GlossaryofMusicalTerms

Inmymusic studies,Ihaveoftenfounditfrustratingnotknowingthemeaning of all the words on the page. Many composersmake very specific indications, and seldom are those indications in English. What follows is a fairly long list of musical definitions and descriptions gleaned primarily from multiple Internet searches (utilizing available translation services). I also used a few booksources,mostlyforpurposesofcorroboration. A vast majority of this glossary relates most directly to trumpet and brass literature. These are words and phrases which I have found in solo and orchestralliterature,aswellasinetudebooksandothermusictexts.Thoughit isgearedtowardstrumpetplayers,Ibelieveitmightbeusefultoanymusician. Please note that, while this listing has in excess of 1,200 entries, it is by no meansanexhaustivelist. Any serious student of music should own a copy of the Harvard Dictionary of Music (Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press). This book goes far beyond being just a simple glossary of terms. It is really an encyclopedia,encompassinga wide range ofmusical topics, and I find it interesting just to read a few articles once in a while. Beyond the dictionaryentries,therearearticlesonimportantcomposersandimportantindividualpieces, entries on widely varying musical styles, music theory and general music history. The information is very wellresearched and each entry morethanadequately covers the major aspects of each topic. The book is available in many places and currently sells for approximately$40.00.

TableofContents

AAngosciosamente 1 ngstlichBMI 2 BolConsordina 3 CorEn 4 EndehorsFort 5 ForteGrandezza 6 GrandiosoLePomedelextase 7 LeSacreduPrintempsMelancolico 8 MenoOktett 9 OmaggioPp 10 11 PrcdenteSanft SansSlargando 12 SlentandoTaktmesser 13 TaktstrichUnis. 14 UnisonZunge 15 Appendices PitchNames AppendixA Clef AppendixB

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Agit[Fr.]:Agitated. hnlich[Ger.]:Similar,alike. Airietta[It.]:Ashortaria. Ais[Fr.]:Withease. Al[It.]:Tothe,atthe;orinthemannerof. Al[It.]:Tothe,atthe. Alla[It.]:Tothe,atthe;inthemannerof. Allabreve[It.]:Atthebreve;cuttime. Allant[Fr.]:Going,stirring,continuing;andante. Allargando[It.]:Broadening,becomingslower; sometimesaccompaniedwithincreasedvolume. Alle[Ger.]:All. Allemenschenmuessensterben[Ger.]:Allpeople mustdie;BachchoralereferenceinHindemiths SonataforTrumpetandPiano. Allegramente[It.]:Merry,lively;fast. Allegretto[It.]:Slightlyslowerthanallegro. Allegrissimo[It.]:Veryfast,butslightlyslowerthan Presto. Allegro[It.]:(allo)Merry,lively;fast. Allein[Ger.]:Alone. Allentamente[It.]:Slowingdown. Allentando[It.]:Slowingdown. Allmhlich[Ger.]:Gradually,littlebylittle. Als[Ger.]:Than. AlsosprachZarathustra[Ger.]:ThusSpake Zarathustra;majororchestralwork(tonepoem) byRichardStrauss,inspiredbythebookofthe samenamebyFriedrichNietzsche. Altissimo[It.]:Veryhigh. Alto[It.]:High;usuallyreferstoaparticularvoice part,higherthantenor,butlowerthansoprano. Am[Ger.]:Atthe,atthat. Amabile[It.]:Amiable,likeable. Amarevole[It.]:Bitterorbitterly. Amaro[It.]:Bitterorbitterly. Amore[It.]:Love,lovingly. Amorevole[It.]:Love,lovingly. Amoroso[It.]:Love,lovingly. Anacrusis[Lat.]:Anoteorgroupofnoteswhich precedethefirstfullmeasure;slsoknownasa pickupnote. Ancora[It.]:Still,more. Andacht[Ger.]:Devotion,devoutly. Andchtig[Ger.]:Devotion,devoutly. Andante[It.]:Walking;moderatelyslow. Andantino[It.]:Slightlyfasterthanandante. Anfang[Ger.]:Beginning. Angenehm[Ger.]:Pleasant,pleasantly. Anglaise[Fr.]:English. Angosciosamente[It.]:Anguished.

A[It.]:Articlemeaningto,at,for,in,inthestyleof, per. [Fr.]:Articlemeaningto,at,for,in,inthestyleof, per. Abeneplacito[It.]:Attheperformerspleasure. Acapella[It.]:Performedwithoutinstrumental accompaniment. Adue[It.]:(ora2)Intendedasaduet;fortwovoices orinstruments. la[Fr.]:Tothe,atthe;orinthemannerof. Apiacere[It.]:Attheperfomerspleasure. Atempo[It.]:Returntooriginaltempoaftersome deviationfromit. volont[Fr.]:Attheperformerspleasure. a2[It.]:(oradue)Intendedasaduet;fortwovoices orinstruments. Ab[Ger.]:Off,aswithamute. Abandonn[Fr.]:Withabandon,withoutrestraint. Abbandonatamente[It.]:Withabandon,without restraint. Abbellimento[It.]:Ornament. Aber[It.]:But. Abnehmend[Ger.]:(dim.)Decreasinginvolume. Absetzen[Ger.]:Seperated,articulated. Abtossen[Ger.]:Detached. Accarezzvole[It.]:Expressiveandcaring;sweetly. Accelerando[It.]:(accel.)Becomingfaster;faster. Accelerato[It.]:(accel.)Becomingfaster;faster. Accentato[It.]:Marked,stressed,emphasized. Accompagnato[It.]:Accompanied. Accus[Fr.]:Marked,stressed,emphasized. Adlibitum[Lat.]:Attheperformerspleasure; sometimesmeansapassagemaybeomitted. Adagietto[It.]:Slightlyfastertempothanadagio; slowtempo,butlesssomberthanadagio. Adagio[It.]:Slowtempo. Adagissimo[It.]:Extremelyslowtempo. Addolorato[It.]:Pained,afflicted. Affabile[It.]:Affable,pleasant. Affannato[It.]:Anguished. Affannoso[It.]:Anguished. Affectueusement[Fr.]:Affectionate. Affettuoso[It.]:(alsoAffetuosamente)Affectionate. Affretanrdo[It.]:Hurrying. Agevole[It.]:Easy,unrestricted. Aggradevole[It.]:Pleasing. Agiatamente[It.]:Sedate,withease. Agiato[It.]:Sedate,withease. Agile[It.]:Agile. Agilmente[It.]:Agile. Agitato[It.]:Agitated.

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Avec[Fr.]:With,togetherwith. Avoir[Fr.]:Own,have. Barbaro[It.]:Barbarous;barbaric. Barcarola[It.]:Song,oftenin6/8or12/8time, originatinginVenice,Italy. Barcarole[En.]:Song,oftenin6/8or12/8time, originatinginVenice,Italy. Barcarolle[Fr.]:Song,oftenin6/8or12/8time, originatinginVenice,Italy. Bass[En.]:Thelowestofthefourstandardvoice ranges(soprano,alto,tenor,bass);thelowest melodiclineinamusicalcomposition, defininingandsupportingtheharmony. Basso[It.]:Low,bass;thelowestofthefour standardvoiceranges(soprano,alto,tenor, bass);thelowestmelodiclineinamusical composition,defininingandsupportingthe harmony. Bassocontinuo[It.]:Continuousbass;basspart playedthroughoutapiecetodefiningand supportingharmonicstructure,usedprimarily inmusicoftheBaroqueperiod. Bedchtig[Ger.]:Deliberate,slow. Behende[Ger.]:Agile,quick. Beklemmt[Ger.]:Anxious,oppressed. Belebend[Ger.]:Lively,animated. Belebt[Ger.]:Lively,animated. Bellicoso[It.]:Bellicose,pugnacious;warlikein manner. Ben[It.]:Well. Bene[It.]:Well. Beruhigend[Ger.]:Calm,calming. Beruhigt[Ger.]:Calm,calming. Beschleunigend[Ger.]:Speedingup. Beschleunigt[Ger.]:Speedingup. Bestimmt[Ger.]:Decisive,decisively. Betont[Ger.]:Accented,stressed. Beweglich[Ger.]:Nimble,nimbly,agile. Bewegt[Ger.]:Agitated. Bien[Fr.]:Fine,good,well. Binary[Lat.]:Consistingoftwoparts;inmusic,a formconsistingoftwoparts:AB. Bis[Lat.]:Twice;repeattherelevantactionof passage. Blasinstrument[Ger.]:Windinstrument. Blasmusik[Ger.]:Musicforwindinstruments. Blech[Ger.]:Brassinstruments. Blechinstrumente[Ger.]:Brassinstruments. Blechmusik[Ger.]:Musicforbrassinstruments. BMI:AbbreviationforBroadcastMusic Incorporated.

ngstlich[It.]:Anxious,anxiously. Animando[It.]:Animating,becominganimated, animated;indicatesspeedingup. Animandosi[It.]:Animating,becominganimated, animated;indicatesspeedingup. Animato[It.]:Animating,becominganimated, animated;indicatesspeedingup. Animato[It.]:Animated,lively. Anim[Fr.]:Animated;moderatelyfasttempo. Animez[Fr.]:Animate,bringtolife. Animo[It.]:Spirit,spirited. Animoso[It.]:Spirit,spirited. Anmutig[Ger.]:Graceful,gracefully. Anschwellend[Ger.]:Increasinginvolume,louder. Anwachsend[Ger.]:Growing,swelling,increasing. Apais[Fr.]:Calm,calmed. Appasionato[It.]:Impassioned. Appena[It.]:Scarcely. Appoggiatora[It.]:Adisonantpitchonastronger beatresolvingupordowntoaconsonantpitch onaweakerbeat. Appuy[Fr.]:Accented,accentuated. Ardimente[It.]:Boldly. Ardito[It.]:Boldly. Aria[It.]:Air;anexpressivesong,usuallyperformed byasinger. Arioso[It.]:Airy,likeanair;melodious;inthe mannerofanaria. Armonioso[It.]:Harmoniously. Arpeggio[It.]:Toplayontheharp;abrokenchord wherethenotesareplayedorsunginsequence (asaharp),oneaftertheother,ratherthan simultaneouslyasachord. Arriver[Fr.]:Arrive. ASCAP:AbbreviatedforAmericanSocietyof Composers,AuthorsandPublishers. Assai[It.]:Much,verymuch. Assez[It.]:Sufficiently,rather. Atem[Ger.]:Breath. Atempause[Ger.]:Breathingpause. Attacca[It.]:Attack,attackimmediately;movetothe nextmovementimmediately. Attaccasubito[It.]:Attacksuddenly,attack immediately;movetothenextmovement immediately. Auf[Ger.]:Up. Aufgeregt[Ger.]:Excited,energetic. Ausdruck[Ger.]:Expression. Ausdrucksvoll[Ger.]:Expression;expressively. Aushalten[Ger.]:Tosustain,hold. usserst[Ger.]:Extremely,much,very.

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Cesura[Sp.]:Pause. Csure[Fr.]:Pause. Chalaur[Fr.]:Warm,warmth,passionately. Chant[Fr.]:Singing. Chasse[Fr.]:Chase,hunt. Chiaramente[It.]:Clear,clearly. Chiaro[It.]:Clear,clearly. Chiave[It.]:Clef;seeAppendixB. Chiuso[It.]:Closed;mutedbyhand. Cinq[Fr.]:Five. Clarino[It.]:HighrangeoftheBaroque(natural) trumpet(thelowrangeiscalledtheprincipalle); referstothestylefotrumpetplayingutilizing thehighregisterofthenaturaltrumpet,where theharmonicseriesallowsfordiatonic movement. Clave[Sp.]:Clef;seeAppendixB. Clef[En.]:SeeAppendixB. Clos[Fr.]:Shut,closed. Coda[It.]:Tail;concludingsection. Codetta[It.]:Asmallcoda. Col[It.]:With. Collaparte[It.]:Aplayershoulddoubleanothers part. Colossale[It.]:Collossal,tremendous. Comdamente[It.]:Comfortable,easy(usuallyrefers totempo) Come[It.]:How,as,like. Comeprima[It.]:Asbefore,likethefirsttime; usuallyreferstoanearliertempoorspecifically thefirsttempo. Comesopra[It.]:Asabove;usuallyreferstothe previoustempo Comme[Fr.]:As,like. Commontime[En.]:Referstothetimesignature4/4. Commosso[It.]:Moved,touched. Comodo[It.]:Comfortable,easy(usuallyrefersto tempo) Con[It.]:With. Conaffeto[It.]:Withaffection,oremotion. Conamore[It.]:Withlove Conanima[It.]:Withsoul,orfeeling. Conbrio[It.]:Withspirit,vigor. Condolore[It.]:Withsadness. Conespressione[It.]:Withexpression. Conforza[It.]:Withstrength,force. Confuoco[It.]:Withfire. Conlarghezza[It.]:Withbroadness. Conmoto[It.]:With,movement,motion. Conslancio[It.]:Withmomentum,impetus. Consordina[It.]:Withmute.

Bol[Fr.]:Bowl;oftenreferstocupmute. Bolero[Sp.]:Dancein3/4time,originatinginSpain. Bon[Fr.]:Good,fair,fine. Bravura[It.]:Skill,bravery;virtuosticdisplay. Breit[Ger.]:Broad. Breve[Lat.]:Short. Brevis[Lat.]:Short. Brillante[It.]:Brilliant. Brilliante[It.]:Brilliant. Brio[It.]:Vivacious,spirited. Brioso[It.]:Vivacious,spirited. Buccina[Lat.]:ARomantrumpetorhorn;straight trumpet. Bgelhorn[Ger.]:Bugle. Bugle[Fr.]:Flugelhorn. Buisine[Fr.]:Amedievalmilitarytrumpet. Busine[Fr.]:Amedievalmilitarytrumpet. Buysine[Fr.]:Amedievalmilitarytrumpet. Buzanne[Fr.]:Amedievalmilitarytrumpet. Buzine[Fr.]:Amedievalmilitarytrumpet. BWV[Ger.]:(BachWerkeVerzeichnis)Athematic catalogoftheworksofJ.S.Bach. Cadence[Fr.]:Cadence,rhythm. Cadenza[It.]:Asolosection,usuallyinaconcertoor similarwork,usedtodisplaytheperformers technique. Caesura[It.]:Pause. Calando[It.]:Decreasinginloudnessandusuallyin tempo. Calmando[It.]:Calm,calming;becomingquiet. Calmato[It.]:Calm,calming;becomingquiet. Calore[It.]:Warm,warmth,passionately. Caloroso[It.]:Warm,warmth,passionately. Cambiare[It.]:Tochange;i.e.tochangetoanew instrument,etc. Camminando[It.]:Walking,movingevenlyalong. Cantabile[It.]:(cant.)Singable,songlike. Cantando[It.]:Singing. Capo[It.]:Head. Capriccio[It.]:Capricious,capriciously,atthe playerspleasure;alsoamusicalforminalight style. Capricciosamente[It.]:Capricious,capriciously,at theplayerspleasure. Capriccioso[It.]:Capricious,capriciously,atthe playerspleasure. Carazzendo[It.]:Soothingly,caressingly. Cedando[It.]:Slowingdown. Cdez[Fr.]:Yield,slowdown. Celare[It.]:Fast,quickly. Celeramente[It.]:Fast,quickly.

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Dolente[It.]:Sad. Doloroso[It.]:Painful,mournful. Doppelt[Ger.]:Double. Doppeltsoschnell[Ger.]:Twiceasfast. Doppio[It.]:Double. Doppiomovimento[It.]:Twiceasfast. Doubletongue[En.]:Useoftwoconsonants(tah kah)infastarticulationofcoupletsonbrass instrumentsandsomewoodwinds. Doucement[Fr.]:Gently,softly. Douloureux[Fr.]:Painful,sorrowful. Doux[Fr.]:Sweet,soft. Doux[Fr.]:Gentle,sweet,soft. Drammatico[It.]:Dramatically. Drngend[Ger.]:Pressing,quickening. Duolo[It.]:Grief. Dur[Ger.]:Major. Duramente[It.]:Harshly,severely. Durchdringend[Ger.]:Piercing,shrill Duret[Fr.]:Hardness,harshness,toughness; severity. Durezza[It.]:Hardness,toughness. Dynamics[It.]:Referstotherelativevolumein executionofapieceofmusic. E[It.]:And. clatant[Fr.]:Brilliant,dazzling,asanexplosion. Eco[It.]:Echo. galement[Fr.]:Too,same,aswell. galit[Fr.]:Equality. Eile[Ger.]:Hurry. Eilend[Ger.]:Hurrying. EinHeldenleben[Ger.]:AHeroicLife;major orchestralwork(tonepoem)byRichardStrauss. Einwenig[Ger.]:Alittle. EineAlpensinfonie[Ger.]:AnAlpineSympony; majororchestralwork(tonepoem)byRichard Strauss. Einfacht[Ger.]:Simple. Einhlang[Ger.]:Unison. largissant[Fr.]:Broadening,becomingslower; sometimesaccompaniedwithincreasedvolume. lgant[Fr.]:Elegant,graceful. lgant[It.]:Elegant. Elegante[It.]:Elegant. Empfindsamkeit[Ger.]:Sensitiveness, sentimentality. Empfindung[Ger.]:Sensitivity,feeling. Empress[Fr.]:Avid,eager. mu[Fr.]:Touched,moved,withemotion. En[Fr.]:In,into,at;forphrasesbeginningwiththis preposition,seethewordfollowing.

Cor[Fr.]:Horn. Cornetpistons[Fr.]:Cornet. Corneta[Sp.]:Cornet. Cornetta[It.]:Cornet. Corno[It.]:Horn. Crescendo[It.]:(cresc.)Growing;increasingvolume. Cuarteto[Sp.]:(Quartet)Ensembleoffourplayers. Cuivre[Fr.]:Brassyandharsh. Cuttime[En.]:Referstothetimesignature2/2. D.C.:Abbreviationfordacapo. D.S.:Abbreviationfordalsegno. Da[It.]:From,at. DaCapo[It.]:(D.C.)Fromthebeginning. Dal[It.]:Fromthe. DalSegno[It.]:(D.S.)Fromthesign. Dmpfer[Ger.]:Mute. Dattaque[Fr.]:Attack. Dauer[Ger.]:Duration. Dauernd[Ger.]:Duration. De[Fr.]:From,of. Debole[It.]:Weak,faint. Dcid[Fr.]:Decisive,decisively. Decisamente[It.]:Decisive,decisively. Deciso[It.]:Decisive,decisively. Declamato[It.]:Declamatory. Decrescendo[It.]:(decresc.)Decreasinginvolume. Dehors[Fr.]:Intheopen,prominent. Del[It.]:Ofthe,aboutthe. Delicatamente[It.]:Delicate,delicately. Delicatezza[It.]:Delicate,delicately. Delicato[It.]:Delicate,delicately. Dli[Fr.]:Sharp,detached. Derb[Ger.]:Rough,robust. Des[Fr.]:The,some. Dtach[Fr.]:Detached;unconcerned,nonchalant. Deutlich[Ger.]:Clear,distinct. Deux[Fr.]:Two. Devoto[It.]:Devout,devoutly,faithful. Di[It.]:About,of,by. Dimolto[It.]:Very. Dinuovo[It.]:New,again. Diluendo[It.]:Dilute,thinning;dyingaway. Diminuendo[It.]:(dim.)Decreasinginvolume. Disinvolto[It.]:Confident,freeandeasy. Dissonante[It.]:Dissonant. Div.[It.]:Abbreviationfordivisi;part,divide. Divisi[It.]:Part,divide. Doigt[Fr.]:Fingering. Dolce[It.]:Sweet. Dolcezza[It.]:Sweetness,gentleness. Dolcissimo[It.]:Muchsweetness,gentleness.

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Fanfaretongue[En.]:(Utilitytongue)Tripletongue usingtahkahtahpattern;saidtoprovidemore evenandpreciserhythm. Fantasque[Fr.]:Whimsical,capricious. Fastoso[It.]:Sumptuous,pompous. Feierlich[Ger.]:Solemn. Fermata[It.]:Stop;inpractice,thedurationofaso markednoteisatthediscretionoftheperformer ortheconductor;afermataattheendofafirst orintermediatemovementorsectionisusually moderatelyprolonged,butthefinalfermataofa symphonymaybepro Ferne[Ger.]:Distance. Fernwerk[Ger.]:Asanecho. Feroce[It.]:Ferociously. FesteRomane[It.]:RomanFestivals;major orchestralworkbyOttorinoRespighi(thethird ofhissocalledRomanTrilogy). Festivamente[It.]:Festive,cheerful. Festoso[It.]:Festive. Festspiel[Ger.]:Festive. Feuer[Ger.]:Fire,passion. Feuerig[Ger.]:Fiery,passionate. FF[It.]:Abbreviationforfortissimo;veryloud. Fieramente[It.]:Proud,haughty,fierce. Fiero[It.]:Proud,haughty,fierce. Fin[Fr.]:Theend. Fine[It.]:End. Fiscorno[Sp.]:Flugelhorn. Flat[En.]:Asymbolthatlowersthepitchbyahalf step;alsoreferstodescribetheintonationofa performerorgroupofperformerswhenthe soundistoolowbysomedegree. Flatt.[Ger.]:Fluttertongue;thetongueistrilled againsttheroofofthemouthbehindthefront teeth. Flatterzunge[Ger.]:Fluttertongue;thetongueis trilledagainsttheroofofthemouthbehindthe frontteeth. Flebile[It.]:Plaintive,mournful. Flicorno[It.]:Flugelhorn. Flssig[Ger.]:Fluid,flowing. Flsternd[Ger.]:Whispering. Fluttertongue[En.]:thetongueistrilledagainstthe roofofthemouthbehindthefrontteeth. Focoso[It.]:Fiery. Fois[Fr.]:Time. FontanediRoma[It.]:RomanFestivals;major orchestralworkbyOttorinoRespighi(thethird ofhissocalledRomanTrilogy). Fort[Fr.]:Forte,strong.

Endehors[Fr.]:Prominent;prominently. Enpressant[Fr.]:Pressingforward. Enretenant[Fr.]:Holdingback. Enchanez[Fr.]:Chain,restrain,secure;continue withoutpause. Encore[Fr.]:Again;inperformance,anadditional pieceorfragmentofmaterialperformedusually attherequestoftheaudience. Energico[It.]:Energetic,stirring,vigorous. Energique[Fr.]:Energetic,stirring,vigorous. Enfatico[It.]:Emphatic;emphatically. Enlevez[Fr.]:Takeoff. Entendre[Fr.]:Tohear. Entendu[Fr.]:Heard. Entfernt[Ger.]:Inthedistance,distant. Entrain[Fr.]:Pep,energy. Entscheiden[Ger.]:Decided,resolute. Entschlssen[Ger.]:Decided,resolute,determined. Epilogue[Fr.]:Concludingsection. Ergriffen[Ger.]:Moved,stirred. Erhaben[Ger.]:Sublime,noble. Erhabenheit[Ger.]:Sublimity,nobility. Erlschend[Ger.]:Extinguishing,dyingaway. Ermattend[Ger.]:Tiring,weakening. Ernst[Ger.]:Earnest,serious. Ernsthaft[Ger.]:Earnest,serious. Eroica[It.]:Heroic,heroically. Ersatz[Ger.]:Replacement,substitute. Ersterbend[Ger.]:Dyingaway. Erweitern[Ger.]:Expand,extend. Esercizio[It.]:Exercise,study. Espirando[It.]:Breathingout;expiring,dyingaway. Espressif[It.]:(espressivo)Withexpression. Espressione[It.]:Expression. Espressivo[It.]:(Espress.,Espr.)Withexpression. Estilo[Sp.]:Style. Estinguendo[It.]:Extinguishing,dyingaway. Estinto[It.]:Extinct,extinguished;barelyaudible. Estomp[Fr.]:Toneddown. Et[Fr.]:And. teindre[Fr.]:Toextinguish. touff[Fr.]:Hushed,muted,dampened. touffoir[Fr.]:Hushed,muted,dampened. Etude[Fr.]:Exercise,study. Etwas[Ger.]:Somewhat. Eutschlossen[Ger.]:Resolute,determined. Extrmement[Fr.]:Extremely. F[It.]:Abbreviationforforte;loud. Facile[It.]:Easy,simple. Facilmente[It.]:Easily,simply. Facultatif[Fr.]:Optional.

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Gehaucht[Ger.]:Whispered. Geheimnisvoll[Ger.]:Mysterious. Gehend[Ger.]:Mediumtempo. Geistlich[Ger.]:Sacred. Gekoppelt[Ger.]:Coupled. Gelassen[Ger.]:Calm,tranquil. Gemchlich[Ger.]:Leisurely,comfortably;slow. Gemssigt[Ger.]:Moderate. Gemendo[It.]:Moaning,lamenting. Gemessen[Ger.]:Measured. Genau[Ger.]:Exact,precise. Generalpause[Ger.]:(G.P.)Generalpause,arestfor allmusicians,usuallyunexpected. Gentile[It.]:Gentle,gently. Gesang[Ger.]:Song;singingly. Geschwind[Ger.]:Fast,quickly. Gesteigert[Ger.]:Increased,asinloudness. Gestopft[Ger.]:Plugged,stopped. Geteilt[Ger.]:Divided. Getragen[Ger.]:Sustained,slow,solemn. Getragen[Ger.]:Sustained,slow,solemn. Gewandt[Ger.]:Agile,quick. Gewandt[Ger.]:Agile. Gewhnlich[Ger.]:Usual;returntoprevious playingstyle. Giga[It.]:Dance,oftenin12/8time,originatingin IrelandandEngland. Giga[Sp.]:Dance,oftenin12/8time,originatingin IrelandandEngland. Gigue[Fr.]:(Jig)Dance,oftenin12/8time, originatinginIrelandandEngland. Giocoso[It.]:Joyous,merry. Giustamente[It.]:Just,precise. Giusto[It.]:Just,precise. Glnz[Ger.]:Shine,brightness,brilliant. Glnzend[Ger.]:Shine,brightness,brilliant. Gleichmssig[Ger.]:Uniform,even,equal. Gliss.:Abbreviationforglissandoorglisser;a continuousslidingmovementfromonepitchto another. Glissando[It.]:(gliss.)Slide;acontinuoussliding movementfromonepitchtoanother. Glisser[Fr.]:(gliss.)Slide;acontinuoussliding movementfromonepitchtoanother. Goioso[It.]:Joyous,merry. Gracieux[Fr.]:Graceful. Gracile[It.]:Wispy,delicate,delicately. Gradatamente[It.]:Gradually,littlebylittle. Gradito[It.]:Pleasing,pleasant. Gran[It.]:Grand,great. Grandezza[It.]:Greatness,magnitude.

Forte[It.]:(f)Loud. Fortepiano[It.]:(fp)Loudfollowedimmediatelyby soft. Fortissimo[It.]:(ff)Veryloud. Forza[It.]:Strength,force. Forzando[It.]:(fz)Forcing,forced;strongly accented. Forzato[It.]:(fz)Forcing,forced;stronglyaccented. Fp[It.]:Fortepiano;loudfollowedimmediatelyby soft. Freddo[It.]:Coldly,unemotional. Frei[Ger.]:Free,freely. Frescamente[It.]:Fresh,freshly. Fresco[It.]:Fresh,freshly. Frettevole[It.]:Hasty,hurried. Frettoloso[It.]:Hasty,hurried. Frettoso[It.]:Hasty,hurried. Frhliche[Ger.]:Joyous. Frulatto[It.]:Fluttertongue;thetongueistrilled againsttheroofofthemouthbehindthefront teeth. Fuga[Lat.]:SeeFugue. Fugue[Fr.]:Flight;acomplexandhighly regimentedcontrapuntalforminmusicwherea shorttheme(thesubject)isintroducedinone voice(orpart)alone,theninothers,with imitationandcharacteristicdevelopmentasthe pieceprogresses. Funebre[It.]:Funeral;statelyandploddingtempo Fuoco[It.]:Fire. Fuoco[It.]:Fire. Fuocoso[It.]:Fiery. Furia[It.]:Fury. Furioso[It.]:Furious. Fz[It.]:Abbreviationforforzandoorforzato; forcing,forced,stronglyaccented. G.P.:AbbreviationforGeneralpause Gai[Fr.]:Gay,lively;fast. Gaiement[Fr.]:Gay,lively;fast. Galop[Fr.]:Originallygaloppade;dancein2/4, originatinginParis;imitatingthegaitofahorse. Garbato[It.]:Polite,graceful,elegant. Garbo[It.]:Polite,graceful,elegant. Gaudioso[It.]:Joyfully. Gebunden[Ger.]:Legato,smooth. Gedmpft[Ger.]:Softened,dampened,muted. Gedehnt[Ger.]:Stretched,prolonged;slow. Gefllig[Ger.]:Pleasing,pleasant. Gefhlvoll[Ger.]:Sensitive,sentimental. Gegen[Ger.]:Against,contraryto. Gehalten[Ger.]:Sustained.

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Jusqu[Fr.]:Allthewayto,until,upto. K.[Ger.]:AbbreviationforKchelVerzeichnis; catalogofW.A.Mozartsworks,aspreparedby LudwigvonKchel. K.V.[Ger.]:AbbreviationforKchelVerzeichnis; catalogofW.A.Mozartsworks,aspreparedby LudwigvonKchel. Kammer[Ger.]:Chamber(Kammermusik:chamber music) Kirche[Ger.]:Church(Kirchenmusik:church music). Klagelied[Ger.]:Complaintsong;lament,elegy. Klagend[Ger.]:Complaining. Klglich[Ger.]:Pitiful. Klang[Ger.]:Sound,sonority. Klanglich[Ger.]:Sonorous. Klar[Ger.]:Clear,distinct. Klein[Ger.]:Small,little. Klingen[Ger.]:Sound. KchelVerzeichnis[Ger.]:CatalogofW.A. Mozartsworks,aspreparedbyLudwigvon Kchel. Konzert[Ger.]:Concert;concerto. Kornett[Ger.]:Cornet. Kornett[Ger.]:Cornet. Kraft[Ger.]:Power. Krftig[Ger.]:Strong. La[Fr.]:The. Lacrimoso[It.]:Tearfully,maudlin. Laisser[Fr.]:Let,allow. Lamentabile[It.]:Lamenting,whiny,wailing. Lamentando[It.]:Lamenting,whiny,wailing. Lamentoso[It.]:Lamenting,whiny,wailing. Lancio[It.]:Launch,spring. Langsam[Ger.]:Slow. Langsamer[Ger.]:Slow. Larga[Lat.]:In. Largamente[It.]:Wide,broad;slow. Largando[It.]:Broadening,becomingslower; sometimesaccompaniedwithincreasedvolume. Large[Fr.]:Wide,broad;slow. Larghetto[It.]:LessslowthanLargo. Larghissimo[It.]:Veryslow;slowerthanLargo. Largo[It.]:Wide,broad;slow. Lassen[Ger.]:Let. Laut[Ger.]:Loud;loudly. Lautre[Fr.]:Theother. Le[Fr.]:The,the. LePomedelextase[Fr.]:ThePoemofExtasy (SymphonyNo.4);majororchestralworkby AlexanderScriabin.

Grandioso[It.]:Grandiose,magnificent. Grave[It.]:Graveorsolemn;slow. Grazioso[It.]:Gracious,graceful. Grottesco[It.]:Grotesque;grotesquely. Gusto[It.]:Taste;tasteful,agreeable. Gustoso[It.]:Taste;tasteful,agreeable. Hardi[Fr.]:Bold,audacious. Hastig[Ger.]:Hasty,hurried. Heftig[Ger.]:Violent,impetuous. Heiter[Ger.]:Merry,cheerful. Hemiola[En.]:Theimpositionofarhythmical patternorarticulationwhichimpliesatime signatureotherthanthatwhichiswritten. Hervorgehoben[Ger.]:Emphasized,prominent. Hervortretrend[Ger.]:Forward,emphasized, prominent. Herzlich[Ger.]:Sincere,heartfelt,affected. Hinsterbend[Ger.]:Dyingaway. Hchst[Ger.]:Highly. Homophony[Lat.]:Literally,samesound;musical texturewithaclearmelodiclineaccompanied bychords(comparewithPolyphony). Hornpipe[En.]:Dance,oftenin3/2time,originating inEnglandandScotland. Hurtig[Ger.]:Nible,nimbly,agile. Iermouvt[Fr.]:Returntooriginaltempoaftersome deviationfromit. Immer[Ger.]:Always. Imperioso[It.]:Imperious. Impetuoso[It.]:Impetuous,impulsive. Improvvisato[It.]:Improvised,orasifimprovised. Imrpovvisando[It.]:Withimprovisation. Inaltissimo[It.]:Inthehighest;inpractice,playor singanoctavehigher. Inmoddi[It.]:Inthefashionof,inthestyleof. Incalzando[It.]:Persisting,pressingon. Incisif[Fr.]:Incisive,sharp,biting. Innig[Ger.]:Ardent,heartfelt,fervent. Insieme[It.]:Together. Insistendo[It.]:Insistently,deliberately. Intimo[It.]:Intimately. Intonation[En.]:Inmusic,thedegreeofprecisionof pitch. Irato[It.]:Irate,angrily. ISMN:AbbreviationforInternationalStandard MusicNumber. Jagdhorn[Ger.]:Huntinghorn. Jig[En.]:Dance,oftenin12/8time,originatingin IrelandandEngland. Joli[Fr.]:Pretty,lovely,handsome. Jouer[Fr.]:Playaround.

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Loco[It.]:Inplace;inpractive,areturntooriginal octaveafterpreviouslybeinginstructedtoplay anoctavehigherorlower. Lointain[Fr.]:Remote,faroff,distant. LOiseaudefeu[Fr.]:TheFirebird;majorballetby IgorStravinsky. Long[Fr.]:Long. Lontano[It.]:Distant. Lourd[Fr.]:Heavy. Luftpause[Ger.]:Breathing;apause,lift. Lugubre[Fr.,It.]:Lugubrious;gloomy,mournful. Luminoso[It.]:Luminous,luminously. Lunga[It.]:Long. Lungo[It.]:Long. Lusingando[It.]:Flatter,compliment. Lustig[Ger.]:Merry,joyous. Luttuosamente[It.]:Mournful. Luttuoso[It.]:Mournful. M.M.:AbbreviationforMaelzelsMetronome; indicatesbeatsperminute. Ma[It.]:But. Manontroppo[It.]:Butnottoomuch. Maestoso[It.]:Majestic. Maggiore[It.]:Majormode. Magico[It.]:Magically. Magnifico[It.]:Magnificent. Mais[Fr.]:But. Majeur[Fr.]:Majormode. Malinconico[It.]:Sad,melancholic. Mancando[It.]:Dyingorfadingaway. Marcatissimo[It.]:Heavilymarked,stressed, emphasized. Marcato[It.]:(Marc.)Marked,stressed,emphasized. Marcha[Sp.]:March. Marche[Fr.]:March. Marcia[It.]:March. Markiert[Ger.]:Marked,stressed,emphasized. Markig[Ger.]:Vigorous. Marqu[Fr.]:Marked,stressed,emphasized. Marsch[Ger.]:March. Martlement[Fr.]:Hammering. Martellato[It.]:Hammered. Marziale[It.]:March. Mssig[Ger.]:Moderateormoderately(also, mig). Mazurka[Pol.]:Dance,oftenin3/4or3/2time, characterizedbystrongaccentsonweakbeats, originatinginPoland. Medesimo[It.]:Same. Mehr[Ger.]:More. Melancolico[It.]:Melancholic,sad.

LeSacreduPrintemps[Fr.]:TheRiteofSpring; majororchestralworkbyIgorStravinsky. Lebendig[Ger.]:Living,lively. Lebhaft[Ger.]:Lively,brisk. Legato[It.]:Fastened,bound,tied;playedsmoothly withoutseparation. Lgr[Fr.]:Light,lightly. Lgr[Fr.]:Light,lightly. Lgrement[Fr.]:Light,lightly. Leggermente[It.]:Light,lightly. Leggero[It.]:Light,lightly. Leggiadramente[It.]:Graceful. Leggiadro[It.]:Graceful. Leggiero[It.]:Light,lightly. Leicht[Ger.]:Easy,easily. Leidenschaftlich[Ger.]:Passionate. Leise[Ger.]:Soft. Leitmotif[Ger.]:Leadingmotive;arecurring musicalfragment,oftenassociatedwith Wagnersoperaticworks. Leitmotiv[Ger.]:Leadingmotive;arecurring musicalfragment,oftenassociatedwith Wagnersoperaticworks. Lent[Fr.]:Slow. Lentamente[Fr.]:Slow. Lentamente[It.]:Slow. Lentement[Fr.]:Slow. Lenteur[Fr.]:Tardiness,slowness. Lentissimo[It.]:Extremelyslow. Lento[It.]:Slow. Les[Fr.]:The,them. Lhistoiredusoldat[Fr.]:SoldiersTale;major chamberworkbyIgorStravinsky. Libero[Fr.]:Freely. Libitum[Lat.]:Whim. Libre[Fr.]:Freely. Librement[Fr.]:Freely. Li[Fr.]:Fastened,bound,tied;playedsmoothly withoutseparation. Lietamente[It.]:Happy,joyful,pleased. Lieto[It.]:Happy,joyful,pleased. Lieve[It.]:Light,gentle,delicate. Lievemente[It.]:Light,gentle,delicate. Liscio[It.]:Smooth,plain. Listesso[It.]:Thesame;appliedtotempo, articulation,etc. Listessotempo[It.]:Thesametempo. Lostesso[It.]:Thesame;appliedtotempo, articulation,etc.

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Musica[Lat.]:Music. Musik[Ger.]:Music. Muta[It.]:Change(asinchangeoftuningorchange ofinstrument). Mutano[It.]:Change(asinchangeoftuningor changeofinstrument). Mutare[It.]:Change(asinchangeoftuningor changeofinstrument). Nachdrcklich[Ger.]:Emphatic,energetic. Nachlassend[Ger.]:Diminishing;alsorefersto slackeningoftempo. Narrante[It.]:Narratingly. Natural[En.]:Asymbolwhichcancelstheeffectofa sharporaflat. Naturale[Fr.]:Discontinueaspecialeffect. Naturtrompete[Ger.]:Naturaltrumpet. Nehmen[Ger.]:Take(asintakeuporpreparea differentinstrumentormute). Nicht[Ger.]:Not. Niente[Ger.]:Nothing;diminuendotonothing. Nimmt[Ger.]:Take(asintakeuporpreparea differentinstrumentormute). Nobile[It.]:Noble,nobly. Nobilmente[It.]:Noble,nobly. Nocturne[Fr.]:Night;amusicalpiecewrittenforthe night. Non[It.]:Not. Nonet[En.]:Ensembleofnineplayers. Noneto[Sp.]:(Nonet)Ensembleofnineplayers. Nonett[Ger.]:(Nonet)Ensembleofnineplayers. Nonette[Fr.]:(Nonet)Ensembleofnineplayers. Nonetto[It.]:(Nonet)Ensembleofnineplayers. Notturno[It.]:Nocturnal,ofthenight. Nourri[Fr.]:Fed,nourished. Obbligato[It.]:Obligatory;referstoanimportant accompanyingpartwhichisnottobeomitted. Obligat[Ger.]:Obligatory;referstoanimportant accompanyingpartwhichisnottobeomitted. Obra[Sp.]:Work. Octet[En.]:Ensembleofeightplayers. Octeto[Sp.]:(Octet)Ensembleofeightplayers. Octette[Fr.]:(Octet)Ensembleofeightplayers. Octuor[Fr.]:(Octet)Ensembleofeightplayers. Oeuvre[Fr.]:Work;usedtochronologicallycatalog acomposersworks. Oficleide[It.]:Analtoorbassbrassinstrument;the bassophicleideroughlyequatestoatuba,and itspartsare,intodaysworld,playedonthe tuba. Ohne[Ger.]:Without. Oktett[Ger.]:(Octet)Ensembleofeightplayers.

Meno[It.]:Less. Messe[Fr.]:Mass. Messe[Ger.]:Mass. Mesto[It.]:Mournful. Mesure[Fr.]:Measure,cadence,rhythm. Mesur[Fr.]:Measured. Mettere[Fr.]:Putorplace. Mettez[Fr.]:Putorplace. Mettre[Fr.]:Putorplace. Mezza[It.]:Half,medium,middle. Mezzo[It.]:Half,medium,middle. Mezzoforte[It.]:(mf)Mediumloud. Mezzopiano[It.]:(mp)Mediumsoft. Mezzosoprano[It.]:Mediumsoprano;Voicepart belowSopranoandaboveAlto. Mf[It.]:Abbreviationformezzoforte;medium loud. Militaire[Fr.]:Military,militarisitic. Militare[It.]:Military,militarisitic. Minacciosamente[It.]:Threatening,ominous. Minaccioso[It.]:Threatening,ominous. Mineur[Fr.]:Minormode. Minore[It.]:Minormode. Mise[Fr.]:Laid,set,placed. Missa[Lat.]:Mass. Misterioso[It.]:Mysterious. Misura[It.]:Meter,measure,beat. Mit[Ger.]:With. Mitte[Ger.]:Middle. Mobile[It.]:Flexible,changeable. Moderato[It.]:Moderatetempo. Modr[It.]:Moderatetempo. Modesto[It.]:Modest,modestly,unassuming. Modo[It.]:Manner. Mglich[Ger.]:Possible. Moins[Fr.]:Less. Moll[Ger.]:Minor. Molto[It.]:Very,much. Morceau[Fr.]:Piece,composition. Morendo[It.]:Dyingorfadingawayindynamics andpossibleintempo. Mormorando[It.]:Murmeringorwhispering. Mosso[It.]:Moved,agitated. Moto[It.]:Movement,motion. Mouvement[Fr.]:Movement,tempo,motion. Movimento[It.]:Movement,tempo,motion. Mp[It.]:Abbreviationformezzopiano;medium soft. Munter[Ger.]:Lively,brisk. Musette[Fr.]:Dance,characterizedbyadroning bass,originatinginFrance.

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Petit[Fr.]:Little. Peu[Fr.]:Littleinamount. Peupeu[Fr.]:Alittle. Pezzo[It.]:Piece,composition. Piacere,a[It.]:Attheperfomerspleasure. Piacevole[It.]:Pleasing,pleasant,charming. Piangendo[It.]:Crying,weeping,plaintive. Piangevole[It.]:Crying,weeping,plaintive. Pianissimo[It.]:(pp)Verysoft. Piano[It.]:(p)Soft. Pieno[It.]:Full. Pieza[Sp.]:Piece,composition. PinadiRoma[It.]:ThePinesofRome;major orchestralworkbyOttorinoRespighi(the secondofhissocalledRomanTrilogy). Pitchnames[En.]:SeeAppendixA. Pi[It.]:More. Piutosto[It.]:Rather. Placido[It.]:Placid,tranquil,sedate. Plainte[Fr.]:Lamenting,whiny,wailing. Planctus[Lat.]:Lamenting,whiny,wailing. Pltzlich[Ger.]:Suddenly. Plus[Fr.]:More. Pochettino[It.]:(Poch.)Verylittleinamount. Pochissimo[It.]:(pochiss.)Exremelylittle. Poco[It.]:Littleinamount. Pocoapoco[It.]:LittlebyLittle. Poi[It.]:Then,next. Pointdorgue[Fr.]:Fermata;cadenzaindicatedbya fermata. Polacca[It.]:Polonaise;inaPolishstyle;afestive processional. Polonaise[Fr.]:InaPolishstyle;afestive processional. Polyphony[Lat.]:Literally,manysounds;musical texturewithmultiplemelodiclinesperforming simultaneously. Pomposo[It.]:Pompous. Portamento[It.]:Acontinuousmovementfromone pitchtoanotherthroughoutalltheintervening pitches,withoutsoundinganydiscreetpitches. Portato[It.]:Carried;articulationlongerthan staccatobutshorterthanlegato. Pos.[Ger.]:Abbreviationforposuane;trombone. Posato[It.]:Reposed;rested,settled. Possible[Fr.]:Possible,feasible,likely,conceivable. Posthorn[Ger.]:Smallborebugleusedfor signaling. Posuane[Ger.]:(pos.)Trombone. Pour[Fr.]:For. Pp[It.]:Abbreviationforpianissimo;verysoft.

Omaggio[It.]:Homage,celebration. Op.[Lat.]:Abbreviationforopus;work;usedto chronologicallycatalogacomposersworks. Ophicleide[Fr.]:Analtoorbassbrassinstrument; thebassophicleideroughlyequatestoatuba, anditspartsare,intodaysworld,playedonthe tuba. Ophikleide[Ger.]:Analtoorbassbrassinstrument; thebassophicleideroughlyequatestoatuba, anditspartsare,intodaysworld,playedonthe tuba. Oppure[It.]:Or;usedtoindicateanalternative (usuallyeasier)versionofapassage. Opus[Lat.]:(op.)Work;usedtochronologically catalogacomposersworks. Ordinaire[Fr.]:Ordinary,normal. Ordinario[It.]:Ordinary,normal. Ossia[It.]:Or;usedtoindicateanalternative (usuallyeasier)versionofapassage. Ostinato[It.]:Obstinate;amusicalpatternplayed repeatedly. ter[Fr.]:Toremove(amute). Otetto[It.]:(Octet)Ensembleofeightplayers. tez[Fr.]:Toremove(amute). Ottava[It.]:Octave. Ottoni[It.]:Brass(stromentidottoni:brass instruments). Ou[Fr.]:Or. Ouvert[Fr.]:Open. P[It.]:Abbreviationforpiano;soft. Pacato[It.]:Placid,sedate. Padiglione[It.]:Bellofawindinstrument(asin padiglioneinalto:bellheldhigh). Parlando[It.]:Asifspoken,enunciated. Parlante[It.]:Asifspoken,enunciated. Partitur[Ger.]:Fullorchestralscore. Passionato[It.]:Passionate,passionately. Pastorale[It.]:Inapastoralstyle;peaceful,simple. Patetico[It.]:Pitiable,pathetic. Pathetique[Fr.]:Pitiable,pathetic. Pathetisch[Ger.]:Pitiable,pathetic. Pauroso[It.]:Cowardly,timid,fearful. Pausa[It.]:Pause,rest. Pavillon[Fr.]:Bellofawindinstrument(asin pavillonenlair:bellintheair). Penseroso[It.]:Pensively;thoughtfully, meditatively. Perdendosi[It.]:Dyingorfadingaway,intermsof dynamicsandsometimestempo. Perpetuo[It.]:Perpetual,unending. Pesante[It.]:Weighty,emphasized.

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Reprenez[Fr.]:Takeback,recapture. Restez[Fr.]:Stay;inpractice,toremainonanote. Restringendo[It.]:Pressingforward. Retard[En.]:Slowingdowngradually. Retenant[Fr.]:Heldback. Retenu[Fr.]:Heldback. Rf.,rfz.[It.]:Abbreviationforrinforzando; becominglouderquickly(moresothaninthe caseofacrescendo). Rhythm[Fr.]:Cadence,rhythm. Ridicolosamente[It.]:Ridiculously;humorously, innacurateandloose. Rigore[It.]:Rigorous,strict,precise. Rigoroso[It.]:Rigorous,strict,precise. Rilasciando[It.]:Free,release;slowingdown. Rinf.[It.]:Abbreviationforrinforzando;becoming louderquickly(moresothaninthecaseofa crescendo). Rinforzando[It.]:(rf.,rfz.,rinf.)Becominglouder quickly(moresothaninthecaseofacrescendo). Ripiano[Fr.]:(Ripeno,RepienoRip.orRep.)Also, repianoorripieno;tuttipart;specificcornetpart inabrassband. Riprendere[It.]:Toresume,continue(asinoriginal tempo). Risoluto[It.]:Resolute,resolved,unwavering. Ritard.,rit.[It.]:AbbreviationforRitardando. Ritardando[It.]:(ritard.,rit.)Slowingdown gradually. Riten.,rit.[It.]:AbbreviationforRitenuto. Ritenuto[It.]:Heldback;generallymoresudden thaninthecaseofaritardandoorrallentando. Ritmato[It.]:Rhythmic. Ritmico[It.]:Rhythmic. Ritmo[It.]:Rhythm. Romanza[It.]:Ballad,generallylesselaboratethan anaria. Romanze[Ger.]:Ballad,generallylesselaborate thananaria. Rondeau[Fr.]:Musicalformwithmultiplesections, usuallyreturningtoarecurringrefrain; typically,theformisABACAorABACABA. Rondo[It.]:Musicalformwithmultiplesections, usuallyreturningtoarecurringrefrain; typically,theformisABACAorABACABA. Rubato[It.]:Steal;asinstealtime;speedingupand slowingdownforexpressivepurposes. Ruhig[Ger.]:Quiet,calm,tranquil. Ruvido[It.]:Rough,course. Sackbut[Ger.]:Earlytrombone. Sanft[Ger.]:Soft.

Prcdente[Fr.]:Precedinig,previousto. Precipitato[It.]:Plunge,hurry,rush. Prenda[It.]:Take,get. Prendere[It.]:Take(asintakeuporpreparea differentinstrumentormute). Prendre[Fr.]:Take(asintakeuporpreparea differentinstrumentormute). Pressant[Fr.]:Pressing,quickening. Pressant[Fr.]:Pressing,quickening;urgent. Pressante[It.]:Pressing,quickening. Prestissimo[It.]:Asfastaspossible. Presto[It.]:Veryfast. Primavolta[It.]:Firsttime;firstending. Primo[It.]:First. Principale[It.]:LowrangeoftheBaroque(natural) trumpet(thehighrangeiscalledtheclarino). Progessivement[Fr.]:Progessively,gradually,step bystep. Prontamente[It:Quick. Pronto[It.]:Quick. Quartet[En.]:Ensembleoffourplayers. Quartett[Ger.]:(Quartet)Ensembleoffourplayers. Quartetto[It.]:(Quartet)Ensembleoffourplayers. Quasi[It.]:Almost,moreorless. Quatuor[Fr.]:(Quartet)Ensembleoffourplayers. Quintet[En.]:Ensembleoffiveplayers. Quinteto[Sp.]:(Quintet)Ensembleoffiveplayers. Quintette[Fr.]:(Quintet)Ensembleoffiveplayers. Quintette[Ger.]:(Quintet)Ensembleoffiveplayers. Quintetto[It.]:(Quintet)Ensembleoffiveplayers. Quintuor[Fr.]:(Quintet)Ensembleoffiveplayers. R.:Abbreviationforripieno,rcitativeor ritardando. Rabbia[It.]:Anger,rage,fury. Raddolcendo[It.]:Becomingsofter,sweeter. Raffrenando[It.]:Slowingdown. Ralentir[Fr.]:Slowdown. Rallentando[It.]:(rall.)Slowingdown. Rapido[It.]:Rapidly,fast. Rasch[Ger.]:Quick. Rattenando[It.]:Heldback. Rattenuto[It.]:Heldback. Ravvivando[It.]:Quickening,brightening. Recueilli[Fr.]:Contemplative. Rel[Fr.]:Real,actual. Religioso[It.]:Religiously. Remettez[Fr.]:Remove. Remettre[Fr.]:Remove. Renforcer[Fr.]:Reinforce,strengthen. Repente[It.]:Suddenly. Reposato[It.]:Rest,withrepose.

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Sensible[Fr.]:Sensitive;sensitively. Sentimento[It.]:Feeling. Sentito[It.]:Felt. Senza[It.]:Without. Sparez[Fr.]:Separated. Septet[En.]:Ensembleofsevenplayers. Septeto[Sp.]:(Septet)Ensembleofsevenplayers. Septett[Ger.]:(Septet)Ensembleofsevenplayers. Septetto[It.]:(Septet)Ensembleofsevenplayers. Septuor[Fr.]:(Septet)Ensembleofsevenplayers. Serioso[It.]:Serious. Serrant[It.]:Becomingfaster. Sestetto[It.]:(Sextet)Ensembleofsixplayers. Seul[Fr.]:Alone;apassageorentirepiecetobe playedbyoneplayeronly. Seule[Fr.]:Onlyjust,solely,notmorethan. Seulement[Fr.]:Onlyjust,solely,notmorethan. Sextet[En.]:Ensembleofsixplayers. Sexteto[Sp.]:(Sextet)Ensembleofsixplayers. Sextette[Fr.]:(Sextet)Ensembleofsixplayers. Sextette[Ger.]:(Sextet)Ensembleofsixplayers. Sextuor[Fr.]:(Sextet)Ensembleofsixplayers. Sf.[It.]:Abbreviationforsforzandoorsforzato; forcing,forced,accented,loud. Sfogato[It.]:Giveventto,expresswithoutrestraint. Sforzando[It.]:(sf)Forcing,forced,accented,loud. Sforzandopiano[It.]:(sfp)Loudattackfollowed directlybysoft. Sforzato[It.]:(sfp)Forcing,forced,accented,loud. Sfp.[It.]:Abbreviationforsforzandopiano;loud attackfolloweddirectlybysoft. Sfz[It.]:Abbreviationforsforzandoorsofrzato; forcing,forced,accented,loud. Sharp[En.]:Asymbolthatraisesthepitchbyahalf step;alsoreferstodescribetheintonationofa performerorgroupofperformerswhenthe soundistoohighbysomedegree. Siciliana[It.]:ASiciliandancein12/8or6/8meter withaslow,gracefulmelody. Silence[Fr.]:Rest,quiet,hush. Silenzio[It.]:Rest,quiet,hush. Simile[It.]:Inasimilarfashion. Simili[It.]:Inasimilarfashion. Sin[It.]:Since. SinalFine[It.]:Upuntiltheend. SinalSegno[It.]:Upuntilthesignormark. Singend[Ger.]:Singing. Singhiozzando[It.]:Hiccup. Slancio[It.]:Momentum,impetus. Slargando[It.]:Broadening,becomingslower; sometimesaccompaniedwithincreasedvolume.

Sans[Fr.]:Without. Scatenato[It.]:Unchained,crazy,wildly. Schall[Ger.]:Sound. Schalltrichter[Ger.]:Bellofawindinstrument(asin schalltrichterauf:bellup). Scherzando[It.]:Playful. Scherzevole[It.]:Playful,jokingly. Scherzhaft[It.]:Playful. Scherzo[It.]:Playful,jokingly;aplayfulorjoking musicalform. Scherzoso[It.]:Playful. Schiettamente[It.]:Straightforward,honest, unsophisticated. Schietto[It.]:Straightforward,honest, unsophisticated. Schleppen[Ger.]:Todrag. Schlummerlied[Ger.]:Slumbersong. Schluss[Ger.]:Conclusion. Schlssel[Ger.]:Clef;seeAppendixB. Schmachtend[Ger.]:Languishing. Schmeichelnd[Ger.]:Flatter,compliment. Schmerzlich[Ger.]:Painful,sad. Schmetternd[Ger.]:Blaring,brassy;usuallyin referencetothehornsection. Schnell[Ger.]:Fast. Schneller[Ger.]:Faster. Schrittmssig[Ger.]:Measured;moderatelyslow tempo. Schtteln[Ger.]:Toshake. Schwach[Ger.]:Weak,soft. Schwcher[Ger.]:Weaker,softer. Schweigen[Ger.]:Tobesilent. Schwer[Ger.]:Heavy,ponderous. Schwindend[Ger.]:Dyingorfadingaway. Schwungvoll[Ger.]:Spirited,energetic. Sciolto[It.]:Freeandeasy,unconstrained. Scorrendo[It.]:Flowing. Scorrevole[It.]:Flowing. Sec[Fr.]:Dry,short. Secco[It.]:Dry,short. Secondavolta[It.]:Secondtime,secondending. Secondo[It.]:Second. Seelenvoll[Ger.]:Soulful. Segno[It.]:Sign,mark. Segue[It.]:Follows;indicatesthatthenextsectionof apieceshouldfollowimmediately. Sehnsucht[Ger.]:Longing. Sehr[Ger.]:Very. Semplice[It.]:Simple,plain. Semplicit[It.]:Simplicity,ease,informality. Sempre[It.]:Always.

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Spirito[It.]:Spirit. Spiritoso[It.]:Spirit. Spumante[It.]:Sparkling. Squillante[It.]:Shrill,resonantly. Staccatissimo[It.]:Veryseparated,verydetached. Staccato[It.]:(stacc.)Separated,detached. Stark[Ger.]:Strong,loud. Strker[Ger.]:Stronger,louder. Steigern[Ger.]:Increase,intensify,asinloudness. Stendando[It.]:Slowing,stretching. Stentando[It.]:Halting. Stentato[It.]:Halting. Sterben[Ger.]:Dyingorfadingaway. Steso[It.]:Lyingdown;referstoslowtempo. Stesso[It.]:Same. Stil[Ger.]:Style. Stile[It.]:Style. Stimme[Ger.]:Part. Stimmen[Ger.]:Pluralofstimme;parts. Stimmung[Ger.]:Mood Stinguendo[It.]:Dyingorfadingaway. Straff[Ger.]:Tight,rigid,strict. Straziante[It.]:Heartbreaking,agonizing. Streng[Ger.]:Severe,strict. Strepitoso[It.]:Resounding,noisy. Stretto[It.]:Tight,narrow;fasterorhasteningahead; apassageinafugueinwhichthecontrapuntal figurescloselyoverlapooneanotherindifferent voices. Stringendo[It.]:Pressingforward. Strisciando[It.]:Slide;acontinuoussliding movementfromonepitchtoanother. Stromentidottoni[It.]:Brassinstruments. Stck[Ger.]:Piece,composition. Strze[Ger.]:Bellofawindinstrument(asinstrze hoch:bellhigh). Style[Fr.]:Style. Subito[It.]:Immediately,suddenly. Sul[It.]:Onthe,overthe. Sur[Fr.]:On. Sussurando[It.]:Whispering. Svelto[It.]:Fleet,nimble. Syncopation[En.]:Rhythmicdevicewhereby normallynonemphasizedbeatsareaccentedin someway. Syncope[En.]:Anaccentednotewhichtakesplace onanormallynonemphasizedbeat. Tacet[Lat.]:Silent;donotplay. Takt[Ger.]:Beat;meaure;meter. Taktmssig[Ger.]:Instricttempo. Taktmesser[Ger.]:Metronome.

Slentando[It.]:Slowingdown. Sminuendo[It.]:Decreasinginvolume. Smorzando[It.]:(smorz.)Dyingorfadingaway,in dynamic andusuallytempoaswell. Snello[It.]:Slender,agile,graceful. So[Ger.]:So. Soave[It.]:Gentle,sweet,soft. Sofort[Ger.]:Immediately;asinproceedtothe followingmovementwithoutpause. Sognando[It.]:Dreamy. Solenne[It.]:Solemn,stately. Solennel[Fr.]:Grave,solemn. Soli[It.]:Withinanensemble,thisreferstopassage tobeplayedbyasmallgrouporsection. Solo[It.]:Alone;apassageorentirepiecetobe playedbyoneplayeronly. Son[Fr.]:Sound. Sonata[It.]:Amusicalworkforsoloinstrument(s) inthreeormoremovements. Sonate[Ger.]:Sonata;amusicalworkforsolo instrument(s)inthreeormoremovements.. Sonatina[It.]:Alittlesonata. Sonatine[Sp.]:Alittlesonata. Sonnerie[Fr.]:Ringing;asignalplayedbybells(or sometimestrumpets). Sonoramente[It.]:Sonorous. Sonore[It.]:Sonorous. Sonoro[It.]:Sonorous. Sopra[It.]:Above,onover. Soprano[It.]:Thehighestofthefourstandardvoice ranges(soprano,alto,tenor,bass). Sordina[Sp.]:Mute. Sordine[It.]:Mute. Sordino[It.]:Mute. Sospirando[It.]:Sighing,heaveasigh. Sostenendo[It.]:Sustained,sustaining. Sostenuto[It.]:Sustained,sustaining. Sotto[It:Under,below. Sottovoce[It.]:Undertone,subdued. Soupirant[Fr.]:Sighing,heaveasigh. Sourd[Fr.]:Low,muffled,muted. Sourd.[Fr.]:Abbreviationforsourdine;mute. Sourdine[Fr.]:Mute. Sourdine[It.]:Mute. SourdineBol[Fr.]:Cupmute. Soutenu[Fr.]:Sustained,sustaining. Spasshafte[Ger.]:Funny. Sperdendosi[It.]:Dyingorfadingaway. Spiccato[It.]:Jump;distinct,separatedarticulation. Spienato[It.]:Level,smooth,even. Spirando[It.]:Expiring,dyingaway.

GlossaryofMusicalTerms

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TodundVerklrung[Ger.]:Deathand Transfiguration;majororcheatralwork(tone poem)byRichardStrauss. Tonfarbe[Ger.]:Tonecolor,timbre. Tosto[It.]:Quickly,immediately. Tpt.:Abbreviationfortrumpet. Traner[Fr.]:Todrag. Traner[Fr.]:Lounge,mope,dragalong. Tranquillo[It.]:Quiet,peaceful. Trascinando[It.]:Dragging. Trascinare[It.]:Todrag. Trattenuto[It.]:Drawnout,retained,heldback. Tratto[It.]:Drawout. Trauermarsch[Ger.]:Funeralmarch. Trauermusik[Ger.]:Funeralmusic. Trauernd[Ger.]:Mournful,lamenting. Trumerisch[Ger.]:Dreamy. Traurig[Ger.]:Sad. Travailler[Fr.]:Work,workon,practice. Treibend[Ger.]:Driving. Trs[Fr.]:Very. Tripletongue[En.]:Useoftwoconsonantsinfast articulationoftripletsonbrassinstrumentsand somewoodwinds;twopatternsmaybeused: tahtahkah(mostcommon)andtahkahtah (alsoknownasutilityorfanfaretongue). Triste[It.]:Sad,dolorous. Tromba[It.]:Trumpet. Trombn[Sp.]:Trombone. Trompeta[Sp.]:Trumpet. Trompete[Ger.]:Trumpet. Trompette[Fr.]:Trumpet. Tronca[It.]:Cutoff. Trop[Fr.]:Toomuch. Trpt.:Abbreviationfortrumpet. Tuba[Lat.]:InancientRome,along,straightnatural trumpet,usedformilitarypurposes. Tutti[It.]:All;allplayerstogether. ber[Ger.]:Over,above,super. bung[Ger.]:Study. Un[It.]:One,a,an. Unpeu[Fr.]:Alittle. Unpoco[It.]:Alittle. Unbetont[Ger.]:Unstressed,notaccented. Une[Fr.]:One,a,an. Ungebunden[Ger.]:Unbound,freely,unrestrained. Ungeduldig[Ger.]:Impatient. Ungestm[Ger.]:Impetuous,impulsive. Ungezwungen[Ger.]:Unconstrained,freely. Unheimlich[Ger.]:Uncanny,uneasy. Unis.[En.]:Abbreviationforunison;samepitch.

Taktstrich[Ger.]:Measureline. Tanto[It.]:Somuch. Tanz[Ger.]:Dance. Tarantella[It.]:Dance,usuallyin6/8time, originatinginsouthernItaly. Tardamente[It.]:Dull;referstoaslowtempo. Tardando[It.]:Increasinglydull;referstoaslowing tempo. Tardo[It.]:Dull;referstoaslowtempo. Tema[It.]:Theme,subject,topic. Tempestoso[It.]:Stormy,tempestuous. Tempo[It.]:Time;thespeed/pulseofapieceof music. Tempodimarcia[It.]:Marchtempo. Tempodivalse[It.]:Waltztempo. Tempogiusto[It.]:Strict.precisetime. TempoI[Fr.,Ger.,It.]:(alsoTempoI)Returnto originaltempoaftersomedeviationfromit. Tempoordinario[It.]:Commontime(4/4); moderatetempo. TempoPrimo[It.]:Returntooriginaltempoafter somedeviationfromit. Temporubato[It.]:Robbedtime;speedingupand slowingdownforexpressivepurposes. TempoUno[It.]:Returntooriginaltempoafter somedeviationfromit. Temps[Fr.]:Time. Ten.[It.]:Abbreviationfortenuto;keep,hold,grip; sustainwithoutdetachment. Teneramente[It.]:Tenderly. Tenerezza[It.]:Tenderness. Tenor[It.]:Oneofthefourstandardvoiceranges, belowAltoandaboveBass(soprano,alto,tenor, bass). Tenuto[It.]:Keep,hold,grip;sustainwithout detachment. Ternary[Lat.]:Consistingofthreeparts;inmusic,a formconsistingofthreeparts:ABA. Tessitura[It.]:Generallyusedtoidentifythemost commonrangewithinapieceofmusic. Thme[Fr.]:Theme,motive. Thetic[Lat.]:Describesaphrasebeginnningonthe downbeatofthefirstmeasure. TillEulenspiegelslustigeStreiche[Ger.]:Till EulenspiegelsMerryPranks;majororchestral work(tonepoem)byRichardStrauss. Timbre[Lat.]:Thequalityofamusicaltonethat distinguishesvoices,instrumentsandindividual performers. Tirando[It.]:Pull,stretch,drag.

GlossaryofMusicalTerms

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Volont[Fr.]:Flying,gliding. Volta[It.]:Time. Volti[It.]:Page. Voltisubito[It.]:Turnquickly. Vorbereiten[Ger.]:Prepare. Vorher[Ger.]:Previously. Vorspiel[Ger.]:Prelude,overture. Vortrag[Ger.]:Presentation,interpretation. Vorwrts[Ger.]:Forward,continue. Vorwrtsdrngend[Ger.]:Becomingfaster;faster. Wachsend[Ger.]:Growing. Waltz[En.]:Dancein3/4time,originatingin Vienna,Austria. Walzer[Ger.]:Dancein3/4time,originatingin Vienna,Austria. Wrme[Ger.]:Warm. Wechsel[Ger.]:Change(asinchangeoftuningor changeofinstrument). Wehmtig[Ger.]:Melancholy. Weich[Ger.]:Soft,delicate. Weinachtsoratorium[Ger.]:ChristmasOratorio; majorwork(oratorio)fororchestra,chorusand soloistsbyJohannSebastianBach. Wenig[Ger.]:Few,little. Weniger[Ger.]:Fewer,less. Wie[Ger.]:As,like. Wolno[Pol.]:Loose,slowly. Wuchtig[Ger.]:Mighty,vigorous. Wrdig[Ger.]:Worthy,dignified. Wtend[Ger.]:Furiously. Zhlzeit[Ger.]:Beat;meaure;meter. Zart[Ger.]:Tender,delicate,delicately. Zartheit[Ger.]:Tenderness,delicateness. Zrtlich[Ger.]:Tenderness,delicateness. Zarckhalten[Ger.]:Slowingdown. Zsur[Ger.]:Pause. Zelo[It.]:Zeal,zealous,zealously. Zelosamente[It.]:Zeal,zealous,zealously. Zeloso[It.]:Zeal,zealous,zealously. Ziehen[Ger.]:Drawnout,retained,heldback. Ziemlich[Ger.]:Fairly,quite,rather. Zitternd[Ger.]:Trembling,referstotremolos. Zgern[Ger.]:Doubtful,hesitating. Zu[Ger.]:Totoward. Zuerst[Ger.]:First. Zunge[Ger.]:Tongue.

Unison[En.]:Samepitch. Unisono[It.]:Samepitch. Uniti[It.]:United,joined. Unmerklich[Ger.]:Imperceptible. Unruhig[Ger.]:Restless. Unter[Ger.]:Below,under. Urtext[Ger.]:Denotesatextpresumedtobeinthe originalstate,withoutanyeditionsofanykind. Utsupra[Lat.]:Asabove,asbefore. Utilitytongue[En.]:(Fanfaretongue)Tripletongue usingtahkahtahpattern;saidtoprovidemore evenandpreciserhythm. V.S.[It.]:Abbreviationforvoltisubito;turnquickly. V.S.[It.]:AbbreviationforVoltisubito. Valse[Fr.]:Waltz;dancein3/4time,originatingin Vienna,Austria. Valse[Sp.]:Dancein3/4time,originatinginVienna, Austria. Valzer[It.]:Dancein3/4time,originatinginVienna, Austria. Varnderungen[Ger.]:Variations. Veloce[It.]:Quick,swift. Velocemente[It.]:Quick,swift. Velocissimo[It.]:Asquicklyaspossible. Vent[Fr.]:Windinstrument. Verhallend[Ger.]:Dyingorfadingaway. Verlag[Ger.]:Publishinghouse. Verlschend[Ger.]:Extinguishing,dyingaway. Vermindert[Ger.]:Diminishes. Verschwindend[Ger.]:Disappearing. Verstrken[Ger.]:Reinforce,strengthen. Via[It.]:Away. Vibrant[Fr.]:Vibrating. Vibrato[It.]:Pulsate,resonate;afluctuationinpitch usedtoenlivenandenrichthesound. Vif[Fr.]:Lively,brisk. Vif[Fr.]:Lively,brisk. Vingt[Fr.]:Twenty. Virtuosit[Fr.]:Virtuosity. Vite[Fr.]:Fast. Vitement[Fr.]:Fast. Vittorioso[It.]:Victoriously. Vivace[It.]:Lively,brisk. Vivacissimo[It.]:Verylivelyandbrisk. Vivamente[It.]:Lively,brisk. Vivement[Fr.]:Lively,brisk. Vivo[It.]:Lively,brisk. Voce[It.]:Voice,part. Voil[Fr.]:Veiled. Volante[It.]:Flying,gliding. Voll[Ger.]:Fullof,filledwith.

GlossaryofMusicalTerms

PitchNames

AppendixA

BelowisatableshowingthepitchnamingsystemsinEnglish,French,German,ItalianandSpanish.Afterthat areshowncodificationsinthoselanguagesforsharps,flats,doublesharps,doubleflatsandnaturals.

PitchNames

English German French Italian Spanish

C C ut do do

D D r re re

E E** mi mi mi

F F fa fa fa

G G sol sol sol

A A** la la la

B H* si si si

*IntheGermansystem,HcorrespondswithBnatural,whileBflatisshownasBs. **IntheGermansystem,EflatisshownasEsandAflatisshownasAs.

SharpsandFlats
(usingCastheexample)

MusicNotation English German French Italian Spanish

Csharp Cis utdise dodiesis dosostenido

Cflat Ces utbmol dobemolle dobemol

DoublesharpsandDoubleflats
(usingCastheexample)

MusicNotation English German French Italian Spanish

X Cdoublesharp Cisis utdoubledise dodoppiodiesis dodoblesostenido

Cdoubleflat Ceses utdoublebmol dodoppiobemolle dodoblebemol

Naturals

MusicNotation English German French Italian Spanish

natural bcarre auflsungszeichen/quadrat bequadro becuadro

GlossaryofMusicalTerms

Clef

AppendixB

Clefsareplacedattheleftsideofamusicalstafftoestablishareferencepointfor the position of a particular pitch. At left are the four primary clefs. The G clef showsthelocationoftheGastheonlystaffpositionwhichiscrossedthreetimes (note the spiral figure in the middle). The C clef brackets the position of Middle C (directly in the middle of the figure). The F clef locates the F between two points. The neutral clef, or percussion clef, indicates no definite pitch and is used for percussion or otherwise indefinitepitched purposes. To the right are the five most commonlyseen clefs in modern common practice music. The treble clef is, far and away, the most often used, followed closely by the bass clef. The alto and tenor clefs are less common, mostly used in writing for viola, cello, bassoon and trombone. The neutral clef, as previously mentioned, usually is found onlyinpercussionparts.

Gclef
(middleCisindicatedineachexample)

(a)sopranotrebleclef;(b)Frenchviolinclef;(c)trebleclef(common);(d)tenortrebleclef(relativelycommon)

Cclef
(middleCisindicatedineachexample)

(a)sopranoclef,descantclef;(b)mezzosopranoclef;(c)altoclef(common);(d)tenorclef(common);(e)baritoneclef

Fclef
(middleCisindicatedineachexample)

(a)baritoneclef;(b)bassclef(common);(c)subbassclef;(d)contrabassclef