In May 1830 Ferdinand VII published the Pragmatic Sanction, again allowing daughters to succeed to the Spanish throne

as well as sons. This decree had originally been approved by the Cortes in 1789, but it had never been officially promulgated. On 10 October 1830, Ferdinand's wife gave birth to a daughter Isabella, who thereupon displaced her uncle in the line of succession. The clerical party (called in Spanish 'apostlicos') continued to support the rights of Carlos to the throne. They considered the Pragmatic Sanction not only impractical but also illegal. They intrigued in favour of Carlos, but he himself would do no more than assert his rights in words. His wife and her sister, Maria Teresa (17931874), the princess of Beira, on the other hand, were actively engaged in intrigues with the apostlicos. In March 1833 Ferdinand 'authorised' Carlos to go to Portugal with his wife and sister-in-law. The 'authorisation' was in fact an order to remove Carlos from Spain and his adherents. In April 1833 Ferdinand called upon Carlos to take an oath of allegiance to Isabella as Princess of Asturias, the title traditionally used by the first in line to the throne. In respectful but firm terms, Carlos refused. He had no personal desire for the throne, but he was adamant that he could not renounce what he considered to be his Godgiven rights and responsibilities. The Glorious Revolution (Spanish La Gloriosa; 1927 September 1868) took place in Spain in 1868, resulting in the deposition (expulsion) of Queen Isabella II. Leaders of the revolution eventually recruited an Italian prince, Amadeo of Savoy, as king. His reign lasted two years, and he was replaced by the first Spanish Republic. That also lasted two years, until leaders in 1875 proclaimed Isabella's son, as King Alfonso XII in the Bourbon Restoration. Participants: Political and military opposition to Isabella II. An 1866 rebellion led by General Juan Prim and a revolt of the sergeants at San Gil barracks, in Madrid, sent a signal to Spanish liberals and republicans that there was serious unrest that could be harnessed if it were properly led. Liberals and republican exiles abroad made agreements at Ostend in 1866 and Brussels in 1867. These agreements laid the framework for a major uprising, this time not merely to replace the Prime Minister with a Liberal, but to overthrow Queen Isabella, whom Spanish liberals and republicans began to see as the source of Spain's difficulties. Her continual vacillation between liberal and conservative quarters had, by 1868, outraged the moderates, the progressives, and the members of the Unin Liberal.An opposition to her government had developed that crossed party lines. Leopoldo O'Donnell's death in 1867 caused the Unin Liberal to unravel; many of its supporters, who had crossed party lines to create the party initially, joined the growing movement to overthrow Isabella in favor of a more effective regime.

When the generals Prim and Francisco Serrano denounced the government, much of the army defected to the revolutionary generals on their arrival in Spain. The queen made a brief show of force at the Battle of Alcolea, where her loyal moderado generals under Manuel Pavia were defeated by General Serrano. In 1868 Queen Isabella crossed into France and retired from Spanish politics to Paris. She lived there in exile until her death in 1904. The revolutionary spirit that had just overthrown the Spanish government lacked direction; the coalition of liberals, moderates, and republicans were faced with the incredible task of creating a government that would suit them better than had Isabella. Control of the government passed to Francisco Serrano, an architect of the revolution against Baldomero Espartero's dictatorship. The Cortes initially rejected the notion of a republic; Serrano was named regent while a search was launched for a suitable monarch to lead the country. In 1869, the Cortes wrote and promulgated a liberal constitution, the first such constitution in Spain since 1812. In August 1870, they selected an Italian prince, Amadeo of Savoy. The younger son of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, Amadeo had less of the troublesome political baggage that a German or French claimant would bring, and his liberal credentials were strong. He was elected King as Amadeo I of Spain on November 3, 1870. He landed in Cartagena on November 27, the same day that Juan Prim was assassinated while leaving the Cortes. Amadeo swore upon the general's corpse that he would uphold Spain's constitution. He lasted two years, after which the parties formed the first Spanish Republic. That in turn lasted two years. No political force was willing to restore Isabella; instead, in 1875 the Cortes proclaimed Isabella's son as King Alfonso XII. Isabella II (Spanish: Isabel II; 10 October 1830 10 April 1904) was queen regnant of Spain from 1843 until 1868. She came to the throne as an infant, but her succession was disputed by the Carlists, who refused to recognise a female sovereign, leading to the Carlist Wars. After a troubled reign, she was deposed in theGlorious Revolution of 1868, and formally abdicated in 1870. Her son Alfonso XII became king in 1874. At the end of September 1868, Isabella went into exile, after her Moderado generals had made a slight show of resistance that was crushed at the Battle of Alcolea by Generals Serrano and Prim. This revolt, which deposed Isabella, is known as the Glorious Revolution, and ushered the First Spanish Republic into power. The new government replaced Isabella with Amadeo I, second son of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, after much deliberation. The First Spanish Republic collapsed in December 1874. Isabella had been induced to abdicate in Paris on 25 June 1870, in favour of her son, Alfonso XII, furthering the cause of the Restoration. After the collapse of the Republic, Alfonso was placed on the throne. The Restoration (in Spanish, Restauracin) was the name given to the period that began on 29 December

1874 after the First Spanish Republic ended with the restoration of the monarchy under Alfonso XII after a coup d'tat by Martinez Campos, and ended on 14 April 1931 with the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic. Carlos Mara de la Torre y Nava Cerrada is considered the most beloved of the Spanish Governors-General ever assigned in the Philippines (18691871). He was the rd assigned Governor-General (93 ) after the La Gloriosa revolution (June 23, 1869-April 4, 1871). A Carlist army officer, he was sent from Spain by Francisco Serrano after the ouster of Isabel II as result of the La Gloriosa revolution. He was considered a liberal Spaniard who practiced the liberal [1] and democratic principles for imposing liberal laws. He wanted to have the bronze statue of Isabel II, first unveiled in 1860, melted so that it would be put to better use. However, the Manila City Council saved it by [2] declaring the statue municipal property. He established the Guardia Civil in the Philippines and [3] gave amnesty to rebels, of which the most prominent was Casimiro Camerino (El tulisan), the leader of bandits in Cavite. He organized the bandits given amnesty into an auxiliary force of the Guardia Civil. He abolished flogging, relaxed media censorship, and began limited [2] secularization of education. He was also very close to the ilustrados, a group of Filipinos who understood the situation of the Philippines under Spanish rule. His supporters had done a Liberal Parade in front of the Malacaan Palace. In March 1871, he wrote to Madrid concerning his decision to get relieved from his post. However, his patron in Spain was assassinated the previous month and orders for his relief were given nine days before his [4] letter was written. He was succeeded by GovernorGeneral Rafael de Izquierdo. Carlos Mara de la Torre y Nava Cerrada is considered the most beloved of the Spanish Governors-General to serve in the Philippines (1869-1871). He was the assigned Governor-General after the Spanish Revolution of 1869. He was considered a liberal Governor-General for imposing liberal laws. His supporters had done a Liberal Parade in front of the Malacaang Palace. He was ousted when the monarchy in Spain was reestablished by the Spanish Cortes. He was also very close to the ilustrados, a group of Filipinos who understood the situation of the Philippines under Spanish rule. The fall of Queen Isabel II and the rise of liberalism in Spain brought a new Spanish governor-general to Manila. He was General Carlos Maria de la Torre, an able soldier and a true diplomat. The Filipino people and the Spanish liberals welcomed him. They cheered him gladly as he took office on June 23, 1869. On the evening of July 12, 1869, the Filipino leaders, priests, and students serenaded Governor de la Torre to express their gratitude for his liberal policies.x x x

Governor de la Torre entertained the Filipino leaders at a magnificent reception in his palace. Mrs. Sanchiz acted as hostess, because the governors wife was an invalid. She was attractively dressed. She wore a red ribbon on her hair containing the words Viva La Libertad (Long Live Liberty), and on the other end, Viva el General La Torre (Long Live General La Torre). (Zaide, Philippine History and Government, pp.210-212). In 1869, after the victory of the liberal political movement in Spain, a new governor, General Carlos Maria de la Torre was appointed the governor of the Philippines, who introduced several reforms in the colony. After the monarchist forces restored their power, General Rafael de Izquierdo was sent to replace de la Torre in the April of 1871. The new governor recalled all reformist acts and decrees (including the revival of press censorship, curtailing political discussions, and declaring himself unsympathetic to secularization) and suppressed the opposition with brutal actions; his troops crushed the rebellion of Filippino recruits, who had preliminarily killed their Spanish officers (Cavite mutiny); he also had Fathers Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora, three reformist priests executed on the false accusation of being the masterminds of the Cavite mutiny. Its result was that religious and secular refomists fought together onwards for restoring the legal and democratic achievements. He was recalled from his position at the beginning of 1873. ------ The Masonryhe influence of Masons and Masonry on nationalism was not confined in Spain. Once the Filipinos were allowed access to lodges established under the Grand Spanish Orients, Masonry flourished and nationalistic fervor grew. Filipino Masons found support and protection even from colonial governors and Spanish government officials. The history of Masonry in the Philippines tells us of the liberal regime of a Mason, Governor General Carlos Maria dela Torre, who was sent to the country in 1869 during the age of liberalism in Spain. It was after Queen Isabela II was deposed and King Amadeus of Savoy, a fellow Mason was installed. Dela Torre became a friend of the Filipinos; encouraged free speech, abolished censorship of the press and fostered free discussion of political problems. He displayed benevolence by pardoning rebels who spearheaded an agrarian uprising in Cavite. He supported the Filipinization of the parishes. Governor General Carlos dela Torre implemented the educational decrees of another Mason, Minister of the Colonies Segismundo Moret, providing for the secularization of education and government control over certain educational institutions in the Philippines. Fearing that his attitude would promote nationalist tendencies among the Filipinos, and encourage the duplication of the Masonically led revolt in Spain, the friars conspired to remove him in 1871. In 1885 Emilio Terrero y Perinat a 33rd degree Mason, was appointed Governor General to the Philippines. He revived the liberal measures started by Governor General dela Torre and together with fellow Masons Jose Centeno, acting Civil Governor of Manila and Benigno

Quiroga, Director General for Civil Administration, tried to cleanse the government of friar dictates and influence. Governor-General Carlos Maria de la Torre is a Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines. He is known for his compassion to the Filipino people. Governor de la Torre released political prisoners and even endorsed their criticism of the church and the friars. Carlos Mara de la Torre y Nava Cerrada is considered the most beloved of the Spanish Governors-General to serve in the Philippines (1869-1871). He was the assigned Governor-General after the Spanish Revolution of 1869. He was considered a liberal Governor-General for imposing liberal laws. His supporters had done a Liberal Parade in front of the Malacaang Palace. He was ousted when the monarchy in Spain was reestablished by the Spanish Cortes. Rafael de Izquierdo y Gutirrez (18201882) was a Spanish Military Officer, Political Leader and Statesman who became Governor-General of the Philippines from April 4, 1871 to January 8, 1873. He was famous for his use of "Iron Fist" type of government, contradicting the liberal government of his predecessor, Crlos Mara de la Torre y Nava Cerrada. He was the Governor-General during the 1872 Cavite mutiny which led to execution of 41 of the mutineers, including the Gomburza martyrs. Replacing General Carlos Maria de la Torre on April 4, 1871, Rafael de Izquierdo was instilled as GovernorGeneral of the Philippines. In contrast, Izquierdo stood for conservatism declaring that he would govern with the cross in one hand and a sword in the other. He suppressed freedom of speech, the press, and free assembly. His opposition to a proposed school of the arts and trades by some influential Filipinos was influenced by a belief that such an institution would foster Filipino political clubs. He is responsible for opening of [10] steamship and telegraph lines in the country. He is was [11] also known to have promptly rescinds the liberal [3][12] measures thus implementing harsher laws which [13] ignited an uprising. The reformations suggested that soldiers of the Engineering and Artillery Corps should pay taxes which they were previously exempted. Another drastic change was the requirement to perform manual labor. These changes eventually lead to the 1872 Cavite mutiny where around 200 Filipinos who were part of the Engineering and Artillery Corps revolted and killed their Spanish officers, in retaliation a lot of liberals were implicated to have been involved in conspiracy. The most famous of which was the military court condemning the martyr priests Fathers Jos Burgos, Mariano Gmez and Jacinto Zamora (Gomburza) to capital punishment by means of garrote on January 27, 1872. This uprising later lead to the delays of the rebuilding of Malacaan Palace and in turn almost transferred it within the walls of [15] Intramuros for safety reasons. The plan to transfer to Intramuros was cut though when Izquierdo fell ill and eventually vacate his position on January 8, 1873. He later spent the last few years of his life in Madrid, Spain and eventually died in 1882. source A:

After Magellan died on April 27, 1521 on the shores of Mactan, the remnants of his men returned to Spain. The Spanish explorer Miguel Lpez de Legazpi arrived in Cebu on April 28, 1565 and occupied the villages ruled by Rajah Tupas. Cebu was for a big part destroyed by a fire. The fire was set on purpose by the Spaniards as a punishment for hostile activities of the Cebuanos. In one of the huts of the burning village, one of Lpez de Legazpi's soldiers named Juan Camus found a wooden box containing the statue of the Santo Nio (Holy Child Jesus) lying amongst several other native idols. Historians later said that during the 44 years between the arrival of Magellan and Lpez de Legazpi, the natives of Cebu continued to dance the Sinulog but no longer to worship their anitos (god) but to show their reverence to the Santo Nio. The image is the same statue given by Ferdinand Magellan to the wife of Rajah Humabon, and was named Juana (after the mother of King Charles I of Spain), as a baptismal gift in April 24, 1521 (Sunday). It was found by a soldier preserved in a burnt wooden box after Legazpi razed the village of hostile natives. The Spaniards established settlements, trade flourished and renamed the island to "Villa del Santssimo Nombre de Jess" (Town of the Most Holy Name of Jesus). Cebu became the first European settlement established by the Spanish Corts in the Philippines. The Augustinian friars that accompanied Lpez de Legazpi in his expedition proclaimed the statue performed miracles and built a church on the site where it was found. The church was called San Agustin Church, later renamed to Basilica Minore del Santo Nio. The parish was originally made out of bamboo and mangrove palm and claims to be the oldest parish in the Philippines. Pope Paul VI elevated its rank as Minor Basilica on its 400th year anniversary. After Juan Camus found the Santo Nio in the burning village, Lpez de Legazpi was said to have included the incident in his report, entitled "Relation of Voyage to the Philippine Islands": "Your Excellency should know that on that day when we entered this village (Cebu City), one of the soldiers went into a large and well-built house of an indio where he found an image of the Child Jesus (whose most holy name I pray may be universally worshipped). This was kept in its cradle, all gilded, just as if it were brought from Spain: and only the little cross, which is generally placed upon the globe in his hands, was lacking. The image was well kept in that house, and many flowers were found before it, and no one knows for what object or purpose. The soldier bowed down before it with all reverence and wonder, and brought the image to the place where the other soldiers were. I pray to the Holy Name of his image, which we found here, to help us and to grant us victory, in order that these lost people who are ignorant of the precious and rich treasure, which was in their possession, may come to knowledge to him"

source B: In 1980, Filipino historian Nicomedes Mrquez Joaqun wrote about the 44 years after Magellan's soldiers left before the next Spanish expedition came under Miguel Lpez de Legazpi. Joaqun said that the statue was once denounced by natives as originally brought by Magellan, but was re-inforced again by de Legazpi which the natives continued to dispute claiming that the statue came originally from their land.

On 28 April 1565, Spanish mariner Juan de Camus found the statue in a pine box amidst the ruins of a burnt house. The image, carved from wood and coated with paint, stood 30 centimetres tall, and wore a loose velvet garment, a gilded neck chain and a woolen red hood. A golden sphere, a replica of the world, was in the in the left hand, and the right hand is slightly raised in benediction. Camus presented the image to Miguel Lpez de Legazpi and the Augustinian priests; the natives refused to associate it with the gift of Magellan, claiming it had existed there since ancient times. Writer Dr. Resil Mojares wrote that the natives did so for fear that the Spaniards would demand it back. The natives version of the origin of the Santo Nio is in the Agipo (stump or driftwood) legend, which states that the statue was caught by a fisherman who chose to get rid of it, only to have it returned with a plentiful harvest. The statue was later taken out for procession, afterwards which Legazpi then ordered the creation of the Confraternity of the Santo Nio de Ceb, appointing Father Andrs de Urdaneta as head superior. Legazpi instituted a fiesta to commemorate the finding of the image, and the original celebration still survives. Spanish conquest of Manila In 1564, Spanish explorers led by Miguel Lpez de Legazpi sailed from New Spain (now Mexico), and arrived on the island of Cebu on February 13, 1565, establishing the first Spanish colony in the Philippines. Having heard of the rich resources in Manila from the natives, Legazpi dispatched two of his lieutenantcommanders, Martn de Goiti and Juan de Salcedo to explore the island of Luzon. The Spaniards arrived on the island of Luzon in 1570. After quarrel and misunderstandings between the Islamic natives and the Spaniards, they fought for the control of the land and settlements. After several months of warfare, the natives were defeated, and the Spaniards made a peace pact with the tribal councils of Rajah Sulaiman III, Rajah Lakandula, and Rajah Matanda who handed over Manila to the Spaniards. Legazpi declared the area of Manila as the new capital of the Spanish colony on June 24, 1571 because of its strategic location and rich resources. He also proclaimed the sovereignty of the Monarchy of Spain over the all the archipelago. King Philip II of Spain delighted at the new conquest achieved by Legazpi and his men, awarded the city a coat of arms and declaring it as: Ciudad Insigne y Siempre Leal (English: "Distinguished and Ever Loyal City"). Intramuros was settled and became the political, military and religious center of the Spanish Empire in Asia. Intramuros, Manila Motto: Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de Manila Distinguished and ever loyal City of Manila Miguel Lpez de Legazpi, also known as El Adelantado and El Viejo (The Elder), was the first Governor-General of Spanish East Indies (April 27, 1565-August 20, 1572). Diego de los Ros y Nicolau (9 April 1850 - 4 November th 1911) was the last Spanish Governor-General (118 ) of the Philippines (September 1898-June 3, 1899).

Government in Zamboanga The Govenror-General upon his arrival at Fort Pilar on December 24, 1898, immediately made preparations for the setting up of the last bastion of defense for Spanish sovereignty in the Philippines. He pulled out the colonial forces in Cotabato and Lanao and consolidated and concentrated them all at Fort Pilar. Unknowingly, General Vicente Alvarez with his revolutionary forces in Zamboanga is planning a full-scale attack against the fort. Siege of Fort Pilar With his army base in Masinloc (present-day Arena Blanco), General Alvarez began his siege against Fort Pilar on April 27, 1899. With little supplies and ammunition and the continuous reinforcement of the revolutionary forces, De los Rois hoisted the white flag to surrender on May 17, 1899. General Alvarez, together with his aides-de-camp entered the fort on the next morning. The Spanish forces inside the fort were lined at the square with their rifles orderly piled before them. De los Rios and some of his men stood in formation; he was help up by an aide as he was badly wounded on the knee. De los Rios turned over his saber, which is the symbol of Spanish sovereignty, to General Alvarez in the surrender ceremonies held inside the fort. The Spanish occupation of the Philippines formally ended on the same date. The remaining Spanish troops with de los Rios sailed away back to Spain. Defintion of Terms: Nepotism is favoritism granted in politics or business to relatives regardless of merit.(hiring of unqualified personnel; patronage bestowed or favoritism shown on the basis of family relationship) Leroy (larwa), also Leeroy, LeeRoy, Lee Roy, LeRoy, or Le Roy, is a male given name. It is also used as a surname. The name is derived from Old French article and word "le roi", which means "the king". From the perspective of the theocratic government, "God [1] himself is recognized as the head" of the state, hence the term theocracy, from the Greek "rule of God", a term used by Josephus for the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. In a pure theocracy, the civil leader is believed to have a direct personal connection with God. - government of a state by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided. - a form of government in which God or a deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler, the God's or deity's laws being interpreted by the ecclesiastical authorities. Secularization is the transformation of a society from close identification with religious values and institutions toward nonreligious (or irreligious) values and secular institutions. It is also used in the context of the lifting of the monastic restrictions from a member of the clergy. Battle of Manila (1570-1575) The Spaniards arrived in Luzon in May 8, 1570 and camped on the shores of Manila Bay for several weeks, while pretending to form an alliance with the Muslim

rulers. However, Goiti had other plans and tricked the natives into believing that they were only visiting and staying for a short period. In May 24, 1570, after fighting had erupted between the two groups, Goiti marched his 300 soldiers in-land, towards Tondo where they meet thousands of native defenders. There, they defeated and killed most of Rajah Sulayman, Lakan Dula and Matanda's forces. Goiti took the rulers as prisoners, tortured and executed those who refused to accept Spanish rule. Goiti and Salcedo then marched their armies towards the Pasig River and captured the city of Manila on June 6, 1570, and burned the settlements to the ground, killing more natives in the area. After the battle, guerilla war broke out, continuing for the next 10 months. The Spanish fortified themselves in the area and erected the stronghold of Fuerza de Santiago, which became their outpost. Some Spanish forces were forced to seek shelter in their fleets in Manila Bay, when fighting grew intense. The Spanish pressed on and succeeded in gaining full control of the settlements and putting down the rebellion on June 24, 1571, after the arrival of Legazpi in Manila, who agreed to a peace agreement. Goiti's conquest paved the way for the establishment of Manila as a permanent Spanish settlement and capital city of the Philippines. He later explored Pampanga, Pangasinan and founded several cities in Luzon between the periods of 1571 -1573. War against the Chinese Pirates

Fuerza de San Pedro is a military defence structure, built by Spanish and indigenous Cebuano labourers under the command of Spanish conquistador, Miguel Lpez de Legazpi and the Spanish Government in Cebu. It is located in the area now called Plaza Indepedencia, in the Pier Area of Cebu City, Philippines. The smallest, oldest triangular bastion fort in the country was built in 1738 to repel Muslim raiders. In turn, it served as a stronghold for Filipino revolutionaries near the end of the 19th century. This served as the nucleus of the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines. The fort is triangular in shape, with two sides facing the sea and the third side fronting the land. The two sides facing the sea were defended with artillery and the front with a strong palisade made of wood. SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT OF THE PHIL. Spaniards as Colonial Masters Spain reigned over the Philippines for 333 years, from 1565 to 1898. since Spain was far from the country, the Spanish king ruled the Islands through the viceroy of Mexico, which was then another Spanish colony. When Mexico regained its freedom in 1821, the Spanish king ruled the Philippines through a governor general. A special government body that oversaw matters, pertaining to the colonies assisted the king in this respect. This body became known by many names. Council of the Indies (1565-1837), Overseas Council (1837-1863), and Ministry of the Colonies (18631898). The Political Structure

Goiti fought in the war against the invasion of 3,000 Pirate/Chinese pirates and warriors led by the corsair Limahong/Lim ah hong, who besieged on Fuerza de Santiago and the city of Manila in the early periods of 1574. Goiti was killed by Lim ah hong, who massacred most of the Spaniards in the city. Most of the Spanish reinforcements came from Vigan and Cebu. Martin de Goiti's second on command, Juan de Salcedo left Ilocos Sur, after hearing the news and traveled to Manila were he discovered the city had fallen to the hands of the Chinese army. Salcedo's forces attacked and drove the Pirates out of Manila. Lim ah hong and his surviving soldiers retreated to Pangasinan were they began to re-organize their forces. In 1575, Salcedo's army marched north to Pangasinan, in pursuit of the Pirates and besieged them for three months. The Spanish avenged Goiti's death by capturing and killing Lim ah hong and his warriors in the river of Pangasinan and burning them alive, along with their ships. Salcedo traveled back to Vigan, where he died of a malignant fever in his home, at the age of 27. His body is laid to rest at the San Agustin Church in Intramuros. Goiti is laid to rest in a tomb inside the San Agustin Church, at his home at Intramuros. Plaza Pershing was established in Zamboanga City, Philippines to honor Governor John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing (September 13, 1860 July 15, 1948) with his victory over Muslim insurgents.

Spain established a centralized colonial government in the Philippines that was composed of a national government and the local governments that administered provinces, cities, towns and municipalities. With the cooperation of the local governments the national government maintained peace and order, collected taxes and built schools and other public works. The Central Government - under the Council of the Indies - in charge in the administration of colonies The Governor General - head of the central government As the King's representative and the highest-ranking official in the Philippines, the governor general saw to it that royal decrees and laws emanating from Spain were implemented in the Philippines. He had the power to appoint and dismiss public officials, except those personally chosen by the King. He also supervised all government offices and the collection of taxes. The governor general exercised certain legislative powers, as well. He issued proclamations to facilitate the implementation of laws. Requirement: must be a peninsulares or a spaniard born in spain

The Governor General and other government officials had so much power that it was commonly abused. To investigate the abuses, there were bodies created: 1. The Residencia This was a special judicial court that investigates the performance of a governor general who was about to be replaced. The residencia, of which the incoming governor general was usually a member, submitted a report of its findings to the King. 2. The Visita -secret investigation conducted by the Visitador General dispatched by The Council of the Indies in Spain to observe conditions in the colony. The Visitador General reported his findings directly to the King. Two types of Visita: General Visita investigation of the whole colony. Specific Visita an investigation of a single province. 3. The Royal Audiencia Apart from its judicial functions, the Royal Audiencia served as an advisory body to the Governor General and had the power to check and a report on his abuses. The Audiencia also audited the expenditures of the colonial government and sent a yearly report to Spain. The Archbishop and other government officials could also report the abuses of the colonial government to the Spanish king. Despite all these checks, however, an abusive governor general often managed to escape stiff fines, suspension, or dismissal by simply bribing the Visitador and other investigators. The Provincial Government The Spaniards created local government units to facilitate the countrys administration. There were two types of local government units the alcadia and the corregimiento. The alcadia, led by the alcalde mayor, governed the provinces that had been fully subjugated: the corregimiento, headed by corregidor, governed the provinces that were not yet entirely under Spanish control. The alcalde mayors represented the Spanish king and the governor general in their respective provinces. They managed the day-to-day operations of the provincial government, implemented laws and supervised the collection of taxes. Alhough they were paid a small salary (P300 a month), they enjoyed privileges such as the indulto de comercio, or the right to participate in the galleon trade. The Municipal Government Each province was divided into several towns or pueblos headed by Gobernadordcillos, whose main concerns were efficient governance and tax collection. Four lieutenants aided the Governardorcillo: the Teniente Mayor (chief lieutenant), the Teniente de Policia (police lieutenant), the Teniente de Sementeras (lieutenant of the fields) and the Teniente de Ganados (lieutenant of the livestock).

They had small salaries but were exempted from paying taxes Qualifications: any native or chinese meztizo 25 years old literate in oral or written spanish cabeza de barangay for 4 years

Cabeza de Barangay (Barrio Administrator or Barangay Captain) -Responsible for the peace and order of the barrio -Recruited men for public works QUALIFICATIONS: Cabezas should be literate in Spanish Have good moral character and property Cabezas who served for 25 years were exempted from forced labor

Ex: Emilio Aguinaldo The City Government Larger towns became cities called, ayuntamiento. It became the center of trade and industry. The ayuntamiento had a city council called the cabildo. cabildo is composed of: alcalde (mayor) regidores (councillors) alguacil mayor (police chief) escribando (secretary) The Encomienda System Spain owed the colonization of the Philippines to Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, who valiantly and loyally served the Spanish crown. To hasten the subjugation of the country, King Philip II instructed Legazpi to divide the Philippines into large territories called encomiendas, to be left to the management of designated encomenderos. To show his gratitude to his conquistadors, the King made them the first encomenderos in the colony. As the Kings representatives in their respective encomiendas, the encomenderos had the right to collect taxes. However, the encomiendas were not there to own. The encomenderos were only territorial overseers who had the duty to: 1) protect the people in the encomienda; (2) maintain peace and order; (3) promote education and health programs; and (4) help the missionaries propagate Christianity. Frailocracy For more than three centuries of Spanish rule, the missionaries or the friars as they were known at that time played a major role not only in propagating the Christian faith but also in the political, social, economic and cultural aspects of the Filipinos. They are actually the real conquistadors during the Spanish times.

The Advent of Frailocracy. When the Legazpi expedition reached the Philippines in 1565, the Augustinian missionaries also began to make its presence. Other religious orders followed such as the Franciscans (1577), Jesuits (1581), Dominicans (1587), Recollects (1606) and the Benedictines (1895). The primary role of these missionaries is to propagate Christianity among the natives of these new conquered islands. As the pope gave the king of Spain the power of patronato real, the State and the Church in the Philippines was unified. Thus, the colonial government appoints and pays the salaries of the archbishops, bishops and the parish priests. The government also funds the churches, schools and charities run by these religious orders. In order for these missionaries to have a self-sustainable life, land estates known as friar lands were granted to them thus, making them land owners and later on merchants. They started to become influential not only economically but also politically. They reigned supreme even in government matters. Some even acted as governor-general until 1762. One example is Manuel Rojo, the last archbishop to hold such high position. Another development is the scarcity of secular priest to manage the parishes. These vacancies led to the appointment of the regulars, especially in the rich and developed parishes. These events started frailocracy or monastic supremacy in the Philippines. The Role of the Friars. Aside from spreading the word of God, the missionaries help in pacifying the country. They created more than 300 towns; built churches, roads and bridges, and other infrastructures. They also established schools, colleges and universities; hospitals, orphanages, and asylums across the country. They become the carriers of the Western culture. Many friars contributed much in the development of the printing press, medicine, science, architecture, music, grammar, dictionaries, literature and the arts which eventually become part of the Filipino culture. They also introduced new crops, plants and animals from Europe and Mexico. They also taught the natives new industries such as dye-making, bricks and tile-making. The parish priest is the most powerful figure in a town or pueblo. Even if he is the only Spaniard in town, he was feared and obeyed by the people, and was often kissed on the hands as a sign of respect and of his great influence. Preacher/ Confessor Guardian of morality and charity Teacher/ educator School Supervisor Peace and order advocate Registrar of Deeds/ Public Documents Law enforcer Social worker/ Community Development Officer Adviser to local government officials Local Elections Supervisor

outright land grabbing were frequent. Abuses made by the friars among his constituents/ flock were observable. The secularization of the parishes also became an issue since the regulars wont give up their parishes to the Filipino seculars. These abuses made by the friars are well depicted in Rizals Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, Del Pilars La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas and Lopez-Jaenas Fray Botod. Though unsuccessful, the first and only open anti-friar demonstration against intolerable church abuses was spearheaded by several gobernadorcillos in 1888. Many unsuccessful Filipino revolts of the 18th and 19th centuries were also rooted from these friar abuses. Frailocracy ended during the dawn of the Philippine Republic and the early part of the American Occupation. At present, we can still see the influence of the clergy in our education system and in our culture. Though already less, they still react and participate in the political affairs of the country as seen in the two EDSA People Power revolutions.

What was the structure of the Spanish colonial government during their colonization of the Philippines? The Spanish Colonial government structure was hierarchical. At the head was the reigning monarch, below him two branches: The Audiencias and the Viceroyalties who handled administrative matters. Due to conflicts, the Audiencies were eventually made subject to Vice-royal authority. A third arm, the Corregimeiientos were also subjects of the Viceroyals. Below the Corr. were more local regional matters run by Cabilos considered "ecomenderos" whose local power and financial standing earned them their place in the hierarchy. In 1542 laws were put in place to remove some of the privileges of the ecomenderos. Below them, at the local level were the Corregidores who handled matters pertaining to the native population. So, if you wanted something done at a certain level you'd have to work your way up that complicated chain. in a way similar to going through a town council, mayor, senator, etc. K.K.K. The word "katipunan," literally means 'association,' comes from the root word "tipon," a Tagalog word meaning "gather together" or "society." Its official revolutionary name is Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (English: Highest and Most Honorable Society of the Children of the Nation, Spanish: Suprema y Venerable Asociacin de los Hijos del Pueblo). The Katipunan is also known by its acronym, K.K.K. Cdulas personales (community tax certificates) would play an important role in the Philippine Revolution, when Andrs Bonifacio and fellow members of the Katipunan tore up their residence certificates in defiance of Spanish rule during a meeting in Balintawak (present-day Quezon City). This would be known as the Cry of Pugadlawin and signaled the beginning of the Philippine Revolution. For his 1956 book The Revolt of the Masses Teodoro Agoncillo defined "the Cry" as the tearing of cedulas, departing from precedent. His version was based on the later testimonies of Po Valenzuela and others who claimed the cry took place in Pugad Lawin instead of Balintawak. Originally the term "Cry" referred to the first

Builder of towns Parish Priest and public works Tax Collection Inspector

Filipinos Reaction to the Frailocracy. As the friars become powerful, abuses among the Filipinos took place. The issue about the friar lands became one of the reasons for the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution. Majority of the lands, especially in the Tagalog region, were owned by the friars. Foreclosure of mortgages and

skirmish between the Katipuneros and the Civil Guards (Guardia Civil). Other definitions of the term have been made over the years, but today it is popularly understood to refer to the tearing of community tax certificates (cdulas personales) by the rebels to mark their separation from Spain. This was literally accompanied by patriotic shouts. The Cry of Pugad Lawin (Filipino: Sigaw ng Pugad Lawin), alternately and originally referred to as the Cry of Balintawak (Filipino: Sigaw ng Balintawak, Spanish: Grito de Balintawak) was the beginning of the Philippine [1] Revolution against Spanish rule. At the close of August 1896, members of the Katipunan secret society (Katipuneros) led by Andres Bonifacio rose up in revolt somewhere in an area referred to as Kalookan, wider than the jurisdiction of present-day Caloocan City and overlapping into present-day Quezon City. The 1872 Cavite Mutiny The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was an uprising of military personnel of Fort San Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippines on January 20, 1872. Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose up in the belief that it would elevate to a national uprising. The mutiny was unsuccessful, and government soldiers executed many of the participants and began to crack down on a burgeoning nationalist movement. Many scholars believe that the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was the beginning of Filipino nationalism that would eventually lead to the Philippine Revolution of 1896. Izquierdo replaced Governor General Carlos Maria de la Torre some months before in 1871 and immediately rescinded Torres liberal measures and imposed his ironfist rule. He was opposed to any hint of reformist or nationalistic movements in the Philippines. He was in office for less than two years, but he will be remembered for his cruelty to the Filipinos and the barbaric execution of the three martyr-priests blamed for the mutiny: Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, later collectively called Gomburza. The mutineers were led by Fernando La Madrid, a mestizo sergeant; they seized the Fort and killed the 11 Spanish officers. Fearing a general uprising, the Spanish government in Manila sent a regiment under General Felipe Ginoves to recover the Fort. The mutineers thought that soldiers in Manila would join them in a concerted uprising, the signal being the firing of rockets from the city walls on that night. Unfortunately, what they thought to be the signal was actually a burst of fireworks in celebration of the feast of Our Lady of Loreto, the patron of Sampaloc. News of the mutiny reached Manila, the Spanish authorities feared for a massive Filipino uprising. The next day, a regiment led by General Felipe Ginoves besieged the fort until the mutineers surrendered. Ginoves then ordered his troops to fire at those who surrendered including La Madrid. In the aftermath of the mutiny, all Filipino soldiers were disarmed and later sent into exile in Mindanao. Those suspected of supporting the mutineers were arrested and executed. The mutiny was used by the Spanish colonial

government and Spanish friars to implicate three Filipino priests, Mariano Gmez, Jos Burgos and Jacinto Zamora, collectively known as Gomburza, and other Filipino leaders for their liberal leanings. These executions, particularly those of the Gomburza, were to have a significant effect on people because of the shadowy nature of the trials. Jose Rizal dedicated his work, El filibusterismo, to the executed priests. Prominent Filipinos such as priests, professionals, and businessmen were arrested on flimsy and trumped-up charges and sentenced to prison, death, or exile. When the Archbishop of Manila, Rev. Gregorio Meliton Martinez, refused to cooperate and defrock the priests, citing they did not break any canon law, the Spanish court-martial on February 15 went ahead and maliciously found Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora guilty of treason for instigating the Cavite mutiny. Two days later, the three priests were executed by garrotte on February 17, 1872 in Bagumbayan, now known as Luneta. (Garrote was a barbaric Spanish method of execution in which an iron collar was tightened around the prisoners neck until death occurred.) The priests, who were active in the fight for the secularization (or, in effect, nationalization) of the clergy were creating trouble for the despotic Governor Rafael Izquierdo and the powerful regular religious orders in the country. By linking them with the uprising in the Cavite arsenal, whether they indeed had anything to do with it or not, the administration found a convenient way of doing away with the troublesome trio. Father Burgos (a Filipino mestizo secular priest) was of Spanish descent, born in the Philippines. He was a parish priest of the Manila Cathedral and had been known to be close to the liberal Governor General de la Torre. He was 35 years old at the time and was active and outspoken in advocating the Filipinization of the clergy. He was quoted as saying, Why shall a young man strive to rise in the profession of law or theology when he can vision no future for himself but obscurity? Father Zamora, 37, was also Spanish, born in the Philippines. He was the parish priest of Marikina and was known to be unfriendly to and would not countenance any arrogance or authoritative behavior from Spaniards coming from Spain. He once snubbed a Spanish governor who came to visit Marikina. Father Gomez was an old man in his mid-70, a Tornatrs (one born of mixed Chinese and Spanish ancestries), born in Cavite. He held the most senior position of the three as Archbishops Vicar in Cavite. He was truly nationalistic and accepted the death penalty calmly as though it were his penance for being pro-Filipinos. The three priests were stripped of their albs, and with chained hands and feet were brought to their cells after their sentence. They received numerous visits from folks coming from Cavite, Bulacan, and elsewhere. Forty thousand Filipinos came to Luneta to witness and quietly condemn the execution, and Gomburza became a rallying catchword for the down-trodden Filipinos seeking justice and freedom from Spain.

In the dedication page of his second book, El Filibusterismo, published in 1891, Dr. Jose Rizal wrote, I dedicate my work to you as victims of the evil which I undertake to combat... It is well to remember that the seeds of nationalism that was sown in Cavite blossomed to the Philippine Revolution and later to the Declaration of Independence by Emilio Aguinaldo which took place also in Cavite. As for me, the 1872 Cavite Mutiny bolstered the stereotypical belief that Caviteos were the most courageous of my fellow Filipinos. Back Story: During the short trial, the captured mutineers testified against Father Jos Burgos. The state witness, Francisco Saldua, declared that he had been told by one of the Basa brothers that the government of Father Burgos would bring a fleet of the United States to assist a revolution with which Ramon Maurente, the supposed field marshal, was financing with 50,000 pesos. The heads of the friar orders held a conference and decided to dispose Burgos by implicating him to a plot. One Franciscan friar disguised as Father Burgos and suggested a mutiny to the mutineers. The senior friars used an una fuerte suma de dinero or a first class dinner to convince Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo that Burgos is the mastermind of the coup. Gomez and Zamora are close to Burgos so they are included anyway.