Communicable Disease - an infectious disease transmissible (as from person to person) by direct contact with an affected individual or the

individual's discharges or by indirect means (as by a vector) Contagious Disease - an infectious disease communicable by contact with one who has it, with a bodily discharge of such a patient, or with an object touched by such a patient or by bodily discharges Infectious Disease - a disease caused by the entrance into the body of organisms (as bacteria, protozoans, fungi, or viruses) which grow and multiply there. Sporadic - occurring occasionally, singly, or in scattered instances - arising or occurring randomly with no known cause Endemic - restricted or peculiar to a locality or region Epidemic - affecting or tending to affect an atypically large number of individuals within a population, community, or region at the same time <typhoid was epidemic> - of, relating to, or constituting an epidemic <coronary diseasehas hit epidemic proportions Pandemic - occurring over a wide geographic area and affecting an exceptionally high proportion of the population <pandemic malaria> <pandemic influenza> DHF Peak Age: Dengue occurrence is sporadic throughout the year. Epidemic usually occurs during the rainy seasons June November. Peak months are September and October. DHF are observed most exclusively among children of the indigenous population under 15 years of age. Occurrence is greatest in the areas of high Aedis Aegypti prevalence. Some source is a vector mosquito, the Aedes Aegypti or the common household mosquito 1.) Tourniquet Test (Rumpel Leads Tests) Inflate the blood pressure cuff on the upper arm to a point midway between the systolic and diastolic pressure for 5 minutes Release cuff and make an imaginary 2.5 cm square or 1 inch just below the cuff, at the antecubital fossa Count the number of petechiae inside the box (10-20) A test is (+) when 2 or more petechiae per 2.5 cm square or 1 inch square are observed

Diet: Low fat, low fiber, non-irritating, non-carbonated Tuberculosis, commonly known as TB, is a bacterial infection that can spread through the lymph nodes and bloodstream to any organ in your body. It is most often found in the lungs. Most people who are exposed to TB never develop symptoms because the bacteria can live in an inactive form in the body. But if the immune system weakens, such as in people with HIV or elderly adults, TB bacteria can become active. In their active state, TB bacteria cause death of tissue in the organs they infect. Active TB disease can be fatal if left untreated. PPD: After 48-72 hours, you must return to your doctor's office. The doctor or nurse will check the area to see if you have had a strong reaction to the test. Definitive Test: Mantoux test After Mantoux test: Chest X-ray Rubeola: an acute contagious disease that is caused by a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus (species Measles virus), that commences with catarrhal symptoms, conjunctivitis, cough, and Koplik's spots on the oral mucous membrane, and that is marked by the appearance on the third or fourth day of an eruption of distinct red circular spots which coalesce in a crescentic form, are slightly raised, and after the fourth day of the eruption gradually declinecalled also rubeola b : any of various eruptive diseases (as German measles) : Infestation with or disease caused by larval tapeworms in the muscles and tissues; specifically: infestation of cattle and swine with cysticerci of tapeworms that as adults parasitize humanscompare measle : Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can be very serious or even fatal. It begins with a fever that lasts for a couple of days, followed by a cough, runny nose, and conjunctivitis (pink eye). A rash starts on the face and upper neck, spreads down the back and trunk, then extends to the arms and hands, as well as the legs and feet. After about five days, the rash fades in the same order it appeared. Serious complications of measles include pneumonia and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). Difference: The rash of rubella (German measles) is pink or light red, spotted, and lasts up to three days. Other symptoms may include one to two days of a mild fever, swollen lymph nodes and joint swelling. The rash of rubeola (regular measles) is a full-body red or reddishbrown rash. However the first symptom is usually a hacking cough, runny nose and high fever. Isolation Precautions Patients suspected of having measles should be masked immediately. If a surgical mask cannot be worn, other methods of source containment should be used (e.g., entering through back or side door and immediately placed in examination room).

Suspect measles patients should be scheduled for appointments at the end of the day. Suspect measles patients should not be allowed to wait in the common waiting area or other common areas. They should be isolated immediately in an airborne infection isolation room if one is available. If not available, the patient should be placed in a private room and the door should be closed. Susceptible visitors should not be allowed in the patient room. The only healthcare personnel that should be allowed in the patient exam room are those with documentation of 2 doses of live measles vaccine or laboratory evidence of immunity (measles IgG positive).

Precautions Do not use the examination room for at least two hours after the patient has left the room. Staff and other patients who were in the area during the time of a suspect measles patient visit (and for 2 hours afterwards) should be documented. If measles is confirmed in the suspect case, the exposed individuals will need to be assessed for measles immunity. If the patient is referred for additional clinical evaluation or laboratory testing regarding the suspected measles status, the referred facility or laboratory should be notified. Instruct the suspected measles patient or other exposed persons to inform all healthcare providers of the possibility of measles infection prior to visiting that facility. Proper infection control precautions will need to be implemented. Referrals should not be made to outside facilities or laboratories unless appropriate infection control measures can be implemented at those locations. Chicken Pox: Chickenpox (varicella) is a common illness that causes an itchy rash and red spots or blisters (pox) all over the body. It is most common in children, but most people will get chickenpox at some point in their lives if they have not had the chickenpox vaccine. What causes chickenpox, and how is it spread? Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It can spread easily. You can get it from an infected person who sneezes, coughs, or shares food or drinks. You can also get it if you touch the fluid from a chickenpox blister. A person who has chickenpox can spread the virus even before he or she has any symptoms. Chickenpox is most easily spread from 2 to 3 days before the rash appears until all the blisters have crusted over. You are at risk for chickenpox if you have never had the illness and have not had the chickenpox vaccine. If someone you live with gets chickenpox, your risk is even higher because of the close contact.

Itching: In immunocompetent children no specific therapy is indicated. Symptomatic treatment consists of Calamine lotion, cool compresses, and possibly oral antihistamines at night to improve sleep. Keeping the skin cool may reduce the number of lesions. Scratching increases the risk of secondary bacterial infection - cut the child's nails short at the first sign of the disease. Avoid aspirin. Aciclovir is indicated in children with impaired immunity, certain neonates (see diagram), and possibly severe eczema. Malaria Diagnostic Test: Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test Complications: Cerebral malaria. If parasite-filled blood cells block small blood vessels to your brain (cerebral malaria), swelling of your brain or brain damage may occur. Cerebral malaria may cause coma. Breathing problems. Accumulated fluid in your lungs (pulmonary edema) can make it difficult to breathe. Organ failure. Malaria can cause your kidneys or liver to fail, or your spleen to rupture. Any of these conditions can be life-threatening. Severe anemia. Malaria damages red blood cells, which can result in severe anemia. Low blood sugar. Severe forms of malaria itself can cause low blood sugar, as can quinine one of the most common medications used to combat malaria. Very low blood sugar can result in coma or death. Malaria may recur Some varieties of the malaria parasite, which typically cause milder forms of the disease, can persist for years and cause relapses. How Does Mumps Transmission Occur? The mumps virus resides in the mucus in the nose and throat of the infected person, along with the saliva. When that person sneezes or coughs, droplets spray into the air. The infected mucus can land in other people's noses or throats when they breathe or put their fingers in their mouth, nose, or eyes after handling an infected surface. What food is good for mumps? Mumps commonly affects children between the ages of five and twelve. It is a viral infection that manifests as swollen salivary glands. Adults may also contract mumps if they have not been inoculated against the virus. Mumps is generally rampant during the period between the end of winter and the beginning of spring. If you have been infected by the mumps virus once, the condition generally doesnt recur. Therefore, a fluid diet is recommended for the first few days of mumps. A diet for measles should ideally include plenty of water, fruit juices, soups and broths. However, citrus fruits tend to aggravate symptoms of mumps. It is thus best to avoid citrus fruits if you are suffering from mumps.

Moreover, citrus fruits contribute to the production of acidity and should thus be excluded from a mumps healing diet. However, vitamin C is a necessary component for a mumps diet and citrus fruits are rich in vitamin C. You should therefore include foods like cantaloupes and mangoes to compensate for vitamin C in a mumps healing diet. The fluid diet should be followed with a soft diet that is easy to chew and swallow. Swelling and throat irritation are mumps symptoms that take some time to recede. Thus, a soft diet should be maintained for a few days after a fluid diet. A soft diet includes foods like rice porridge and runny oatmeal. Such foods are easy to swallow and easy to digest. Avoid meat in a mumps healing diet as this is very difficult to digest and swallow. You should also avoid processed foods in a diet for treating mumps as such foods are not only difficult to digest, but are filled with additives that may be potentially harmful at time when your immunity is compromised. In addition, oily and fatty foods tend to aggravate mumps symptoms. Avoid all oily foods while caring for mumps symptoms. Certain spices are very beneficial in a mumps treatment diet. Spices like black pepper help alleviate symptoms of mumps. Ginger and garlic are also very effective in the treatment of mumps. Include generous quantities of garlic and ginger in a mumps healing diet.

Vaccine of Epidemic Parotitis: Mumps vaccine is the best way to prevent mumps. This vaccine is included in the combination measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) and measles-mumpsrubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccines. Two doses of mumps vaccine are 88% (range: 66-95%) effective at preventing the disease; one dose is 78% (range: 49%92%) effective. Complication of Mumps in Boys: In teenage males and men, complications such as infertility or subfertility are more common, although still rare in absolute terms. Incubation Period of Mumps: The average incubation period for mumps is 16-18 days, with a range of 1225 days. Fever may persist for 34 days and parotitis, when present, usually lasts 710 days. Persons with mumps are usually considered most infectious from 1-2 days before until 5 days after onset of parotitis. Leprosy is an infectious disease that causes severe, disfiguring skin sores and nerve damage in the arms and legs. The disease has been around since ancient times, often surrounded by terrifying, negative stigmas and tales of leprosy patients being shunned as outcasts. Treatment of leprosy Several drugs are used in combination in multidrug therapy (MDT). (See table) These drugs must never be used alone as monotherapy for leprosy. Dapsone, which is bacteriostatic or weakly bactericidal against M. leprae, was the mainstay treatment for leprosy for many years until widespread resistant strains appeared. Combination therapy has become essential to slow or prevent the development of resistance. Rifampicin is now combined with dapsone to treat

paucibacillary leprosy. Rifampicin and clofazimine are now combined with dapsone to treat multibacillary leprosy. A single dose of combination therapy has been used to cure single lesion paucibacillary leprosy: rifampicin (600 mg), ofloxacin (400 mg), and minocycline (100 mg). The child with a single lesion takes half the adult dose of the 3 medications. WHO has designed blister pack medication kits for both paucibacillary leprosy and for multibacillary leprosy. Each easy-to use kit contains medication for 28 days. The blister pack medication kit for single lesion paucibacillary leprosy contains the necessary medication for the one time administration of the 3 medications. Any patient with a positive skin smear must be treated with the MDT regimen for multibacillary leprosy. The regimen for paucibacillary leprosy should never be given to a patient with multibacillary leprosy. Therefore, if the diagnosis in a particular patient is uncertain, treat that patient with the MDT regimen for multibacillary leprosy. Ideally, the patient should go to the leprosy clinic once a month so that clinic personnel may supervise administration of the drugs prescribed once a month. However, many countries with leprosy have poor coverage of health services and monthly supervision of drug administration by health care workers may not be possible. In these cases, it may be necessary to designate a responsible third party, such as a family member or a person in the community, to supervise the monthly drug administration. Where health care service coverage is poor and supervision of the monthly administration of drugs by health workers is not possible, the patient may be given more than the 28 days supply of multidrug therapy blister packs. This tactic helps make multidrug therapy easily available, even to those patients who live under difficult conditions or in remote areas. Patients who ask for diagnosis and treatment are often sufficiently motivated to take full responsibility for their own treatment of leprosy. In this situation, it is important to educate the patient regarding the importance of compliance with the regimen and to give the patient responsibility for taking his or her medication correctly and for reporting any untoward signs and symptoms promptly. The patient should be warned about possible lepra reactions.

Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It has a short incubation period, from less than one day to five days, and produces an enterotoxin that causes copious, painless, watery diarrhoea that can quickly lead to severe dehydration and death if treatment is not promptly given. Vomiting also occurs in most patients. Cholera requires immediate treatment because the disease can cause death within hours. Rehydration. The goal is to replace lost fluids and electrolytes using a simple rehydration solution, Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS). The ORS solution is available as a powder that can be reconstituted in boiled or bottled water. Without rehydration, approximately half the people with cholera die. With treatment, the number of fatalities drops to less than 1 percent.

Intravenous fluids. During a cholera epidemic, most people can be helped by oral rehydration alone, but severely dehydrated people may also need intravenous fluids. Antibiotics. While antibiotics are not a necessary part of cholera treatment, some of these drugs may reduce both the amount and duration of cholera-related diarrhea. A single dose of doxycycline (Adoxa, Monodox) or azithromycin (Zithromax, Zmax) may be effective. Zinc supplements. Research has shown that zinc may decrease and shorten the duration of diarrhea in children with cholera. Standard home solutions such as salted rice water, salted yogurt drinks, vegetable and chicken soups with salt can be given. Home solutions such as water in which cereal has been cooked, unsalted soup, green coconut water, weak tea (unsweetened), and unsweetened fresh fruit juices can have from half a teaspoon to full teaspoon of salt (from one-and-a-half to three grams) added per liter. Clean plain water can also be one of several fluids given Dehydration. Dehydration can develop within hours after the onset of cholera symptoms. Depending on how many body fluids have been lost, dehydration can range from mild to severe. A loss of 10 percent or more of total body weight indicates severe dehydration. Signs and symptoms of cholera dehydration include irritability, lethargy, sunken eyes, a dry mouth, extreme thirst, dry and shriveled skin that's slow to bounce back when pinched into a fold, little or no urine output, low blood pressure, and an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia). Scabies - Exams and Tests Usually, your doctor can diagnose scabies if you have: Severe itching, especially at night. A rash, sometimes with skin sores . These may look like tiny curving tracks. Sometimes you may have a small blister or see a tiny black dot at one end of the track. In babies, the tracks may look more like red and inflamed skin, sometimes with small sores that are like blisters. Your doctor will check your skin for redness, sores, scratches, raw areas, or scabs that are typical of scabies infestation. Other family members or people you are physically close with who are also itching or who have recently been diagnosed with scabies. Sometimes you may need one of the following tests to confirm the diagnosis: Skin scrapings. Your doctor collects material from the itchy area by applying a drop of mineral oil or other liquid to the skin and then scraping the area with a scalpel. He or she then examines the scrapings under a microscope to look for scabies mites, eggs, egg casings, or feces. This is the most common test used to diagnose scabies. Needle extraction of the mite. The doctor may use a needle to remove a mite from the burrow. The mite is placed on a slide and examined under a microscope. Ink test or ink burrow test. Your doctor strokes a washable felt-tip pen across the itchy areas. The surface ink is wiped off with water or an alcohol swab. Any burrows present will absorb the ink and be seen as a dark line.

Skin biopsy/punch biopsy. A skin sample (punch biopsy or shave biopsy) may be helpful in diagnosing hard-to-diagnose conditions. Skin biopsy is rarely used.

Prevention of Scabies Not having close skin-to-skin contact with someone who has scabies or with their personal items (such as clothes, towels, and brushes) will help you avoid getting scabies. People who have scabies are encouraged to use care to prevent spreading the mites to others.