Devdas Menon

Table 4-4.1 Rectangular Broad groups of sections

Types of sections T-section I-section Inverted Tsection

Variations (a) (b)

(a) More room for Remarks on the sections tendons in lower flange. (b) Better stability during erection. Fabrication Space for reinforcement Easy Easy Less than adequate Expensive form work Good Difficult Torsionally stiff and strong.

Adequate

Good 1) Very

Effeciency for non-composite sections Poor, z 0.4h Good, z 0.5h

inefficient. Very good, z 0.7h 2) Small ultimate moment capacity 1) Especially 1) Good for long span and Msw/MT large 2) Msw/MT

Application of non-composite sections

1) Light load and good for long short span. 2) Msw/MT large. LL DL.

span roofs, when heavy loads. 2) Msw/MT large. small.

Effeciency for composite sections

Very good

Increases load Very good

Very good with cast-inplace flange.

particularly when capacity only section is shored. slightly.

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Prestressed Concrete Structures

Dr. Amlan K Sengupta and Prof. Devdas Menon

1) Topping serves to tie all Application of composite sections Good for building construction sections together. 2) No form required for composite pour. The different types of sections can be compared by a measure of flexural efficiency . The flexural efficiency is defined in terms of the radius of gyration r as follows. Long span buildings and bridges. Bridges

= =

r2 ct cb r 2 ct + cb ct cb h

r2 r2 + c b ct = h k + kb (4-4.1) = t h Thus for a given value of the depth h, if the

kern zone (kt+kb) is large then the section is efficient. For a rectangular section, = 0.33. For an I-section,

> 0.33.

4.4.2 Determination of Limiting Zone

For full prestressed members (Type 1), tension is not allowed under service conditions. If tension is also not allowed at transfer, C always lies within the kern zone. The limiting zone is defined as the zone for placing the CGS of the tendons such that C always lies within the kern zone. Also, the maximum compressive stresses at transfer and service should be within the allowable values. For limited prestressed members (Type 2 and Type 3), tension is allowed at transfer and under service conditions. The limiting zone is defined as the zone for placing the CGS such that the tensile stresses in the extreme edges are within the allowable values. Also, the maximum compressive stresses at transfer and service should be within the

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Prestressed Concrete Structures

Dr. Amlan K Sengupta and Prof. Devdas Menon

allowable values. Note that the limiting zone is a restriction for the CGS. The individual tendons may lie outside the limiting zone. The following figure shows the limiting zone (as the shaded region) for a simply supported beam subjected to uniformly distributed load.
C L CGC

Locus of emin

Locus of emax
Figure 4-4.1 Limiting zone for a simply supported beam

The limiting zone is determined from the maximum or minimum eccentricities of the CGS along the beam corresponding to the extreme positions of

C.

The maximum eccentricity (emax) at any section corresponds to the lowest possible location of C at transfer, that generates allowable tensile stress at the top of the section. Also, the maximum compressive stress at the bottom should be within the allowable value. The minimum eccentricity (emin) at any section corresponds to the highest possible location of C at service, that generates allowable tensile stress at the bottom of the section. Also, the maximum compressive stress at the top should be within the allowable value. The following material gives the expressions of emax and emin for Type 1 and Type 2 sections. The zone between the loci of emax and emin is the limiting zone of the section for placing the CGS. The values of emax and emin can be determined by equating the stresses at the edges of concrete with the allowable values. Else, explicit expressions of

emax and emin can be used. Here, the expressions of emax and emin based on allowable
tensile stress are given.

Type 1 Section At Transfer

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Prestressed Concrete Structures

Dr. Amlan K Sengupta and Prof. Devdas Menon

The following sketch shows the stress profile in concrete when C is at the lowest permissible location due to self-weight moment (Msw) at transfer.
0

CGC CGS

kt kb

ct C T emax c b
Stress in concrete

Internal forces

fb

Figure 4-4.2

Stress in concrete due to compression at bottom kern point

From the shift of C due to self-weight, the following expression can be derived.
emax - k b = or, emax = Msw P0 Msw + kb P0

(4-4.2)

Note that since MSW varies, emax varies along the length of the beam. Also, the stress at the bottom needs to be checked to satisfy the condition |fb| fcc,all. At Service The following sketch shows the stress profile in concrete when C is at the highest possible location due to the total moment (MT).

ft kt kb C emin T ct cb
0 Stress in concrete

CGC CGS

Internal forces
Figure 4-4.3

Stress in concrete due to compression at top kern point

From the shift of C due to total moment, the following expression can be derived.
emin + kt = or,
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

MT Pe MT - kt Pe

emin =

Prestressed Concrete Structures

Dr. Amlan K Sengupta and Prof. Devdas Menon

(4-4.3) Note that since MT varies, emin varies along the length of the beam. Also, the stress at the top needs to be checked to satisfy the condition |ft| fcc,all. If for a particular section emin is negative, it implies that the CGS can be placed above CGC. This happens near the supports.

Type 2 Section At Transfer The following sketch shows the stress profile in concrete when C is at the lowest permissible location due to self-weight moment (Msw) at transfer.

fct,all kt CGC k e1 b e2 CGS ct C emax cb T

Internal forces

Stress in concrete

fb

Figure 4-4.4

Stress in concrete due to compression outside bottom kern point

Msw + fct,all Ak b P0 Msw + fct,all Ak b + kb P0

emax - k b = or, emax =

(4-4.4)

Note that emax for a Type 2 section is larger than that for a Type 1 section due to the term fct,all Akb in the numerator. The stress at the bottom needs to be checked to satisfy the condition |fb| fcc,all. At Service The following sketch shows the stress profile in concrete when C is at the highest possible location due to the total moment (MT).

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Prestressed Concrete Structures

Dr. Amlan K Sengupta and Prof. Devdas Menon

ft e3 kt kb C ct emin c b fct,all
Stress in concrete

CGC CGS

Internal forces

Figure 4-4.5

Stress in concrete due to compression outside top kern point

emin + kt =
or,

MT - fct,all Akt Pe MT - fct,all Akt - kt Pe

(4-4.5)

emin =

Note that emin for a Type 2 section is smaller than that for a Type 1 section due to the term fct,all Akt in the numerator. The stress at the bottom needs be checked to satisfy the condition |ft| fcc,all. The zone between emax and emin is the limiting zone of the section for placing the CGS for a given loading condition. The values of emax and emin for several sections can be determined at regular intervals along the length of the beam to get their loci. Note that the limiting zone for a Type 2 member is larger than the limiting zone for a Type 1 member. The following table shows a comparison of equations for Type 1 and Type 2 members. Table 4-4.2 Comparison of equations for Type 1 and Type 2 members Type 1 Maximum eccentricity
e= Msw + kb P0

Type 2

e=

M sw + fct,all Ak b + kb P0

Minimum eccentricity

e=

MT - kt Pe

e=

MT - fct,all Akt - kt Pe

The following example shows the calculation of limiting zone based on equating the stresses at the edges of concrete with the allowable values.

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Prestressed Concrete Structures

Dr. Amlan K Sengupta and Prof. Devdas Menon

Example 4-4.1
For the Type 2 post-tensioned beam with a flanged section as shown, the span is 18 m. For uniform loads, the profile of the CGS is parabolic. The live load

moment at mid-span (MLL) is 648 kNm. The prestress after transfer (P0) is 1600 kN. Assume 15% loss at service.

Evaluate the limiting zone of CGS, if the allowable stresses at transfer and at service are as follows. For compression, fcc,all = 18.0 N/mm2 For tension, fct,all = 1.5 N/mm2.
500 200 150

1000 CGS 150

200 250

Values in mm.

Solution
A) Calculation of geometric properties The section is divided into three rectangles for the computation of the geometric properties. The centroid of each rectangle is located from the soffit.

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Prestressed Concrete Structures

Dr. Amlan K Sengupta and Prof. Devdas Menon

1 + 2 500 100 3
y

ct
CGC

900

cb

Values in mm.

Area of the section Area of 1 Area of 2 Area of 3 A = A1 = 500 200 = 100,000 mm2 = A2 = 600 150 = 90,000 mm2 = A3 = 250 200 = 50,000 mm2 = A1 + A2 + A3 = 240,000 mm2 Distance of CGC from the soffit y= A1 900 + A2 500 + A3 100 A = 583.3 mm

Therefore,

cb = 583.3 mm ct = 1000.0 - 583.3 = 416.7 mm

Moment of inertia of 1 about axis through CGC

I1 =

1 500 2003 + A1 (900 - 583.3)2 12 = 1.036 1010 mm4

Moment of inertia of 2

I2 =

1 150 6003 + A 2 (583.3 - 500)2 12 = 3.32109 mm4

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Prestressed Concrete Structures

Dr. Amlan K Sengupta and Prof. Devdas Menon

Moment of inertia of 3

I3 =

1 250 2003 + A3 (583.3 -100)2 12 = 1.184 1010 mm4

Moment of inertia of the section I = I1 + I2 + I3 = (1.036 + 0.336 +1.184)1010 = 2.5521010 mm4 Calculation of moment due to self weight.

1 m2 wSW = 24 kN/m3 240,000 mm2 3 2 10 mm = 5.76 kN/m

wSW L2 8 5.76182 = 8 = 233.3 kNm

MSW =

B) Determination of limiting zone The values of emax and emin are determined by equating the stresses at the edges of concrete with the allowable values. The expression of stress is given below.
f =M

P Pey My A I I
+ + =

CGC
P

P/A

Pey/ I

My/ I

Resultant stress profile

Limiting position at mid-span For emax, consider the load stage at transfer. i) Calculate e based on fb = 18.0 N/mm2.

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Prestressed Concrete Structures

Dr. Amlan K Sengupta and Prof. Devdas Menon

P0 1600103 =240103 A = -6.67 N/mm2

P0ecb 1600 103 e 583.3 =I 2.5521010 = - 0.0366e

MSW cb 233.3106 583.3 = 2.5521010 I = 5.33 N/mm2
fb = - 6.67 - 0.0366e + 5.33 = - 18.0 N/mm2

Solving, e =

18.0 - 6.67 + 5.33 0.0366 = 455.2 mm

ii) Calculate e based on ft = 1.5 N/mm2.

P0ect 1600 103 e 416.7 = I 2.5521010 = 0.0261 e

MSW ct 233.3106 416.7 =2.5521010 I = -3.81N/mm2
ft = - 6.67 + 0.0261e - 3.81 = 1.5 N/mm2

Solving, e =

1.5 + 6.67 + 3.81 0.0261 = 460.8 mm

Out of the two values of e, the lower value 455.2 mm governs.

emax = 455.2 mm

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Prestressed Concrete Structures

Dr. Amlan K Sengupta and Prof. Devdas Menon

For emin, consider the load stage at service. i) Calculate e based on ft = 18.0 N/mm2.

Pe P = 0.85 0 A A = - 5.67 N/mm2

Pe ect 0.85 1600103 e 416.7 = 2.5521010 I = 0.022 e
MLLct 648.0106 416.7 =2.5521010 I = - 10.58 N/mm2
ft = - 5.67 + 0.022e - 3.81- 10.58 = -18.0 N/mm2

Solving, e =

-18.0 + 5.67 + 3.81+10.58 0.022 = 93.6 mm

ii) Calculate e based on fb = 1.5 N/mm2.

Pe ecb 0.85 1600 103 e 583.3 =2.5521010 I = - 0.031e

MLL cb 648.0106 583.3 = 2.5521010 I = 14.81N/mm2
fb = - 5.67 - 0.031e + 5.33 +14.81 = 1.5 N/mm2

Solving, e =

-1.5 - 5.67 + 5.33 +14.81 0.031 = 418.4 mm

Out of the two values of e, the higher value 418.4 mm governs.

emin = 418.4 mm
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Prestressed Concrete Structures

Dr. Amlan K Sengupta and Prof. Devdas Menon

Limiting position at end

MSW = MLL = 0.0

At transfer For fb = 18.0 N/mm2
fb = - 6.67 - 0.0366e = - 18.0 N/mm2

Solving, e =

18.0 - 6.67 0.0366 = 309.6 mm

For ft = 1.5 N/mm2

ft = - 6.67 + 0.026e = 1.5 N/mm2 1.5 + 6.67 Solving, e = 0.026 = 314.2 mm

Selecting the lower value

emax = 309.6 mm
At service For fb = 1.5 N/mm2
fb = - 6.67 - 0.0366e = 1.5 N/mm2 Solving e = - 223.0 mm

For ft = 18.0 N/mm2

ft = - 6.67 + 0.0261e = - 18.0 N/mm2 Solving e = - 436.0 mm

Since the values of e are negative the CGS lies above CGC. The position of CGS closer to the CGC is selected.

emin = - 223.0 mm
Similarly, the values of emax and emin can be determined at regular intervals along the span. The limiting zone is available by joining the points by straight lines.
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Prestressed Concrete Structures

Dr. Amlan K Sengupta and Prof. Devdas Menon

In the following sketch the limiting zone is shown shaded.

CL

223.0 309.6

CGC 418.4 455.2 Values in mm.

From the sketch of the limiting zone, it is evident that the tendons can be spread out at the ends. This is necessary to anchor the tendons and reduce the stress concentration at the ends.

4.4.3 Post-tensioning in Stages

In the previous expressions of emax and emin, the values of P0 and Pe can be for different levels of prestressing for post-tensioned members. At transfer the member can be partially prestressed in the casting yard, from which P0 is calculated. After the member is placed in its permanent location, it can be further prestressed before it is put into service. The application of prestress in different stages is termed as post-tensioning in
stages. The value of Pe is calculated from the revised prestressing force.

With reduced P0 at transfer, emax is increased. Thus, the limiting zone for placing the CGS and the available zone for the shift in C under service loads are also increased.

Indian Institute of Technology Madras