ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

Some important terminology and definitions are required to know regarding projections is: 1)projectors (projection lines): The rays or the lines which are evaluated from the source are
known as projectors or projection lines.

2)projection: The figure formed by the joining or combining the projectors in a sequential order
on a plane surface.

3)planar projection: The surface where the projection is obtained is called planar projection. Different types of projections:
1) perspective projections, 2)othographic projections, 3)obique projections, 4)isometric projections.

Orthographic projection: The principle involved in orthographic projections is the projectors

evalutated form the source are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the projection plane. Here the main assumption is that the observer is place at infinite distance. It can also defined as othographic projection is a means of representing a three dimensional object in two dimensions.

Oblique projections : In this type of projections the main theme involved is the projectors or
projection lines make some angle with the projection plane.

We have different types of projection planes those are of two types:

1) principle planes, 2) auxiliary planes.

Priniciple planes are again sub devided into three parts:

1) Vertical plane, 2) Horizontal plane, 3) profile plane. The projection obtained on the vertical plane is the fornt view. The projection obtained on the horizontal plane is the top view. The projection obtained on the profile plane is the side view. These are the divisions about the priniciple planes.

Auxiliary planes are devided in to two types:

1) Auxiliary vertical plane, 2) Auxiliary horizontal plane.

Auxiliary vertical plane : The plane which is perpendicular to the horizontal plane and inclined
to the vertical plane is called auxiliaray vertical plane.

Auxiliary horizontal plane: The plane which is perpendicular to the vertical plane and inclined
to the horizontal plane is called auxiliary horizontal plane. This is the description about the auxiliary planes.

Quadrants : In the orhtographic projections the quadrants are devided in to ordinary 4 quadrants.
But these are based on the placement of observer. Where the observer is placed that is treated as the first quadrant.

Object location : if the object is located in the first quadrant (it means that observer is placed in
the first quadrant) that is located infront of the vertical plane and above the horizontal plane. (observe the green box)

second quadrant : if the object is located in the second quadrant (it means that observer is placed
in the first quadrant) that is located behind the vertical plane and above the horizontal plane. (observe the red box).

Third quadrant : if the object is located in the third quadrant (it means that observer is placed in
the first quadrant) that is located behind the vertical plane and below the horizontal plane.(observe

the blue box).

Fourth quadrant : if the object is located in the fourth quadrant (it means that observer is placed
in the first quadrant) that is located behind the vertical plane and below the horizontal plane. (observe the violet box). Here in the picture the intersection of vertical plane and horizontal plane is the xy plane that is the refrerence plane.

Projection systems or projection methods : Here we have two types of systems:

1) First angle system, 2) Third angle system.

First angle system :

In first angle system the object is place in the first quadrant and object is inbetween the observer and projection plane. Here front view and side view is place above the xy plane. Top view is placed below the xy plane. See in the below picture.

Front view

Side view

Top view

Third angle system :

In third angle system the object is place in the third quadrant and observer is placed at the first quadrant.projection plane is place inbetween the observer and object. Here front view and side view is place below the xy plane. Top view is placed above the xy plane. See in the below picture. Observe the below picture. Here mostly first angle method is only appropriate and suitable method for indians. Indians use first

angle mehtod for the construction and different purposes.

Top view

Front view

Side view

NOTES ON PROJECTION OF POINTS:

1) if point is located x distance avove or below the horizontal plane the same x distance is observed on the vertical plane that is we have to draw x distance on front view. 2) If a point is located y distance in front or behind the vertical plane the same y distance is abserved on the horizontal plane we have to draw y distance in top view. 3) If the point is resting on the horizontal plane the front view of a point lies on xy line. 4) If the point is resting on the vertical plane the top view of a point lies on xy line.

Assignment:
1)a point is located 50 mm behind the vertical plane and resting on the horizontal plane draw the projections? 2) a point is located 50 mm below the horizontal plane 45 mm behind the vertical plane draw the projections? 3) A point is located 50 mm below the horizontal plane and resting on the vertical plane draw the projections? 4) A point is located 35 mm infront of vertical plane 60mm below the horizontal plane draw the projections? 5) A point is resting on both horizontal and vertical planes?