ECM 598 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 2012 1.

0 EMPLOYMENT DETAILS

1.1 COMPANY PROFILE

Name of company Section Unit Type of industry Company address

: Public Works Department Malaysia : Slope Engineering Section : Research and Development (R&D) : Government : Level 12, Block F, Public Works Department Malaysia Head Quarters, Jalan Sultan Salahuddin, 50582 Kuala Lumpur.

Telephone no. Fax no. Email address

: 03-26919011 : 03-26927010 : slopes@jkr.gov.my

1.2 COMPANY LOGO

1.3 ORGANIZATION CHART ( Refer to the next page)

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ECM 598 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 2012 1.4 OBJECTIVE, MISSION AND VISION

Objective Devising a proactive policy in management matter and slope safety. Create a management system and slope safety. Increase the safety standard for slope. Raising awareness at all levels about the dangers of landslides. Become an expert referral center for slope engineering in the tropics area at the international level. Set up the basic criteria unacceptable risk stage and broadly acceptable risk.

Mission To establish the state of the art in slope engineering in order to ensure safer slopes, to reduce economic losses and social impact due to slope failures.

Vision To be an internationally recognized centre of excellence in slope.

1.5 PERIOD OF EMPLOYMENT

The industrial training have been done within two months which is eight weeks starting from 9th July 2012 until 7th September 2012.

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ECM 598 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 2012 1.6 NATURE OF APPOINTMENTS

The trainee was place under Research and Development Unit, Slope Engineering Section, Public Works Department Malaysia. The field supervisor was Mr Suhaimi bin Jamaludin which is Senior Assistant Director. Mr Suhaimi has assigned tasks to trainee as a trainee engineer. Various daily tasks have been given with the guidance of field supervisor. The scope of works involve with the research of landslide problem that happen in Malaysia.

1.7 DETAILS OF JOB LOCATIONS The trainee performs the industrial training at Slope Engineering Section office, Public Works Department Malaysia. There are two site that have been visited by the trainee which are Mount Pass, Perak Darul Ridzuan and Jalan Sebarau, Kuala Lumpur.

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ECM 598 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 2012 1.8 PROJECTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

NO.

PROJECT Landslide Early Warning System at Mount Pass based on Surface

RESPONSIBILITY Site visit to the site Analysis on the soil movement at the site Produce Velocity versus Time graph Produce Inverse Velocity versus Time graph

Monitoring Technique

Landslide Early Warning System at Miri based on rainfall data 2 analysis

Analysis on the rainfall data at the site Produce Intensity versus Working Rainfall graph

Landslide Early Warning System at Ranau based on rainfall data 3 analysis

Analysis on the rainfall data at the site Produce Intensity versus Working Rainfall graph

Slope Failure Repairing Work at Institut Perguruan Ilmu Khas, Kuala Lumpur

Study the construction plan Site visit to the site Observe the site

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ECM 598 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 2012 1.9 FIELD SUPERVISOR PROFILE

Name Date of Birth Contact Number

: Mr Suhaimi Bin Jamaludin : 25 October 1962 : 019-3429480

Education Background : Bachelor Degree (B Eng) in Civil Engineering, UTM : Master Degree of Science (msc) in Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, UPM Place of Work : Research and Development Unit, Slope Engineering Section, Public Works Department Malaysia Position Working Experience : Senior Assistant Director : 12 years experiences in building maintenance : 16 years experiences in slope maintenance management along road, landslide hazard assessment and mapping and landslide monitoring : Currently involve in the development of Landslide Early Warning System for PWD Malaysia : Authored and co-authored of about 30 journals and conference papers

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ECM 598 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 2012 1.10 TRAINEE PROFILE

Name I / C No Matrix No Programme Semester Contact No Home Address

: Muhammad Hassan Bin Md Don : 900221-14-5355 : 2010774669 : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Civil : 06 : 013-3703538 : No. 5, Jalan Meranti 6A/2,Bandar Utama Batang Kali, 44300 Batang Kali, Selangor Darul Ehsan.

Internship address

: Level 12, Block F, Public Works Department Headquarters, Jalan Sultan Salahuddin, 50582 Kuala Lumpur.

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ECM 598 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 2012 2.0 SELECTED PROJECTS This section will discuss about the main activities that have been done by the trainee during the industrial training period. There are many interesting knowledge and information that have been gained by the trainee. The projects that were involved by the trainee require a lot of skill to complete the works. There are two projects that were directly involved by the trainee which are Landslide Warning System for Mount Pass, Perak Darul Ridzuan based on surface monitoring technique and Landslide Early Warning System for Miri, Sarawak based on rainfall analysis. 2.1 Project 1 - Landslide Warning System for Mount Pass, Perak Darul Ridzuan based on surface monitoring technique. 2.1.1 Introduction This project located on Package 2, Simpang Pulai to Kuala Berang Road Project or well known as East to West Highway 2. This package (Pos Selim to Blue Valley) started on year 1997 and handed over to Public works Department, four years late than the schedule due to landslide problem at the location. There are two section that having landslide problem which are Section 44 and Section 46. Section 46 is one of the problematic slopes where there are series of landslide happen started from the early stage of the road construction. According to the record, MTD Construction which is the contractor of this project have made not less than three repairing works during defects liability period since the road are open to the consumer but the landslide problem cannot be solved and still occur. On year 2007, the project team and MTD Construction have found one tension crack on the slope surface that indicated the movement of soil or slope failure. This crack located about 70 meters at the top of the slope which area outside from the construction area. In order to ensure the safety of the road user, MTD Construction under the project team instruction have made an observation on soil surface movement by using the Total Station manually with frequency of one in a day starting from year 2007. Starting from January 2010, Slope Engineering Section has upgrade the
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ECM 598 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 2012 monitoring system from manual to automatic by using Robotic Total Station with frequency of every half an hour. Figure 1 and 2 shows the location of the site.

Figure 1. Location of the site

Figure 2. Location of Section 44 and Section 46

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ECM 598 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 2012 2.1.2 Visit to the project site On 19th July 2012, groups of 30 officers from Public Works Department (PWD) Malaysia and Public Works Department Kinta District have visited the site to observe the condition of the slope that has failed at Section 44 and Section 46. In this visit, the General Director of Public Works, Dato Ir Haji Mohd Noor Bin Yaacob and Director of Slope Engineering Section, Dr. Che Hassandi Bin Abdullah also spend time to see the problem that occur at the site. The group arrived at the site at 10.00 am. An informative briefing has been delivered by the site officer from PWD Kinta District. According to the briefing given, the movements at the slope still continuously happen in a slow rate. Based on the trainee observation, the slope has been repaired. As theories that have been in the class, there are many methods for soil improvement and one of it is soil nailing. The slope has been strengthening by inserting soil nailing into the soil. However, the slope still continuously moves and has tendency to fail again. The soil nailing that has been inserted into the soil has been protruding out and this condition is very dangerous to the road user. Other than that, there are gully marks on the slope. The small trees and soil from the top of the slope had flow to the low part of the slope. This situation happen due to heavy rainfall that received in our country, especially the rainy season that always happens at the end of every year. Water is the enemy in slope stability problem. At this slope, cascade drains have been installed to make the soil above ground water table unsaturated and thereby increase the strength. Unfortunately, the drain also damage due to the landslide. In order to assure the road user safety, gabions have been placed alongside the slope failure area. The soil that flow to the lowest part of the slope will be stacked behind the gabions. During this site visit, the trainee has gained new experienced to see the real situation of slope failure at the site and recognized the type of failure occur. Besides that, the application of slope improvement method can be seen clearly. Soil nailing and gabion are the example of the method. Figure 3 to figure 8 show the site condition.
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ECM 598 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 2012

Figure 3. The trees drop from the top of the slope

Figure 4. The drainage damaged due to landslide

Figure 6. A briefing to the General Director of Public Works

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ECM 598 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 2012

Figure 6. The soil nailing was exposed after the landslide happen

Figure 7. The gabion was installed to protect the safety of road user

Figure 8. The gully

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ECM 598 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 2012 2.1.3 Discussion session After the site visit, the officers from Slope Engineering Section, PWD Malaysia and officers from PWD Kinta District sit together to discuss the suitable method to stop the slope from continuously fail. From the discussion, one of the senior engineers has proposed to cut the top part of the slope to gentler the angle. According to the theory, slope with the gentler angle have low possibility to fail. However, many other engineers disagree with that idea. This is because the condition at the top soil will become unstable and the possibility of slope to fail again increases. Other than that, the cost to execute that works is very expensive. In that discussion, the engineers have give opinion that movement monitoring method and early warning was the best way as the precaution while searching the alternative method that can be done. During this discussion, the trainee has seen very experience engineers give a great idea to solve the problem. From there, the trainee knows that not all theory can be applied in the real situation. Different type of problem needs different method to solve the problem. The trainee also sees the parties involved in this project. The Slope Engineering Section, PWD Malaysia becomes the owner of the project and PWD Kinta District was the party that in charge the project. The trainee has experience to see the project management. Figure 9 shows the discussion session among the engineers.

Figure 9. The discussion between engineers

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ECM 598 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 2012 2.1.4 Slow movement monitoring In order to manage landslide risk faced by road users at the landslide area, real time automatic monitoring is a good alternative as an early warning. This monitoring will ensure that the loss of life and damage to property can be minimized. This technique is based on surface movement monitoring using two robotic total stations, Sokkia SET5E. The surveys are being carried out hourly, automatically controlled by 02 PDA. Sokkia SET5E is a surveying instrument which is a combined theodolite and electronic distance measurement device. Six markers which are optical prisms have been surveyed, but unfortunately one of the prisms was damaged from the beginning month of monitoring. Locations of the five remaining prisms are shown in Figure 10 (P2, P3, P4, P5, and P6).

Figure 10. Location of the monitoring prisms

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ECM 598 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 2012 Surveys are being carried out at half hour intervals, automatically controlled by a control station. The control station is a small industrial computer running the Windows operating system fitted with a wireless communication system with satellite communications. The control station is used to programme the automatic total station for the monitoring. The collected survey data are stored on the nonvolatile memory in the base station. The data was transferred from the sites at Section 46 to the Main Control Center located at PWD Headquarters using Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) which is Short Messaging Services (SMS) every 6 hours if the displacement does not exceeds 30mm/hour, otherwise the transmission is hourly. During the visit, the trainee has chances to see how the robotic total stations take the reading from the prisms. Figure 11 shows the robotic total station. It is a new experience that cannot be gained at the university.

Figure 11. The robotic total station

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ECM 598 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 2012 2.1.4 Determination of incline displacement From the slow movement monitoring data, the landslide early warning system can be produced. This warning system involves the production of velocity versus time graph and inverse velocity versus time graph based on the raw data that have been collected from the server. The time range that has been used is day. The data from the server come in the form of horizontal displacement and vertical displacement. From these two types of data, the inclined displacements have to be determined. Theorem Pythagoras was applied to calculate the incline displacement. The length of displacement will show the soil movement. The trainee has calculated the data to find the incline displacement for each day. In this analysis, the trainee involves the calculation from January 2010 until February 2012. The data is important to plot the graph. 2.1.5 Determination of movement velocity The velocity of soil movement was determined by subtracting the current day data with the previous day data. It is depends on the changes that occur at the data. The movements velocity will increase when the displacement become higher. The graph plotted will show the pattern of soil movement that happen during the presence date. In this procedure, the trainee has been asked by the engineer to plot the graph by using Microsoft Excel. The graph starts from January 2010 until February 2012. From the plotted graph, the trainee has identified the various pattern of the movement. However, there are some data that have error. The velocity becomes negative. Explanation from the engineer said that the error happen because the robotic total station cannot read the prisms due to heavy fog. In the analysis, the movement below 1mm will be ignored from included in the graph. According to the engineer also, the high velocity of movement occurs when there is rainfall on the time. The velocity may increase when heavy rainfall recorded at that time. By completing this task, the trainee knows that rainfall influence the

movement of the soil. Figure 12 show the example of velocity versus time graph for October 2011.
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ECM 598 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 2012

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Graf Velocity (mm) VS Time (day) OCTOBER 2011

Prism11

Prism 12

Prism 21

Prism 22

Prism 23

Prism 31

Figure 12. Velocity versus time graph for October 2011 . 2.1.6 Plotting inverse velocity graph versus time After completing plotting the graph, the trainee has been asked to produce a new graph. The graph is inverse velocity versus time. According to the Saito linearity theory, the landslide will happen when the inverse velocity have reach to point zero (Saito, 1969). Figure13 show the inverse velocity versus time graph that has been produced by the trainee.

0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 01/10/2011

Graph inv-velocity (mm/day) vs Time (day) OCTOBER 2011

03/10/2011

05/10/2011

07/10/2011

09/10/2011

11/10/2011

13/10/2011

15/10/2011

17/10/2011

19/10/2011

21/10/2011

23/10/2011

25/10/2011

27/10/2011

29/10/2011

Figure 13. Inverse Velocity versus time graph for October 2011

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31/10/2011

ECM 598 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 2012 . 2.1.7 Early Warning System for landslide After completing all analysis, the early warning system may be produced. The warning level for the site has four levels which are level 1, 2, 3 and 4.Each level have different velocity limit. Level 1 is normal condition, while level 4 is danger. The alarm will sound to give early warning and quick action needs to be done. Table 1 show the proposed warning level for the site. Table 1. Proposed warning level for the site.

Alarm Level

Typical Velocity Limit

Proposed Response

Level 1: (Normal situation) Less than 2mm/hr (Slow) Daily data monitoring

Level 2: Yellow (Advisory) 2mm/hr to 9mm/hr (Slow) Continue monitoring, data analysis and review, field observation

Level 3: Orange (Watch) 9mm/hr to 18mm/hr (Slow) Increase preparedness, continuous analysis, inform police/preparedness team

Level 4: >18mm/hr Red (Danger)

(Moderate)

Continuous monitoring, decision to be made (to evacuate/ close the road)

The trainee has a new experienced after joining this project. Many theories in the class have been proved during completing the task. Landslide Early Warning System at Mount Pass Project has taught many lessons to the trainee.
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ECM 598 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 2012 2.2 Project 2 - Landslide Early Warning System for Miri, Sarawak based on rainfall analysis. 2.2.1 Introduction Malaysia is located in a tropical region with an average annual rainfall of about 2000 to 2500mm. With such amount of rainfall, landslides are one of the most destructive natural disasters in Malaysia besides floods. Most landslides in Malaysia are shallow landslides whereby it is defined based on the maximum depth over length of the scar ratio of less than 0.1 (Casadei et al, 2003). These shallow landslides mostly triggered by heavy rainfall in wet seasons due to loss of negative pore water pressure. In order to apply this knowledge for the development of landslide warning system based on rainfall monitoring, it will involved a significant effort and budget for installation of related instrument and sensors to measure matrix suction and ground water level, thus it was quite impossible to implement it at regional level. Due to this difficulty, empirical correlation between rainfall and shallow landslide can be developed and used. Using this empirical correlation, rainfall thresholds can be developed and used in the development of landslide early system for either localizes or regional level. In this project, the trainee has involved in landslide early warning system based on rainfall analysis for Miri, Sarawak. The procedure to make the analysis has been taught by Madam Norhidayu Binti Kasim. There is a guideline that has given to the trainee to give a better understanding about the procedure. The analysis needs the trainee to use Microsoft Excel. There are some table and graph that have to be filled and produced by the trainee. The rainfall data that have been analyzed by the trainee start from year 2007 until year 2010. The value of rainfall data to be analyzed is 15mm to 20mm. Data that have been analyzed will be combined with the data from other engineer and technical assistant. The procedure of analysis will be more detail in next part.
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ECM 598 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 2012 . 2.2.2 Collecting rainfall data from the website The analysis starts with collecting the rainfall data from the website. The address for the website is http://jkrcerun.dyndns.org. This website provides rainfall data for Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. For Miri area, the station of rain gauge that collected the rainfall data located at Kg Hj Wahed, Grand Old Lady, Miri and the station ID is Q003. The trainee has collected rainfall data for four years start from 2007 until 2010. The 15mm and above data was analyzed because higher intensity of rainfall will lead to higher possibility of landslide to happen. There are three main subjects that need to be taken from the website which are date, time and hourly rainfall. Table 2 shows the data that can be collected from the website. The highlighted data is the data that required to be taken. Table 2. Rainfall data from the website
ID Station Name
Kg Hj Wahed Grand Old Lady ,Miri Kg Hj Wahed Grand Old Lady ,Miri Kg Hj Wahed Grand Old Lady ,Miri Kg Hj Wahed Grand Old Lady ,Miri Kg Hj Wahed Grand Old Lady ,Miri Kg Hj Wahed Grand Old Lady ,Miri Kg Hj Wahed Grand Old Lady ,Miri

Date

Time

Level (m)
----

Rainfall (mm)
1012

Daily Rainfall Hourly Rainfall Total (mm) (mm) (mm)

0 0 21

003

6/2/2008

0:00

003

6/2/2008

1:00

----

1012

21

003

6/2/2008

2:00

----

1012

21

003

6/2/2008

3:00

----

1012

21

003

6/2/2008

4:00

----

1012

21

003

6/2/2008

5:00

----

1012

21

003

6/2/2008

6:00

----

1014.5

2.5

2.5

23.5

The trainee tabulated the taken data in a new table to make the data become easier to be analyzed. The selected points of rainfall that have been chosen were highlighted. (Refer to Appendix 1)

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ECM 598 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 2012 . 2.2.3 Determination of rain series and continuous rainfall The trainee needs to determine the series of rain and continuous rainfall. A series of rain is one sequence of rain with more than 24 hours of non rainfall duration before and after that selected rainfall point. The total amount of rainfall during that period is called the continuous rainfall. At this stage, the trainee needs to check and highlight the series. However, the trainee has ignored the series after that selected rainfall point. This is because the series did not affect the analysis. (Refer to Appendix 2) . 2.2.4 Determination of antecedent rain and antecedent rainfall Antecedent rain can be defined as the rain during one or two week period before the start of a series of rain and the rainfall during that period is called the antecedent rainfall. Regarding the antecedent rain, the rain during 24 hours before the start of a series of rain is called the rain of one day before, the rain between 48 hours before and 24 hours before the start of a series of rain is called the rain of two days before. Using the same rule, the rain of n-days before can be specified. However, from the definition of a series of rain, the rainfall on one day before a series of rain is always zero. The trainee has decided to choose two week period antecedent rain. This antecedent rainfall is important in the analysis because the total of rainfall that occurs two week before the selected point can be recognized. (Refer to Appendix 3). 2.2.5 Determination of working rainfall, antecedent working rainfall and deduction coefficient The working rainfall is a cumulative rainfall that takes into account the effect of an antecedent rainfall. The degree of influence of an antecedent rainfall normally reduces as time become distant from a landslide causing rain. To derive the effect of antecedent rainfall, the 24 hours rainfall of one day before the landslide causing rain is multiplied by the coefficient of 1 time and a 24 hour rainfall of two days before the landslide causing rain is multiplied by the coefficient of 2
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ECM 598 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 2012 time. In this way, the 24 hour rainfall up to t days before is multiplied by the coefficient of t(t<1) and the total is called the antecedent working rainfall. (Refer to Appendix 4) RWA = 1d1 + 2d2 + + 14d14 = The coefficient t is called the deduction coefficient of t days before. There are many ways to determine t. When the half life is assumed to be one day, which means the value of becomes half of t-1 when one day has passed; the antecedent working rainfall is calculated as follows: RWA = 0.5d1+0.25d2+0.125d3 The half life and deduction coefficient was tabulated in Table 3. Table 3.The half life and deduction coefficient Days before the start of rainfall (t) Half life (1 day) Days before the start of rainfall (t) Half life (1 day)

0.50000

0.00391

0.25000

0.00195

0.12500

10

0.00098

0.06250

11

0.00049

0.03125

12

0.00024

0.01563

13

0.00012

0.00781

14

0.0006
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ECM 598 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 2012 . 2.2.6 Selection of Inflection Point A and Inflection Point B In order to find the Inflection A and B, the trainee has plotted hourly rainfall versus cumulative rainfall. From the graph, the trainee can select the inflection point. Inflection Point A is a point when the value in the cumulative rainfall curve of a series of rain begins to increase sharply. It is usually a point when an hourly rainfall of 4 mm or over begins to rain for the first time. Inflection Point B is a point when the value in the cumulative rainfall curve of a series of rain begins to stop a sharp increase. It is usually a point when an hourly rainfall of less than 4 mm begins to rain for 3 hours or more. (Refer Appendix 5). . 2.2.7 Determination of initial rainfall, effective rainfall and effective rainfall intensity The initial rainfall is a cumulative rainfall from the start of a series of rain up to Inflection Point A. The effective rainfall is a rainfall derived by deducting a cumulative rainfall up to Inflection Point A from the cumulative rainfall of a series of rain up to a given point. Namely, it is a cumulative rainfall after Inflection Point A. The effective time is the raining hours from Inflection Point A up to an effective rainfall. The effective rainfall intensity is a value derived by dividing the effective rainfall by the time (Refer to Appendix 6.) 2.2.8 Plotting Graph Intensity versus Working Rainfall This graph is the last procedure to complete the analysis. All intensity and working rainfall data that have been determined from the analysis was tabulated in a special table. In this table, there are three main items which are date, non occurrence data and occurrence data. Non occurrence data is a rainfall that not leads to landslide happen while occurrence data is a rainfall that leads to landslide. In the trainee analysis, there is no occurrence data that being selected. The trainee has combined the data with other engineer and technical assistant. The graph has been plotted and the critical line was produced by Madam Norhidayu. The function of the critical line is as a bench mark to produce the landslide early warning system. There is a two side of the line which is unsafe zone and safe zone. Based on the
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ECM 598 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 2012 trainee observation, most of the occurrence point located at unsafe zone while non occurrence point located at safe zone.(Refer to Appendix 7). The warning can be activated when the data exceed the critical line.

3.0 SUGGESTIONS For the improvement to this industrial training course, the training period should be extended from two months to five or six months to allow the trainee gain more knowledge and experience. The eight weeks time given is not enough to familiarize them in the real working world. There is not much that can be learned by the trainee and the exposure of the industry is not very comprehensive. It is recommended that the company create more structured training program. The field supervisor should list out and arrange the task to be performed by the trainee. A training schedule also should be created in order to optimize the training period. The supervisor should fill the training period with the significant task that will develop and increase the trainee knowledge, skills and experience for the trainee future career. Discussion and conclusion about industrial training should be made at the end of the training. This will allow the trainee to share experience during this training. By perform the discussion, the trainee able to improve communication skills and confidence level.

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ECM 598 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING 2012 4.0 CONCLUSION

After completing the industrial training for eight weeks, it can be concluded that the objective of this course has been achieved. There are many benefits and experience that has been gained by the trainee. During the industrial training period, the trainee was exposed to the real world of civil engineering. Many theories and knowledge that have been gained in the university was applied during the practical period. However, not all knowledge can be applied. The industry has more tough case and situation that need the trainee to think out of the box.

The improvement of communication skills have been developed through industrial training. By communicate with the staffs and officers, the confidence level have been increased. Industrial training is a course that makes the student prepares to come into the real industry. Every student should take this chance seriously because it gives a lot of benefits before enter the working world.

5.0 REFERENCES

i. Guidelines for Development of Warning and Evacuation System against Sediment Disasters in Developing Countries. ii. Casadei M., Dietrich W.E., Milner NL (2003). Testing a model for predicting the timing and location of shallow landslide initiation in soil-mantled landscape. Earth surface and Landforms. 28:925-950. iii. Saito, M (1969). Forecasting time of slope failure by tertiary creep. Proc. of the 7th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering: Vol.2, 677-683. Mexico City.

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