How Chocolate is Made Have we wondered how we get chocolate from?

Well this time we will enter the amazing world of chocolate so we can understand exactly we are eating. Chocolate starts a tree called cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial regions, especially in place such as South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree produces a fruit about the size of a small pine apple. In side the fruits are the tree's seeds. They are also known as coco beans. Next, the beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun. After that they are shipped to the chocolate maker. The chocolate maker starts by roasting the beans to bring out the flavour. Different beans from different places have different qualities and flavour. So they are often shorted and blended to produce a distinctive mix. The next process is winnowing. The roasted beans are winnowed to remove the meat nib of the cacao bean from its shell. Then the nibs are blended. The blended nibs are ground to make it a liquid. The liquid is called chocolate liquor. It tastes bitter. All seeds contain some amount of fat and cacao beans are not different. However, cacao beans are half fat, which is why the ground nibs from liquid. It is pure bitter chocolate.

What is photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is a food-making process that occurs in green plants. It is the chief function of leaves. The word photosynthesis means putting together with light. Green plants use energy from light to combine carbon dioxide and water to make sugar and other chemical compounds. How is the light used in photosynthesis? The light used in photosynthesis is absorbed by a green pigment called chlorophyll. Each foodmaking cell in a plant leaf contains chlorophyll in small bodies called chloroplasts. In chloroplast, light energy causes water drawn form the soil to split into hydrogen and oxygen. What are the steps of photosynthesis process? Let me tell you the process of photosynthesis, in a series of complicated steps, the hydrogen combines with carbon dioxide from the air, forming a simple sugar. Oxygen from the water molecules is given off in the process. From sugar together with nitrogen, sulphur, and phosporus from the soil-green plants can make starch, fat, protein, vitamins, and other complex compounds essential for life. Photosynthesis provides the chemical energy that is needed to produced these compounds.

National exam becomes the hot topic in most of discussions. Though the Supreme Court has rejected an appeal by the go-vernment on the organization of the national exams, the controversy over whether it is necessary to maintain the national exams (UN) has continued. Some debates include the primary questions such as; does the quality of Indonesia education depend on the national exam?, will the quality of the Indonesian education system worsen without natipnal exam? People, who support the national exam explain that the quality of the Indonesia education system will drop without the national exam, so they try to defend the current system. Hoever there are people who disagree with the opinion. Those who against this national exam kept in our high school education say that it doesn't need the national exams because the quality of education does not just depend on the national exam. Further, the national exam only measures a small portion of students' competence in specific subjects, and does not measure students' competences throughout the semester. In fact, the national examination can still be useful as an instrument to evaluate or detect the level of students' cognitive competence in several subjects, on a national scale.

Gerunds Gerund adalah kata benda yang berasal dari kata kerja ditambah ing, misalnyaswimming, eating, fishing, shopping, dancing, dan singing. Bila diperhatikan, gerundmempunyai bentuk yang sama dengan present participle, bedanya gerund berfungsi sebagai kata benda, sedangkan present participle sebagai kata sifat yang menerangkan kata benda. Dalam kalimat, gerund berfungsi sebagai: a. subjek (subject) b. pelengkap subjek (subjective complement) c. objek langsung (direct object) d. objek preposisi (object of preposition) e. aposisi (appositive) Subject Gerund sebagai subjek pokok kalimat, contoh: - Swimming is good service. - Your singing is very beautiful. - Studying needs time and patience. - Playing tennis is fun. - Reading English is easier than speaking it. Subjective Complement Gerund sebagai pelengkap subjek dalam kalimat biasanya selalu didahului to be yang terletak di

antara subject dan subjective complement, contoh: - My favorite sport is running. - My favorite activity is reading. Direct Object Gerund sebagai objek langsung dalam kalimat, contoh: - I enjoy dancing. - She likes dancing. - Thank you for your coming. - I hate arguing. Object of Preposition Gerund sebagai objek preposisi yang terletak setelah preposisi. Preposisi yang sering dipakai adalah of, on, no, with, without, at for, after, before, because of, to, like, about, for, by, in. Contoh: - He is tired of gambling. - I am fond of eating bakso. - He insisted on seeing her. - I have no objection to hearing your story. - You will not be clever without studying. - They are good at telling funny stories. - In sleeping I met you in the park. Appositive Gerund sebagai aposisi atau penegas dalam kalimat, contoh: - My hobby, fishing, is interesting. - I do not like quarrelling, a useless job. My hobby is fishing dan fishing is interesting diletakkan bersebelahan dalam sebuah kalimat sebagai appositive (fishing adalah aposisi dari my hobby), begitu juga contoh kalimat dibawahnya. Passive and Active Kata kerja dalam bahasa Inggris juga dinyatakan dalam voice. Voice adalah istilah tata bahasa Inggris yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan hubungan kata kerja dan subjek (pokok kalimat). Dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal dua voice, yaitu active dan passive. Dalam kalimat passive, subjeknya dikenai atau menerima pekerjaan. Sedangkan kalimatactive, subjeknya yang melakukan suatu tindakan atau pekerjaan. Kalimat passive dibentuk dari dua bagian: to be + past participle. Contoh active verbs dalam kalimat: - I write a letter. - He is buying a car. - I keep the butter in the fridge. - They stole the painting. - The executive committee approved the new policy. Contoh passive verbs dalam kalimat: - A letter is written by me. - A car is being bought by him.

- The butter is kept in the fridge. - The painting was stolen. - The new policy was approved by the executive committee.

Reported speech Terkadang kita perlu mengatakan apa yang telah dikatakan oleh orang lain. Ada dua cara untuk melakukan ini dalam bahasa Inggris, yakni direct speechdan reported speech. Direct speech

Direct speech menyatakan ulang secara persis apa yang telah dikatakan oleh orang lain. Contoh:

Jane said, Im so happy today. The president said, I need a vacation. Reported speech

Reported speech secara tidak langsung melaporkan apa yang dikatakan orang lain. Contoh:

Jane said she was so happy today. The president said he needed a vacation.

Reported speech menggunakan bentuk lampau dari direct speech. Jadi jika direct speech dalam
bentuk present tense, maka reported speech dalam bentuk past tense. Contoh:

Direct Speech - I said, She is in her office. Reported Speech - I said she was in her office.
Apabila direct speech dalam bentuk past tense, maka reported speech menggunakan bentuk past perfect.

Direct Speech - I said, She was in her office at lunchtime. Reported Speech - I said she had been in her office at lunchtime. atau - I said she was in her office
at lunchtime. Dalam bahasa Inggris moderen, bentuk past perfect sering tidak diperlukan untuk reported speech bentuk lampau, kita cukup menggunakan past simple tense. Berikut beberapa bentuk kata kerja umum dalam direct dan reported speech Tenses Simple present: Present continuous: Simple past: Direct / Reported Speech I said, She is busy. - I said she was busy. I said, I am working now. - I said I was working now I said, She was here this morning. - I said she was here this morning. ATAU I said she had been here this morning.

Past continuous:

I said She was studying all yesterday - I said she was studying all yesterday. ATAU I said she had been studying all yesterday

Present perfect:

I said, She has worked here for 5 years. I said she had worked here for 5 years.

Past perfect:

I said, She had worked here for 5 years. I said she had worked here for 5 years.

Future:

I said, She will work here from July. - I said she would work here from July.

Future continuous:

I said, Well be living here for 6 months. I said we would be living here for 6 months.

Can:

I said, She can play the piano well. - I said she could play the piano well.

That Reported speech sering diberikan sebagai bagian dari klausa-that, khususnya dalam bahasa tertulis dan bahasa yang lebih formal. Contoh:

He said that he would arrive at 10.00. He said he would arrive at 10.00. Kedua kalimat ini bermakna sama, dan that bisa dihilangkan tanpa ada perubahan makna

Selain Subject-Verb Agreement, terdapat Pronoun-Noun Agreement, yaitu kesesuaian bentuk antara kata ganti dengan kata benda yang digantikannya. Adapun Pronoun-Noun Agreementdijelaskan pada tabel-tabel dari Understanding and Using Grammar berikut:

Yang dimaksud dengan concord adalah kesesuaian bentuk antara unsur-unsur (subjek dengan verba dan antara pronomina/kata ganti) dalam suatu kalimat. Subject-Verb Agreement Dalam suatu kalimat, bentuk verba harus disesuaikan dengan subjeknya. Jika subjek dan verba tidak sesuai, maka kalimat tersebut menjadi salah. Perhatikan contoh berikut:

Pada contoh pertama, are tidak sesuai dengan subjek Sam karena are hanya dapat digunakan terhadap orang kedua (you) atau orang ketiga jamak. Pada contoh kedua, livetidak bisa digunakan karena orang ketiga tunggal pada simple present tense harus diberi imbuhan s menjadi lives. Pada contoh terakhir, has hanya digunakan pada orang ketiga tunggal, selain itu harus menggunakan have. Berikut ini adalah daftar kesesuaian subjek-subjek dengan beberapa verba:

Subjek Pertama tunggal (I) Pertama jamak (we) Kedua (you) Ketiga tunggal (he, she, it) Ketiga jamak (they)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Verba (be/to be) Verba (Simple present tense) Verba (auxiliary have) Present am are are is are Past was were were was were V1 V1 V1 V+s V1 have have have has have

Aturan-aturan dasar dalam Subject-Verb Agreement: Each, every, much selalu diikuti oleh verba tunggal Contoh: Each student has got the workbook. Uncountable noun (waktu, uang, jarak, dll) selalu diikuti verba tunggal Contoh: Three minutes is all I need to fix the computer. The + adjective selalu diikuti oleh verba jamak Contoh: The young need guidance from the old. Public, police, people, cattle, clergy selalu diikuti verba jamak. Contoh: The police ask everybody to obey the rules. Jika dua subjek dihubungkan dengan and, maka diikuti verba jamak. Contoh: Steve and Noel are siblings. Gerund yang berfungsi sebagai subjek kalimat selalu diikuti verba tunggal. Contoh: Planting trees is necessary to decrease the level of pollutants in the air.

7. Pada kata other: 1. Jika Other diikuti nomina tunggal, maka verbanya tunggal. Contoh: There isnt any other way to do it. 2. Jika Other diikuti nomina jamak, maka verbanya jamak. Contoh: There arent any other ways to do it. Subjet-Verb Agreement pada correlative conjunction:

Correlative conjunction both and Tidak

Menggunakan verba tunggal: Ya

Menggunakan verba Jamak:

not only but also

Ya, jika setelah but alsonomina tunggal, misalnya: Not only my sisters, but also my brother is happy for my graduation. Ya, jika setelah or nomina tunggal, misalnya: Either the students or the teacher has initiated this competition.

Ya, jika setelah but alsonomina jamak, misalnya: Not only my brother, but also my sisters are happy for my graduation. Ya, jika setelah or nomina jamak, misalnya: Either the teacher or the students have initiated this competition.

either or

neither nor

Ya, jika setelah nor nomina tunggal, misalnya: Neither my parents nor my sister is here.

Ya, jjika setelah nor nomina jamak,misalnya: Neither my sister nor my parents are here.

Subject-Verb Agreement dengan menggunakan ekspresi jumlah:

(Sumber: Understanding and Using English Grammar) Subject-Verb Agreement dengan menggunakan there + be:

(Sumber: Understanding and Using English Grammar) Terdapat beberapa ketidakteraturan dalam Subject-Verb Agreement, yaitu: