CONTENTS

Page
Preface ..

ii

CHAPTER
1. NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH ..

Meaning of Research ..
Characteristics of the Researcher .
Qualities of a Good Researcher
Mans Major Problems Demand Research .
Research Standing of the Philippines .
Values of Research to Man .
Characteristics of Research .
Types of Research
Classification of Research ..
Meaning of Variable
Types of Variable ..
Components of the Research Process
Exercises ..

1
1
2
3
5
5
9
10
12
14
14
17
19

2. RESEARCH PROBLEM AND OBJECTIVES .

23

The Research Problem

Characteristics of a Research Problem .
Sources of Research Problem
Criteria of a Good Research Problem ................................................
The Research Objectives .
Statement of Research Problem/Objectives
The Hypothesis ..
Types of Hypothesis ..
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework .
Assumptions .
Significance of the study ..
Scope and Limitations of the Study ..
Definition of Terms
Exercises ..

23
25
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
34
35

3. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

38

Related Readings
Related Literature .
Related Studies
Justification of the present Study .
Exercises ..

38
39
40
40
41

4. RESEARCH DESIGN

43

Historical Design .
Uses of Historical Research
Major Steps of Historical Research ..
Sources of Historical Research
Primary Sources .
Secondary Sources ..
Descriptive Design
Types of Descriptive Research ..
Descriptive-survey
Descriptive-normative survey ..
Descriptive status ..
Descriptive analysis .
Descriptive classification
Descriptive evaluative .
Descriptive comparative ..
Correlation survey .
Longitudinal Survey
Experimental Design
Types of Experimental Design
Single-group design ..
Two-group design ..
Two-pair group design
Parallel-group design ..
Pretest-Posttest group design .
Counterbalance or Latin square design
Complete randomized design ..
Randomized complete block design .
Correlation design ..
Case Study Design ..
The Cycle of Case Study
Exercises .

43
43
44
44
44
45
45
46
46
47
47
48
49
49
49
49
50
50
52
52
53
55
57
58
59
61
62
63
64
64
65

5. QAULITIES OF A GOOD RESEARCH INSTRUMENT ..

Validity .
Types of Validity .
Content Validity
Concurrent Validity ..
Predictive Validity ...
Construct Validity
Reliability .
Methods in Testing the Reliability
Of Good Research Instrument .
Test-retest method .
Parallel-forms method ..
Split-half method ..
Internal-consistency method ..
Usability
Factors that Determine Usability .
Exercises ..

72
72
73
73
74
75
75
76
76
76
78
79
80
83
83
85