Lecture-2 FLAT SLABS

I. INTRODUCTION Flat slabs are slabs, which rest directly on columns with out beams and reinforced in two or more directions. Beams may be used where the slab is interrupted as around stairs, walls or discontinuous edges. These slabs may be of uniform thickness throughout or a portion of it, symmetrical about the column, may be thicker than the rest of the slab (called drop panel) and the supporting column may be increased in size near the top to form a column head or column capital

a) Floor without drop panel or column head

b) Floor with column head but no drop panel

c) Floor with drop panel and column head

The drop panels are effective in reducing the shearing stresses where the column is liable to punch the slab, and they also provide an increased moment of resistance in the support. The advantages of flat slab floor over the beam slab floor. Simplified form work More economical Reduced story height More economical Windows can extend up to the underside of the slab. No obstruction of light and circulation of air due to beams. Unlike beams absence of sharp corners which results in less danger in the concrete spelling and exposing reinforcement, i.e. greater fire resistance. Flexible for constriction partition walls than slabs with beams.

BEHAVIOUR OF FLAT SLABS

When there are no beams inter-connected the columns partition of the slab may be conceived to act as slab bands between columns. A probable width of slab acting as beam between columns is shown below.

For analysis and design purpose, a simplified scheme has been generally adopted in the various codes of practice and the slab is deemed to have been divided into column and middle strips.

A column strip is a design strip which serves the purpose of a beam spanning between columns and deflects as continuous beam and it has a width on each side of a column centerline equal to 0.25Lx or if drops with dimensions not less than L X//3 are used, a width equal to the drop dimension. Middle strip is a design strip bounded by two column strips. Drop panels are rectangular (may be square) or circular and influence the distribution of moments with in the slab. - The smaller dimension of the drop is LX//3 - The drop may be 25 to 50% more thicker than the rest of the slab i.e. (t d =1.25 ts to 1.5 ts )

ANALYSIS OF FLAT SLABS

Based on static principle of analysis, the total statically moment M 0 obtained as the sum of the maximum positive design moment and the average of the negative design moments in any one span on the slab is given by: Mo = wL2 2h [ L1 c ]2 8 3

Where, w - distributed load on slab (Design load) L1 - length of slab in the direction of moment measured between centers of columns. L2 width of slab measured between centers of columns. hc effective diameter of column or column head. It is the diameter of a circle whose area equals the x-sectional area of the column, or if column heads are used, effective diameter of column head as shown below. 3

hc < Lx/4 , where Lx - shorter span of slab

In any direction, the effective diameter of a head shall be taken as the lesser of - Actual dimension Lho or - Lh, max = LC + 2dh The limit for the widen portion of column head to be treated as part of the column is that within 900 of the segment.

A flat slab including supporting columns may be analyzed using two methods namely: .I Simplified direct method .II Equivalent frame method I. The Simplified Direct Method Slab systems designed by this method should fulfill the following conditions A. There should be a minimum of three continuous spans in each direction. B. Panels should be rectangular and the ratio of the longer span to shorter span should not be greater than 2.0 C. Successive span length in each direction shall not differ by more than one - third of the longer span. D. Maximum offsets of columns form either axis between centerlines of successive columns exceed 10% of the span in the direction of the offset. E. All loads should be vertical and uniformly distributed over the entire area. The design live load should not exceed two times the design dead load. F. Design is based on single load case of all spans loaded with maximum design ultimate load. The simplified direct method is applied to non-sway structures and the design moments and shear forces are obtained from coefficients given in the table below.

II.

The Equivalent Frame Method

The bending moments and shear forces may be determined by dividing the structure longitudinally and transversely into frames consisting of column and strips of slabs. The frames of slab used to define the effective stiffness of the slab will depend up on the aspect ratio of the panels, but the following provisions may be applied in the absence of more accurate method For vertical loading assume full width of panel between columns for frame analysis. For lateral loading, as a frame of half width of panel. The moment of inertia of any section of slab or column used in calculating the relative stiffness of members may be assumed to be that of the cross-section of the concrete alone. If there are drops, the design is done taking the depth of the drop into consideration if the smaller dimension of the drop is at least 1/3 of the span of the smaller panel. However, this limitation does not apply to checking of punching shear. Loading:During analysis of structures there is a single case of loading maximum design load on all spans, if 5

The ratio of characteristic imposed load to the characteristic dead load does not exceed 1.25 2. The characteristics imposed load does not exceed 5KN/m2. Otherwise, consider arrangement of vertical loads with maximum design on alternative spans and others with minimum design load i.e. Dead load only. Each frame may be analyzed in its entirety by any elastic method such as moment distribution. For vertical load only, each strip of floor or roof may be analyzed as a separate frame with the columns above and below fixed in position. In either case, the analysis shall be carried out for the appropriate design ultimate loads on each span calculated for a strip of slab of width equal to the distance between centerlines of the panels on each side of the column. The design moments are distributed into column and middle strips the same as in the case of simplified direct method.

1.

SHEAR IN FLAT SLABS It is not convenient to provide stirrups for flat slabs, thus the thickness of the concrete section must be adequate to resist the shear force. In flat slabs two types of shear actions are considered: i. Beam type shear (Diagonal tension): Critical section is considered at a distanced from the face of the column or capital and vc is the same expression as given in beam or solid slabs. ii. Punching shear: Is characterized by the formation of a truncated punching cone or pyramid around a concentrated loads or reactions such as columns - critical section is considered perpendicular to the plane of the slab at a distance of d/2 from the periphery of the support.

d/2 a d/2 d/2

Interior Column

Edge Column

The shear force to be resisted can be calculated as the total design load on the area bounded by the panel centerlines around the column less the load applied within the area defined by the shear perimeter. The punching shears resistance with out shear reinforcement. VRd =0.25fctd k1k2Ud 6

d/2

Where k1 = (1+50) 2.0 k2 = 1.6 - d 1.0 (d in meters). For members where more than 50% of the bottom rebars are curtailed, k2 = 1.0 = e = (ex + ey ) < 0.015 ex and ey correspond to the geometric ratios longitudinal reinforcement parallel to x & y , resp. d = average effective height in the x & y directions = (dx + dy) 2 u = perimeter of critical section = (a + d + b + d) * 2 = 2(2a + d + b + d) fctd = Design tensile strength of concrete = 0.21 fck 2/3 c DETAIL OF REINFOCEMENTS Two third of the amount of reinforcement required to resist the negative design moment in the column strip shall be placed in a width equal to half of the column strip and central with the column. This concentration of reinforcement over the column will increase the capacity of the slab for transfer of moment to the column for flexure.

Column Strip Half Column strip 1/6 Ast 2/3 Ast 1/6 Ast

Center line of column

The detail of top and bottom reinforcement for the column and middles strips is given in Figure A-8 of EBCS-2, 1995.

Examples: 1. A reinforced concrete floor slab for a sports hall with a 4m story height is to be constructed using flat slab of 5m by 6m panel sizes. There are five panels in one direction 8

and three panels in the other direction. The floor will be subjected to a load of 3KN/m 2 from partitions and finishing in addition to self weight. Taking column size of 400mm*400 mm, design the flat slab using concrete C-30 and steel S-300, class-I works.

A 4

5@6m = 30m

2. A reinforced concrete floor slab for a sports hall with a 4m story height is to be constructed using flat slab. There are four panels in one direction and three panels in the other direction. The floor will be subjected to a load of 5KN/m 2 from partitions and finishing in addition to self weight. Taking column size of 400mm*400 mm, design the flat slab using concrete C-30 and steel S-300, class-I works.

A 4

7m

6m

8m

7m

6m

8m

7m

3@5m = 15m

Lecture - 2 FLAT

SLABS

MEKELLE UNIVERSITY

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