ADVANCED MATHEMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

COMPLEX NUMBERS Complex Number in Rectangular Form

z = a + bi
where: z : complex variable a : real part b : imaginary part i : imaginary unit, i = 1 Notes: 1. If b = 0 , then a + bi is equivalent to the real number a. 2. If a = 0 and b 0 , then a + bi is equivalent to the pure imaginary number bi. Powers of Imaginary Unit
i= 1

i2 = 1

i3 = i

i4 = 1

Complex Conjugate
z = a bi

where:
z : complex conjugate

Operations with Complex Numbers Operations Addition (a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c ) + (b + d)i Subtraction (a + bi) (c + di) = (a c ) + (b d)i Multiplication (a + bi)(c + di) = (ac bd) + (ad + bc )i Division a + bi (ac + bd) + (bc ad)i

c + di

c 2 + d2

Operations on Complex Conjugate Numbers Let z = a + bi and z = a bi Operations Addition z + z = (a +bi) +(a bi) = 2a Subtraction z z = (a +bi) (a bi) = 2bi Multiplication z z = (a + bi) (a bi) = a 2 + b 2 jkl, ece

ADVANCED MATHEMATICS
LECTURE NOTES
Division

z a + bi a 2 + 2abi b2 = = z a bi a2 + b2

Equality of Two Complex Numbers

a + bi = c + di iff a = c and b = d
Argand Diagram

z =

a 2 +b 2

= tan 1

b a

where:
z

: argument or amplitude
Forms of Complex Numbers 1. Trigonometric Form z = r(cos + i sin ) = rcis where:
r = a2 + b2

: modulus or absolute value

cos =

a r

sin =

b r

2.

z = r
where:

Polar Form

r =

: argument or amplitude (degrees)

b a

a2 + b2

= tan 1
3.

Exponential Form z = rei where:

r =

: argument or amplitude (radians)

a2 + b2

4.

Logarithmic Form ln z = ln r + i

Properties of Complex Numbers Let z and w represent two complex numbers. jkl, ece

ADVANCED MATHEMATICS
LECTURE NOTES
1. 4.
zw = z w z +w z w

2. 5.

z z = , x 0 w w

3. 6.

z +w z + w

z+w = z+w

zw = z w

z z 7. = w w

Operations on Complex Numbers in Polar Form Multiplication of Complex Numbers Division of Complex Numbers

(r1 2 ) = r1r2 ( 1 )(r2 1 + 2)

Powers of Complex Number
(r )n =r n (n )

r11 r = 1 ( 1 2 ) r2 2 r2
Roots of Complex Number
n

r = n r
where:

+ k(360) n
n : nth root k = n 1 , (0, 1, 2, )

where: n : exponent

Exponential, Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions of a Complex Number

ei = cos + i sin

e i = cos i sin

cos =

ei + e i 2 e + e 2

sin =

ei e i 2i e e 2

cosh =

sinh =

Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions of a Complex Number

1 sin z = i ln iz 1 z2 1 cos z = i ln z z2 1

tan 1 z =

i 1 + iz ln 2 1 iz 1 1+ z ln 2 1 z

1 sinh z =ln z z2 + 1

1 cosh z =ln z z2 1

tanh 1 z =

MATRICES Matrix is a rectangular array of elements arranged in m rows and n columns. jkl, ece

ADVANCED MATHEMATICS
LECTURE NOTES

a11 a12 a13 a14... an a21 a22 a23 a24... a2n A= . . . . . . . . . . am1 am2 am3 am4...amn
where: aij : elements of the matrix m : number of rows n : number of columns A Submatrix of A is the matrix with certain rows and columns removed.

Notes: 1. The size of a matrix is determined by the number of rows and columns. 2. The expression m x n is the dimension or order of the matrix. Properties of Matrices Let A, B, and C are m x n matrices and c and d are scalars Matrix Property Commutative Property of Addition A +B = B+ A Associative Property of Addition A + (B + C) = ( A + B) + C Associative Property of Multiplication A(BC) = ( AB )C Associative Property of Scalar Multiplication (cd)A = c( dA ) (kA )B = k( AB ) = A(kB ) Scalar Identity 1A = A Distributive Property c( A + B) = cA + cB

(c + d)A = cA + dA ( A + B)C = AC + BC C( A + B) = CA + CB
Transpose of a Matrix Transpose of a Matrix (AT) is the matrix resulting from an interchange of rows and columns of a given matrix A. Properties of Transpose of a Matrix Operation: jkl, ece

ADVANCED MATHEMATICS
LECTURE NOTES
Let A and B are m x n matrices and k is scalar. ( A T )T = A 1. 2. (kA )T = k( A )T 5.
AT =A

3. IT =I

4. ( A + B)T = A T + B T

Minor of a Matrix The Mij of the element aij of a matrix A in the ith row and the jth column is the determinant of the matrix obtained by deleting the ith row and jth column of A. Cofactor of a Matrix
1)i +j Mij . The cofactor Cij of the entry aij is the signed minor by Cij =(

Inverse of a Matrix If the determinant of a matrix A is not equal to zero, then the inverse of matrix A is defined by
A 1 adjA = . A

Property of Inverse Matrix:

AA 1 = A 1A = I
where: I : identity matrix Note: A matrix has an inverse that is; it is nonsingular, if its determinant is nonzero. Types of Matrices: 1. Square Matrix A Square Matrix is a matrix with the same number of rows and columns (m = n) . 2. Identity or Unit Matrix Identity or Unit Matrix is a square matrix in which all the elements in the leading diagonal are 1 and the remaining all elements are zero. Diagonal Matrix Diagonal Matrix is a square matrix in which all the elements except those in the main diagonal are zero. Scalar Matrix Scalar Matrix is a diagonal matrix in which all the elements in the main diagonal are equal to some scalar except 0 or 1. Symmetric Matrix Symmetric Matrix is a square matrix whose transpose is equal to itself. Skew Symmetric Matrix

3.

4.

5. 6.

jkl, ece

ADVANCED MATHEMATICS
LECTURE NOTES
Skew Symmetric Matrix is a square matrix whose transpose is equal to the negative of itself. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Row Matrix Row Matrix is a matrix having a single row. Column Matrix Column Matrix is a matrix having a single column. Null Matrix Null Matrix is a matrix whose all elements are zero. Singular Matrix Singular Matrix is a matrix whose determinant is zero. Triangular Matrix Triangular Matrix is a matrix with zeros in all entries above or below the diagonal. a. Lower Triangular Matrix Lower Triangular Matrix is a matrix with all the elements above the diagonal are zeros. b. Upper Triangular Matrix Upper Triangular Matrix is a matrix with all the elements below the diagonal are zeros.

Operations with Matrices: 1. Matrix Addition The sum of two matrices is obtained by adding their corresponding entries or elements. The matrices to be added must be of the same order. 2. Matrix Subtraction Matrix subtraction is analogously defined as matrix addition. The difference of two matrices is obtained by subtracting their corresponding entries or elements. The matrices to be subtracted must be of the same order. Matrix Multiplication The process of matrix multiplication is, conveniently referred to as row-by-column multiplication. This definition requires that the number of columns of A be the same as the number of rows of B. In that case, the matrices A and B are said to be conformable. Otherwise the product is undefined.

3.

A m n
equal order of AB 4.

B n p

= AB m p

Matrix Division Division of matrices is done by multiplying the numerator by the inverse matrix of the denominator.

DETERMINANT The Determinant of a matrix is a number assigned to every square matrix. Properties: jkl, ece

ADVANCED MATHEMATICS
LECTURE NOTES
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. If the rows of one matrix are the same as the columns of another, and in the same order, the two determinants are equal. If two columns (or rows) of a matrix are interchanged, the value of the resulting determinant is equal to the negative of the value of the given determinant. If two columns (or rows) of a matrix are identical or proportional, the value of the determinant is zero. If the elements of a column (or row) of a matrix are multiplied by k, the value of the determinant is multiplied by k. If the matrix has a row or column whose entries are all zeros, the determinant is zero. If the corresponding rows or columns of a matrix are interchanged, its determinant is unchanged. The determinant of a product of two matrices is the product of their determinants. The determinant of a triangular matrix is the product of the elements on the main diagonal. The value of the determinant is not changed if a column of a matrix is replaced by the column plus a multiple of another column. Similarly for rows.

LAPLACE TRANSFORM
st F( s ) =L[ f ( t )] =f ( t )e dt 0

where: s : any number (real or complex) t >0 Laplace Transform of Some Elementary Functions f(t) F(s) f(t) F(s) f(t) at 1 cosh at k 1 e sin kt 2 2 s (s a) + k at t s a 1 e cos kt tn

F(s)

s2 n! sn +1
1 s a
n! ( s a)n +1

(s a)2 + k 2

t sinat

s s a2 2as 2 ( s + a 2 )2
2

sin at cos at

a s + a2
2

t cos at

s2 a 2 ( s 2 + a 2 )2

e at t n e at

sinhat

s 2 s + a2 a 2 s a2

sin( t + ) s sin + k cos

s2 + k 2 cos( t + ) s sin k cos s 2 +k 2

ECE BOARD PROBLEMS

01. ECE Board November 1992 The following Fourier series equation represents a periodic __________ wave. i( x ) = i + i cos x + i2 cos 2x + i3 cos 3 x + ... + i sin x + i2 sin 2x + i3 sin 3 x + ... A. cosine B. cotangent C. sine D. tangent

jkl, ece

ADVANCED MATHEMATICS
LECTURE NOTES
Answer: 02. ECE Board April 1993

Find the product MN of the following matrices:

abc M= def

gh
,

N= i j kl

A.

(ag + bi + ck) (sh + bj + cl) (dg + ei + fk) (dh + ej + fl) (ag) (bi) (ck) (dh) (ej) (fl)
Solution:

C.

(ag + bi + ck) (dg + ei + fk) (ah + bj + cl) (dh + ej + fl)

B.

D.

(ag + bi + ck) (ah + bj + cl) MN = (dg + ei + fk) (dh + ej + fl)

Answer: 03. ECE Board April 1994 The scalar product of A and B is equal to the product of the magnitudes of A and B and the __________ of the angle between them. A. cosine B. sine C. tangent D. value in radians

jkl, ece

ADVANCED MATHEMATICS
LECTURE NOTES
Answer: 04. ECE Board November 1995 / ECE Board November 1997 In Complex Algebra, we use a diagram to represent a complex plane commonly called __________. A. Argand diagram B. De Moivres diagram C. Funicular diagram D. Venn diagram Answer: 05. ECE Board March 1996 When the corresponding elements of two rows of a determinant are proportional, then the value of the determinant is __________. A. multiplied by the ratio B. one C. unknown D. zero Answer: 06. ECE Board November 1996 In any square matrix, when the elements of any two rows are exactly the same, the determinant is __________. A. negative integer B. positive integer C. unity D. zero Answer: 07. ECE Board April 2000 Solve for x in ( x + yi)(2 + 4i) = 14 + 8i . A. 3 B. 4 Solution:

C. 8

D. 14

( x + yi)(2 + 4i) = 14 + 8i 2 x + 4ix + 2iy + 4i 2 y = 14 + 8i 2 x + ( 4 x + 2y )i + 4( 1)y = 14 + 8i (2x 4 y ) + ( 4 x + 2y )i = 14 + 8i

By Inspection: 2 x 4 y = 14

or x 2 y = 7 eq1 ( 4 x + 2y )i = 8i or 2x + y = 4 eq2

eq1 and eq2

x 2y = 7 2x + y = 4 2 x 2y = 7 ( +)4 x + 2 y = 8 5 x = 15 x =3
Answer:

jkl, ece