PERIOD OF INTUITIVE NURSING OR MEDIEVAL PERIOD NURSING WAS UNTAUGHT AND INSTINCTIVE It was performed of compassion for others,

others, out of wish to help others NURSING WAS A FUNCTION THAT BELONGED TO WOMEN It was viewed as a natural nurturing job for women. She is expected to take good care of the children, the sick and the aged NO CAREGIVING TRAINING IS EVIDENT It was based on experience and observation PRIMITIVE MEN BELIEVE D THAT ILLNESS WAS CAUSED BY THE INVASION OF THE VICTIMS BODY OF EVIL SPIRITS They believed that the medicine man, SHAMAN or witch doctor had the power to heal by using white magic, hypnosis, charms, dances, incantation, purgatives, massage, fire, water, and herbs as a mean of driving illness from the victim TREPHINING Drilling a hole in the skull with a rock or stone without anesthesia was a last resort to drive evil spirits from the body of the afflicted

NURSING IN THE NEAR EAST BELIEFS AND PRACTICES Mans mode of living changed from nomadic style to an agrarian society into an urban community life Man developed means of communication and the beginnings of a body of scientific knowledge Nursing remained the duty of slaves, wives, sisters, or mothers Care of the sick was still closely related to religion, superstition, and magic added astrology and numerology in medical practice There was a birth of the three religious ideologies: Judaism, Christianity, and Mohammedanism

CONTRIBUTION TO MEDICINE AND NURSING I. BABYLONIA *CODE OF HAMMURABI- provided laws that covered every fact of Babylonian life including medical practice. The medical regulations established fees, discouraged experimentation, designed specific doctors for each disease, and gave each patient the right to choose between the use of charms, the use of medications or a surgical procedure to cure his disease * There was no mention of nurses or nursing II. EGYPT * Introduced the art of Embalming, which enhanced their knowledge on human anatomy *Developed the ability to make keen clinical observations and left a record of 250 recognized

diseases *There were no mentioned nurses, hospitals, and hospital personnel. Slaves and patients family nursed the sick III. HEBREWS *Moses wrote the five books of the Old Testament *emphasized practice of hospitality to strangers and the act of charity *promulgated laws of control on the spread of communicable disease and ritual of circumcision of the male child (BOOK OF LEVITICUS)

*reference to nurses is as a midwife, wet nurse or childs nurse whose acts were compassionate and tender. The outpouring of material instincts *Moses as father of sanitation NURSINDG IN THE FAR EAST I. CHINA *Confucius advocated the golden rule of treating others as you would like to be treated *medical knowledge included dissection techniques, studies of the circulatory system, method of physical diagnosis, massage, the therapeutic use of baths, and the significance of pulse rates *Emperor SHEN NUNG originated the acupuncture technique *surgery was early developed possibly the belief that mutilation of the body would remain as evidence in the life after death *Physicians were held in high esteem often at the level of the gods since they base diagnosis on some 200 types of pulses and observation *many drugs used in ancient China are still in use today such as Iodine, liver preparations and opiates INDIA *elaborate municipal drainage system existed, evidence that these early Indians had an understanding of the importance of sanitation *Hinduism (ancient priests preserved the teachings of Hinduism in two collections of sacred books numbering approximately 100 namely: >Vedas- man is pictured as agree from disease at birth -VEDA OF LONGEVITY, hygiene and prevention of sickness is stressed and small pox inoculations, material medica, psychiatry, medical, surgical and pediatric practice are mentioned >Upanishads-Hindus practiced a theme concept which included the physician, the nurse, and the patients -duties, qualifications, and the attributes of the team members are identified in the Charaka-samhita -records indicate that instrument such as the tissue forceps, scissors, and catheters were used for surgical procedures, including plastic surgery -drugs and diet were prescribed in addition to intervention -diseases believed to be incurable *Buddhism- Gautama who was later known as BUDDHA was born in India - Gautama founded many religious communities which later become a source of help to King Asoka, who at that time founded buildings which today can be compared to hotels, and hospitals, and nurses, always male functioned like the practical nurse today -prevention of disease was of prime importance and hygiene procedures were considered a religious duty -priest-physician was the medical practitioner, and therefore, religious ceremony and prayer were a prelude to treatment *Sushurutu- made list of function and qualifications of nurses. For the first time I the recorded history there was reference to the nurses taking care of patients. These nurses were described as combination of pharmacists, physical therapists, cooks, and masseurs

II.

NURSING OF THE GRECO-ROMAN CULTURE I.AESCALUPIAN MEDICINE IN GREECE *Caduceu, a symbol of medical profession wherein Greek Mythology, Apollos son, is Aesculapius, was the God of healing and was depicted holding as staff entwined with serpents of wisdom *temples and sanatoria were erected in lovely settings, where fresh water, fresh air, sunshine and wholesome food were available *used rituals and magic as well as prayers and sacrifice to cure the ill, and these priests began to develop some skills in caring for the infirm worshippers *asepsis was not understood but the physicians recognized an advantage to treating wounds with boiled clear water or wine *Corpus hippocratum reveals the medical knowledge concerning symptomatology, dietetics, pharmacology and surgery *Hippocrates, born in Greece is given the title Father of Scientific Medicine II. ROMAN EMPIRE *146 B.C. - Greece was controlled by Rome *Physicians of the Hippocratic School became slaves of the Romans, and their knowledge of medical practice filtered throughout Rome *Rome recognized hygiene and sanitation as the foundation of good health. Public health had its beginning here *great contributions were the building of aqueducts, sewerage systems, and bath houses to promote good health *Romans frequently engaged I war and developed military medicines. First aid was given on the battle field, ambulance service was provided *hospital system in Rome was quite successful *Roman medicine had a high degree of specialization such as urology, gynecology, and eyes, ears, nose, and throat *physicians performed many surgical procedures such as plastic surgery. However, their knowledge of drugs was considered to be inadequate *great contributions of the Romans were the translation of Greek medical terminology into Latin. Latin terms had been used in medicines ever since *Wet nurse was employed and was expected to be kind, of sound mind, clean and healthy *Soranus, a member of the Methodist School and author of medical book and was considered one of the most famous gynecologist and obstetrician *Galen (130 A.D.), born in Asia Minor, was considered the greatest physician after Hippocrates; gained fame in Rome as a lecturer and medical practitioner; excelled in Anatomy and Physiology; firmly believed in physical therapy and in the prevention of disease; one of the most remarkable of all physicians TRANSITION FROM PAGAN TO CHRISTIAN NURSING *Pagan ideals which prevailed placed little value on human life *teaching and works of Christ had a profound effect upon nursing and medicine-many basic nursing services were introduced with empathy and understanding *early Christian orders of women were called deaconesses (352 A.D.) and functioned as visiting nurses and social workers and were women of high social status, appointed by the bishops of the church

*Phoebe (55 A.D.) was remembered as the first visiting nurse and the first deaconess and was introduced to the Christian world by St. Paul and her duties were to minister sick *Emperor Constantine the Great (330 A.D.) founded a large hospital and used his influence in calling together the Congress for the First Council of Nicea in 325 A.D.; the creed by the council that each attending bishop would build a hospital in every city where a cathedral had been erected; its purpose is was to meet the needs of the Christians and promote the propagation of the faith *St. Basil of Athens built the largest hospitals in Asia Minor about 370 A.D. It was a huge complex of buildings, housing lepers, children, the aged, and the possibly others in separate dwellings known as the Basillas, it resembled the large hospital of today *early Nursing Leaders: Marcella- known as the mother of the nurse -interested in the care of the sick and works of charity

Fabiola- a worldly beautiful matron who established the first general hospital in Rome about 380 A.D.

Paula- considered the most learned woman of this period and became a close friend of Fabiola -she and one of her daughters established many hospices for the pilgrims enrooted to Palentine and erected several hospitals and tended to the basic nursing needs of the patients