Marginal costing is very helpful in managerial decision making.

Management's production and cost and sales decisions may be easily affected from marginal costing. That is the reason, it is the part of cost control method of costing accounting. Before explaining the application of marginal costing in managerial decision making, we are providing little introduction to those who are new for understanding this important concept.

Marginal cost is change in total cost due to increase or decrease one unit or output. It is technique to show the effect on net profit if we classified total cost in variable cost and fixed cost. The ascertainment of marginal costs and of the effect on profit of changes in volume or type of output by differentiating between fixed costs and variable costs. In marginal costing, marginal cost is always equal to variable cost or cost of goods sold. We must know following formulae a) Contribution ( Per unit) = Sale per unit - Variable Cost per unit

b) Total profit or loss = Total Contribution - Total Fixed Costs or or Contribution = Fixed Cost + Profit Profit = Contribution - Fixed Cost

c) Profit Volume Ratio = Contribution/ Sale X 100 ( It means if we sell Rs. 100 product, what will be our contribution margin, more contribution margin means more profit) d ) Break Even Point is a point where Total sale = Total Cost e) Break Even Point ( In unit ) = Total Fixed expenses / Contribution f) Break Even Point ( In Sales Value ) = Break even point (in units) X Selling price per unit g) Break Even Point at earning of specific net profit margin = Total Contribution / Contribution per unit or = fixed cost + profit / selling price - variable cost per unit

Application of Marginal Costing in Managerial Decisions By effective use of marginal costing formulae, we can apply marginal costing for managerial decisions with following ways : 1st Application : Managerial Decision Relating to Determination of Optimum Selling Price To determine the optimum selling price of any product or service is big challenge for a manager of any company because company wants to profit of each unit of any product or service. In marginal costing technique, fixed cost will not be changed at any level of production. Only variable cost is changed for getting optimum selling price where company can achieve expected profit.

Example : Suppose a company wants to earn 15% net profit margin on 20,000 unit sold. What price will company fix? Following other information is give suppose fixed cost which fixed = Rs. 180,000 suppose variable cost = Rs. 25 This decision can be easily taken with marginal costing's formula. Above, I have written 7 formula. Now we use 7th formula of out of them. Break even units at desired profit = fixed cost + profit / selling price - variable cost per unit or No. of units expected to sell = Fixed cost + desired profit / contribution per unit 20000 = 180000 + 15% X ( 20000X S.P) / selling price - 25 20000 X ( S.P. - 25) = 180000+ 15% X( 20000 X S.P) 20000 S.P. - 500,000 = 180000 + 3000 S.P 20000 S.P - 3000 S.P = 180000 +500000 17000 S.P = 680000 S.P = 680000/17000 = 40 or Expected Selling price = Rs. 40 2nd Application : To Check the Effect of Reducing of Current Price on profit We all know, this is the time of competition, customer has become king. He wants product at minimum price. One example, we can see free video on YouTube. Instead of buying costly CDs and DVD, customers of entertainment industry see free films and movies on YouTube. But on the other side, company wants to maintain his current profit. At that time, manager will be in tension because it is not possible to maintain profit even after reducing price. But if manager learns marginal costing techniques and uses it effective way, they can check the effect of reducing of current price on net profit, after this, he can decide to reduce production or increase production. It is the law of economics, variable cost will reduce by reducing units of production in same proportion but when we increase production, fixed cost will fastly decreases due to constant nature. Example : Sale of a product amount to 1000 units per annum at Rs. 500 per unit. Fixed overheads are Rs. 100000 per annum and variable cost Rs. 300 per unit. There is a proposal to reduce the price by 20% due to survive in competition. How many units must be sold to maintain total profit after reducing the price by 20%? First of all we check the effect of reducing of current price on profit

Our Gross profit ratio or P/V Ratio without reducing price = Gross profit or Contribution / Sale per unit X 100 = Sale per unit - variable cost per unit / sale per unit X 100 = 500 - 300/500 X 100 = 40% Break Even Point ( in units where profit is zero ) = Fixed cost / Contribution per unit = 100000/ 200 = 500 units After reducing 20% of sale price , our gross profit or P/V ratio will be

= 500- 300

500 - 500 X 20% X 100 = 25%

It means our Gross profit will reduce 15% ( 40% - 25%) if we reduce our sale prices 20%. Break Even Point ( in units where profit is zero ) = Fixed cost / Contribution per unit = 100000/ 100 = 1000 units Now No. of Units Sold at Break Even point at desired profit :For this we have to know present profit Present Gross profit or contribution = 40% gross margin on sale X( total no. of sale units X sale per unit) = = 40% X ( 1000 units X Rs. 500 per unit ) = 2,00,000 Present Net Profit = Contribution or gross profit - Fixed cost = 200,000 - 1,00,000 = 1,00,000 Now, number of units required to maintain same net profit = Fixed cost + Net profit / New contribution after reduction of sale prices = 1,00,000 + 1,00,000 / Rs. 100 = 200,000 / 100 = 2000 units Now, manager has to take decision to produce more 1000 units if he wants to earn same gross margin 40% instead of 25% 3rd Application : Choose of Good Product Mix It may be possible that company is producing more than one product, at that time company has to calculate each product's contribution margin or gross profit margin. After this, manager see which product is giving high contribution margin. Company manager will give preference to that product whose contribution will high. One more decision can be taken by manger. He can check contribution by producing different quantity of different products. If he see any quantity of products is producing maximum contribution, it will be equilibrium point. Production of units at that quantity will be

benefited to company. 4th Application : Calculation of Margin of Safety Marginal costing can be utilized for calculating margin of safety. Margin of safety is difference between actual sale and sale at break even point. According to marginal costing rules, production will follow sales. Suppose current sale is Rs. 4,00,000 and BEP is Rs. 3,00,000, margin of safety is Rs.100000. We can calculate it with following formula = Profit/ P/V ratio If company's sale is less than margin of safety, then manager can take step to reduce both fixed and variable cost or increase prices. 5th Application : Decision Regarding to Sell goods at Different Prices to Different Customers Sometime, company has to give special discount to special customers. These customers may be govt, foreign companies or wholesaler. At that time manager has to take decision at what limit, we can give discount to special customers. Marginal costing may help in this decision.

he use of marginal costing techniques for managerial decision making ignores important commercial factors. Discuss this statement including relevant examples to support your argument.
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The cost of a product under marginal costing or variable costing includes only the variable costs of making the product. The variable costs include direct material, direct labour and variable overheads. Variable costs per unit approximate the marginal cost of making another unit of a product. Selling price minus variable costs adds up to contribution. Contribution is the amount of money available to cover the fixed costs and afterwards to contribute to profit. The fixed costs are treated as period costs and are expensed in the period incurred. Marginal costing can be used to assist in decision making in the following circumstances: acceptance of a special order, dropping a product, make or buy decision and to choose which product (mix) to produce when a limiting factor (resource) exists. The technique of marginal costing mainly concentrates on financial factors, for instance the company's objective to maximise profit or to create wealth. But other non-financial or commercial implications with long term character are largely ignored. If a company decides whether it should drop a product or not, it is necessary to consider commercial factors. If it stops producing a product because of

its profitability, it might upset customers who have bought this product over years. And it may happen that they start buying their whole products from competitors. A company should not think immediately about dropping a product when the demand is too low, since it is short term thinking to let thousands of customers go away. It should rather think about exceeding the demand. Further on, the product to be dropped may be a complementary one to another product made by the company. The problems of scarse resources can be compared with those of dropping a product. If an enterprise decides to make an optimum product mix (=profit maximising product mix), it might be in the position of not having enough resources to make a product with a lower contribution. The same effects of dropping a product could be a consequence. The acceptance of an order might depend on non-financial factors as well. The firm should consider if it could sell the products itself under another (low cost) label. Furthermore a company must pay attention to its price in the primary market because the orderer might offer the product either for a higher or lower price. Make or buy decisions are difficult because outsourcing always jeopardizes the jobs of those currently working for the company and the quality of the job to be done. The firms' image and thereby its sales are put in danger, if it makes frivolous redundancies. Moreover, the company has to make sure that it gets the same quality of output for less money to justify the outsourcing. In my opinion it is true that marginal costing ignores other relevant commercial factors. The contribution of a product on its own should not be decisive and is short term thinking. A company has to pay attention to customers, public and competitors as well. A long term strategy including financial and non-financial factors should be established to ensure a profitable and sustainable performance.