INDUS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Report Based On 2013 Analysis

BY PRADEEP CHINTADA Reg.No:1126113112

Introduction
Science and technology (S&T) is widely recognized as an important tool for fostering and strengthening the economic and social development of the country. India has made significant progress in various spheres of science and technology over the years and can now take pride in having a strong network of S&T institutions, trained manpower and an innovative knowledge base. India is amongst the top-ranking countries in the field of basic research. Indian Science is one of the most powerful segments for growth and development, especially in the emerging scenario and competitive economy. India has the third largest scientific and technical manpower in the world; 162 universities award 4,000 doctorates and 35,000 post-graduate degrees and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research runs 40 research laboratories which have made some significant achievements. India has also made remarkable strides achieving 98 per cent indigenization in launch vehicle technology and 60-70 per cent in satellite technology, according to Mr. M Y S Prasad, Director, Sathish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR at Sriharikota.

Market Size
India ranks ninth globally in the number of scientific publications and 12 th in the number of patents filed. The composite annual growth rate (CAGR) of Indian publications is around 121 per cent and India's global share has increased from 1.8 per cent in 2001 to 3.5 per cent in 2011. By 2020, the global share of publications must double and the number of papers in the top 1 per cent journals must quadruple from the current levels. According to the Global Science Report of the UNESCO, India's current global ranking is commensurate with its number of full-time equivalent (FTE) of R&D personnel. It is imperative that the total number of FTE of R&D personnel will increase by at least 66 per cent of the present strength within the next five years.

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)

CSIR was established in 1942, and is today the premier institution for scientific and industrial research. It has a network of 40 laboratories, two cooperative industrial research institutions and more than 100 extension and field centers. The Council's research programs are directed towards effective utilization of the country's natural resources and development of new processes and products for economic progress. It is now playing a leading role in the fulfillment of the technology missions evolved by the Government. India accounts for about 10% of all expenditure on research and development in Asia and the number of scientific publications grew by 45% over the past five years.However, according to India's science and technology minister, Kapil Sibal, India is lagging in science and technology compared to developed countries India has only 140 researchers per 1,000,000 population, compared to 4,651 in the United States. India

invested US$3.7 billion in science and technology in 20022003 For comparison, China invested about four times more than India, while the United States invested approximately 75 times more than India on science and technology

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT BOARD :

For the successful commercialization of the indigenous technology Consequently, the Technology Development Board instituted a National Award for successful commercialization of indigenous technology by an industrial concern. The National Award of Rs. 10 Lakhs is shared equally between the industrial concern that has successfully commercialized the indigenous technology and the developer/ provider of such technology. For the successful commercialization of a technology - based product by an SSI unit The Technology Development Board introduced, from May 2001, another cash award of Rs. 2 lakhs to be given to a SSI unit that has successfully commercialized a product based on indigenous technology.

Government Initiatives:
The Foreign Trade Policy 2004 - 2009 permits import of all kinds of computers In order to promote domestic investment, foreign direct investment, transfer of technology / process knowhow, technical collaboration, joint venture etc in India and export IT software products and services from India to the global market, both Government of India and State Governments in India have been offering a series of policy packages including tax breaks, import duty concessions etc under various schemes which include:

Export Oriented Units (EOUs) Scheme: The purpose of the scheme was basically to boost exports by creating additional production capacity. Electronics Hardware Technology Parks (EHTPs): Electronics Hardware Technology Park (EHTP) complexes can be set up by the Central Government, State Government, Public or Private Sector Undertakings or any combination thereof, duly approved by the Inter- Ministerial Standing Committee (IMSC) in the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (Department of Information Technology). Software Technology Parks (STPs): The Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) have been set up by the Ministry of Information Technology, Government of India and the International Technology Park in a joint project by the State Government. Special Economic Zone (SEZ) Scheme: SEZs are being set up to enable hassle free manufacturing and trading for export purposes Sales from Domestic Tariff Area (DTA) to SEZs are being treated as physical export. This entitles domestic suppliers to Drawback/ DEPB benefits, CST exemption and Service Tax extemption. Certain exemptions like Income Tax exemption on export profits is available to SEZ Units for 5 years, 50% for next 2 years and 50% of ploughed back profits for 3 years thereafter are available for units in these designated areas/zones.

Export Promotion Capital Goods (EPCG) Scheme: The EPCG Scheme allows import of capital goods for preproduction, production and post- production (including CKD/SKD thereof) at 5% customs duty subject to export obligations.Units undertaking to export their entire production of goods and services may be set up under the Export Oriented Unit (EOU) Scheme, Electronic Hardware Technology Park (EHTP) Scheme or Software Technology Park (STP) Scheme. The Export Promotion Industrial Park, built near International Technology Park, gives an exclusive 288 acres of area for export oriented business. GE has its India Technology Center located at this park and employs hundreds of multi disciplinary technology development activities. An industrial park, known as Electronic City was set up in 1991 taking more than a hund red electronic industries including Motorola, Infosys, Siemens, ITI, and Wipro, in an area of around 330 acres. The IT Corridor project, conceptualized by Singapores Jurong Town Corporation Private Ltd, was initiated by the Department of IT and the Bangalore Development Authority in order to develop state of the art facilities for the development of knowledge based industries.

PROGRESS OF DEVELOPMENT BOARD:

1. Shantha Biotechnics Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad. The company has pioneered the development of recombinant DNA based Hepatitis-B vaccine, a health care product. The company has pioneered the development of this product in India using innovative technology that has resulted in a successful product that is much cheaper and, therefore , available to a wider section of the society. Shantha Biotechnics Pvt. Ltd, got the first ever National Technology Award-1999, instituted by the Technology Development Board, Government of India, for Successful Development and Commercialization of Indigenous Technology. The award was presented by Hon. Prime Minister of India, Shri Atal Behari Vajpayee in recognition of the company success in commercializing the production of recombinant DNA based Hepatitis-B vaccine.

2. Bharat Biotech International Ltd., Hyderabad. The company signed a loan agreement with TDB for prodution of recombinant Hepatitis-B vaccine in turkapally village.The Company lanched its maiden product, brand named "REVAC-B", in October 1998, much before the scheduleddate. The company received the national Award for R&D efforts in Industry in November 1999 from the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in recognition of their R&D efforts in the purification of te Hepatitis-B surface protein. 3. Eicher Motors Limited, Pithampur

The introduction of the four cylinder E483 engine has been a landmark in terms of innovative new design, concepts related to planning and manufacturing, experimentation and validation achieving the various targets set forth in the beginning of the projects. The engine developed is among the best of its class in naturally aspirated engines producing 18.5 kw/litre meeting India 2000 emission norms.

A NEW FRONTIER Atomic Energy, Space, Oceanography, Bio-Technology & Electronics

The tradition of Science and Technology (S & T) in India is over 5000 years old. A renaissance was witnessed in the first half of the 20th century. The S&T infrastructure has grown up from about Rs. 10 million at the time of independence in 1947 to Rs. 30 billion. Significant achievements have been made in the areas of nuclear and space science, electronics and defense. The government is committed to making S&T an integral part of the socio-economic development of the country. "Param", the parallel super computer developed by India India has the third largest scientific and technical manpower in the world; 162 universities award 4,000 doctorates and 35,000 postgraduate degrees and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research runs 40 research laboratories which have made some significant achievements. In the field of missile launch technology, India is among the five top nations of the world.Science and technology, however, is used as an effective instrument of growth and change. It is being brought into the mainstream of economic planning in the sectors of agriculture, industry and services. The country's resources are used to derive the maximum output for the benefit of society and improvement in the quality of life. About 85 per cent of the funds for S&T come directly or indirectly

from the Government. The S&T infrastructure in the country accounts for more than one per cent of the GNP. S&T in India is entering a new frontier.

ATOMIC ENERGY
The prime objective of India's nuclear energy program is the development and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes such as power generation, applications in agriculture, medicine, industry, research and other areas. India is today recognized as one of the countries most advanced in nuclear technology including production of source materials. The country is self-reliant and has mastered the expertise covering the complete nuclear cycle - from exploration and mining to power generation and waste management. Accelerators and research and power reactors are now designed and built indigenously. The sophisticated variable energy cyclotron at Calcutta and a medium energy heavy ion accelerator 'pelletron' set up recently at Mumbai are national research facilities in the frontier areas of science. As part of its program of peaceful uses of atomic energy, India has also embarked on a program of nuclear power generation. Currently eight nuclear stations are producing 8 billion kilowatt of electricity. Four more nuclear power stations are planned. The new nuclear reactors are designed in India. The peaceful nuclear program also includes producing radioisotopes for use in agriculture, medicine, industry and research.

SPACE TECHNOLOGY
The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), under the Department of Space (DOS), is responsible for research, development and operationalisation of space systems in the areas of satellite communications, remote sensing for resource survey, environmental monitoring, meteorological services etc. DOS is also the nodal agency for the Physical Research Laboratory which conducts research in the areas of space science, and the National Remote Sensing Agency which deploys modern remote sensing techniques for natural resource surveys and provides operational services to user agencies. India is the only third world country to develop its own remote sensing satellite. India joined a select group of six nations on October 15, 1994, when the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) successfully accomplished its mission of placing the 800-Kg remote sensing satellite, IRS-P2, in the intended orbit. Earlier in May, the fourth developmental flight of the Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) achieved its mission by placing the 113 Kg SROSS-C2 scientific satellite in a near-earth orbit. India is well on its way to developing a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) capable of putting 2000 Kg satellites into space. The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is currently trying to develop an indigenous cryogenic engine GSLV. A GSLV model has already been tested in wind tunnel. The INSAT series of satellite launched earlier are performing well and provide vital services for telecommunications, television, meteorology, disaster warning and distress detection. The latest INSAT series will include new features like Ku-band transponders and mobile satellite services transponders. The remote-sensing satellites, launched in 1988 and 1991, have already become the

mainstay of the natural resource management system of the country. The projected launch of advanced remote sensing satellite will not only enhances the scope of their application, but will also offer commercial service to other countries. The Indian achievement in the application of space-based remote sensing technology has led a US company to enter into an agreement for marketing the data from Indian satellites globally. India's progress in space technology has attracted worldwide attention and demand, with leasing agreements for marketing of IRS data and supply of space hardware and services. India also believes in cooperation in space with agencies all over the world. A high-level UN team selected India for setting up a UN Center for Space Science and Technology Education. India is on the threshold of achieving self-reliance in the launch capability. It will be a befitting tribute to the father of the Indian space program, Dr. Vikararn Sarabhai, whose 80th birth anniversary was observed in August 1996.

ELECTRONICS
The Department of Electronics plays the promotional role for the development and use of electronics for socio-economic development. Many initiatives have been taken for a balanced growth of the electronics industry. The basic thrust has been towards a general rationalization of the licensing policy with an emphasis on promotion rather than regulation, besides achieving economy of scale with up to date technology. A multipronged approach has been evolved for result-oriented R&D with special emphasis on micro- electronics, telematics, and high performance computing and software development. Application of electronics in areas such as agriculture, health and service sectors has also been receiving special attention. For upgrading the quality of indigenously manufactured products, a series of test and development centers and regional laboratories have been set up. These centers for electronic design and technology help small and medium electronics units. A number of R&D projects have been initiated to meet the growing requirements of the industry.

OCEANOGRAPHY
India has a coastline of more than 7,600km and 1,250 islands, with its Exclusive Economic Zone covering over 2 million sq. km and continental shelf extending up to 350 nautical miles. The Department of Ocean Development was established in 1981 to ensure optimum utilization of living resources, exploitation of nonliving resources such as hydrocarbons and minerals, and to harness ocean energy. Two research vessels, ORV Sagar Kanya and FROV Sagar Sampada, are assessing and evaluating the resource potential. Survey and exploration efforts have been directed to assess seabed topography, and concentration and quality of mineral nodules. In August 1987, India was allotted a mine site of 150,000 sq. km in the central Indian Ocean for further exploration and development of resources. India is the only developing country to have qualified for Pioneer Status by the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1982, and it is the first country in the world to have secured registration of a mine site. India has sent 13 scientific research expeditions to Antarctica since 1981, and has established a permanently manned base, Dakshin Gangotri. A second permanent station, an entirely indigenous effort, was completed by the eighth expedition. The objective is to study the ozone layer and other important constituents, optical aurora, geomagnetic pulsation and related phenomena.

By virtue of its scientific research activities, India acquired Consultative Membership of the Antarctic Treaty in 1983 and acceded to the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources in July 1985. India is also a member of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, and has played a significant role in adopting a Minerals Regime for Antarctica in June 1988. A National Institute of Ocean Technology was set up for the development of ocean -related technologies. It is also responsible for harnessing resources of the coastal belts and islands.

BIOTECHNOLOGY
India has been the forerunner among the developing countries in promoting multi-disciplinary activities in this area, recognizing the practically unlimited possibility of their applications in increasing agricultural and industrial production, and in improving human and animal life. The nucleus of research in this area is the National Biotechnology Board, constituted in 1982. A Department of Biotechnology was created in 1986. Recently, the Biotechnology Consortium India Lt. was set up. It will play the role of catalyst in bridging the gap between Research and Development, Industrial and Financial Institutions. Some of the new initiatives taken include developing techniques for gene mapping, conservation of biodiversity and bioindicators research, special biotechnology programs for the benefit of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and activities in the area of plantation crops. The areas, which have been receiving attention, are cattle herd improvement through embryo transfer technology, in vitro propagation of disease resistant plant varieties for obtaining higher yields, and development of vaccines for various diseases.

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY MILESTONES IN YEAR 2013:

India to make worlds largest solar telescope India is likely to begin construction of the worlds largest solar telescope on the foothills of the Himalayas in Ladakh to understand the fundamental processes taking place on the Sun by year-end.A 2-metre class, stateof-the-art National Large Solar Telescope (NLST), built by Bangalore-based Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), will permit Indian scientists to carry out cutting edge research aimed to study Suns atmosphere. Internet emits 830 mt of carbon dioxide annually According to Researchers from the Centre for Energy-Efficient Telecommunications (CEET) and Bell Labs, Internet and other components of information communication and technology (ICT) industry annually produces more than 830 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2), the main greenhouse gas, and is expected to double by 2020 Lakshya Missile Successfully Tested

Indias indigenously developed, Lakshya was sucessfully tested on 7 January .It was launched from the Integrated Test Range ITR, at Odisha .25 meters in length, 100 km away from the target to the missile . Brahmos cruise missile test fired in successfully Supersonic cruise missile BrahMos scored once again in its 34th launch on 09 January 2013 off Visakhapatnam in the Bay of Bengal, hitting a decommissioned vessel with accuracy.As it took off vertically from a naval warship, reached an altitude of 14 km, levelled out and started cruising at three times the speed of sound, it performed a double manoeuvre in S -form and hit the decommissioned ship, about 290 km away. Indian Scientists Discovered Molecule for Cancer Treatment A team of Indian researchers, led by Dr Sathees C Raghavan of the Indian Institute of Science at Bangalore, have identified a molecule which they claim will revolutionise the cure for cancer.The molecule has been named after Sathees as SCR7 and a detailed account of it has been carried in the international scientific journal Cell".Scientists world over believe that the double strand break (DSB) of DNA is one of the most lethal form of DNA damage, resulting in drastic consequences such as genome instability, and cancer. India Increased Rafale Fighter Jets Order India could buy up to 189 of the Rafale fighter jets currently being used by France to bomb Islamist militants in Mali, sources close to negotiations on the multi-billion dollar deal .The possibility of an additional 63 jets being added to an expected order for 126 was raised by India .The Indian press has estimated the value of the deal for 126 Rafales at $12 billion (nine billion euros).A 50 per cent increase in the number of planes ordered would take it to around $18 billion, in a huge boost for the French defence industry.

India, US finalise Rs 3,000 crore deal for jet engines India and the US have finalised a Rs 3000-crore deal for supplying 99 jet engines to be used in the indigenous Light Combat Aircraft Tejas being developed by the DRDO.Around two years ago, India had selected the American company General Electric over its rival European Eurojet 2000 for the LCA Mark II programme expected to be ready around 2014-15.The deal worth Rs 3,000 crore has been finalised with the US for procuring 99 engines for the LCA Tejas MkII.As per the contract, the order could be for 99 engines initially but India will have the option of ordering another 100 engines in the future. INS Saryu Inducted into Indian Navy On 21 January Air Marshal PK Roy, Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command, commissioned INS Saryu into the Indian Navy at Goa .INS Saryu is the lead ship of the indigenous Naval Offshore Patrol Vessel (NOPV) Project designed and built by Goa Shipyard Limited, the ship aptly demonstrates the immense potential of the countrys indigenous designing and ship building capabilities.Capable of carrying a helicopter (ALH) onboard, the ships weapon and sensor outfit i ncludes a SRGM 76.2 mm gun with an electro-optic fire control system, two 30mm guns as close in weapon systems, latest navigational and early warning radars, chaff launchers for self protection and an integrated ESM system to undertake all assigned missions. India Sucessfully Test Fired K-5 Ballistic Missile

On 27 January India successfully test fired medium range K-5 ballistic missile ,with a strike range of around 1500 kilometres, from an underwater platform in Bay of Bengal.K-5 is part of the family of underwater missiles being developed by Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) for the Indian strategic forces underwater platforms. Rudra Inducted into the Army On 8 February The first indigenously built Weapon System Integrated Advanced Ligh t Helicopter, Rudra was handed over to the Indian Army by the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) .Rudra is the Mk-IV variant of the Advanced Light Helicopter designed and manufactured by HAL. The helicopter is fitted with weapons, targeting systems, warning and counter-measure systems and survivability features.This is the first of the 60 armed helicopters provided to the army by the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) after the Defence Ministry handed over the control of all attack helicopters to the land force. Indian Coast Guard Ship Rajratan Commissioned On 11 February Indian Coast Guard ship Rajratan , the fifth in a series of eight Inshore Patrol Vessels (IPVs), was commissioned by Indian Coast Guard.The vessel has been indigenously built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers, Kolkata.The 50m long IPV can achieve a maximum speed of 34 knots, with an endurance of 1,500 nautical miles at an economical speed of 16 knots. Pinaka Rockets Successfully Test-Fired On 1 March Indigenously developed Pinaka rockets were successfully test-fired by Indian army from a multi-barrel rocket launcher (MBRL) by an armament establishment from a base at Chandipur-on-sea, about 15 km from Balasore.Pinaka is an area weapon system with a range of 40 km.Pinaka system can fire a salvo of 12 rockets in 44 seconds ,adding that the battery of six launchers can neutralise at a time a target area of 3.9 sq km. India Successfully Test Fired Worlds First Underwater Supersonic Cruise Missile On 20 March India has successfully test fired its submarine-launched version of BrahMos supersonic cruise missile of the over 290 km-range in the Bay of Bengal off the coast of the southern port city of Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh).The launch of Missile is counted as the first test-firing of an underwater supersonic cruise missile anywhere in the world. The missile travelled its complete range of over 290 km. India and US Agreed for Future Cooperation in Moon and Mars Missions On 23 March India and the US agreed for cooperation on future missions to the Moon and Mars after successful collaboration in Chandrayaan-1 lunar mission. The highly successful Chandrayaan-1 lunar mission which was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in October 2008 led to strong evidence of the presence of lunar water. NTPC Commissioned New Solar Power Project in Andaman & Nicobar On March 30,NTPC Ltd has commissioned a 5-MW solar photo-voltaic power project at Port Blair in Andaman & Nicobar Islands.It is the first grid-connected solar photo-voltaic project in these islands and also the first greenfield renewable solar PV project of NTPC.

New Indian Ship ASWC Kiltan Launched in Kolkata INS Kiltan is an anti-submarine warfare corvette of the Indian Navy built under Project-28. It is the third of four Kamorta class corvettes under various stages of induction with the Indian Navy. The ship was built by the Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers, Kolkata and launched on 26 March.The ship takes its name from the Kiltan island, a coral island that is part of Indias archipelagic Union Territory of Lakshadweep.The Kiltan is to be armed with a range of indigenously developed cutting edge weapons and sensors including a medium range gun, torpedo tube launchers, rocket launchers and a close-in weapon system. Supreme Court of India Rejected Novartis Patent Plea for Cancer Drug Called Glivec The Supreme Court of India on 1 April 2013 rejected the plea of Novartis, the Swiss drug maker, to patent the updated version of cancer drug called Glivec. A bench of justices Aftab Alam and Ranjana Prakash Desai dismissed the patent plea to Novartis on the basis that there was no inventiveness or novelty in the new version of the drug. In its ruling, the Supreme Court of India declared that because the application for patent on beta-crystalline salt did not meet any inventiveness or novelty standard, therefore the companys plea for patent was dismissed. Carbon aerogel worlds lightest material Chinese scientists have developed the worlds lightest substance carbon aerogel with a density only one sixth of that of the air.Scientists at Zhejiang University produced the solid material which has a density of only 0.16 mg/cubic centimetre, breaking the previous record of the worlds lightest material held by gra phite aerogel.The graphite aerogel was developed by German scientists last year with a density of 0.18 mg/cubic centimetre. New Camera System That Can Captured Images From 1 km Away In the month of April the team of researchers from Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh , developed a New Laser powered Camera System that can take image of any object from a distance of about one kilometer by creating high-resolution 3D images.The technique on which the camera is based is called Time -of-Flight (ToF) navigation systems for autonomous vehicles. In this principle of photography, to capture the image of the far away object, a laser beam is bounced on the object and measure the time that is taken by the beam of light to be back to the detector. India test-fires nuclear capable Agni-II missile The medium-range, nuclear capable Agni-II missile was successfully test-fired with a strike range of more than 2,000 kms from the Wheeler Island off Odisha coast on 07 April 2013.The trial of the surface-to-surface missile was conducted from a mobile launcher from the Launch Complex-4 of Integrated Test Range (ITR).The 20-metre-long Agni-II is a two-stage, solid-propelled ballistic missile. It has a launch weight of 17 tonnes and can carry a payload of 1,000 kgs over a distance of 2,000 kms.The state-of-the-art Agni-II missile was developed by Advanced Systems Laboratory (ASL) and integrated by the Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) in Hyderabad.Agni-II is part of the Agni series of missiles developed by DRDO which includes Agni-I with a 700 km range, Agni-III with a 3,000 km range, Agni-IV with 4,000 km range and Agni-V with a more than 5,000 km range.

Indian Astronomer Discovered Blue Super-Giant Star An Indian scientist Dr. duo Ananda Hota and his Taiwanese colleague Dr. Youichi Ohyama have discovered a blue super-giant star located in the constellation Virgo, far beyond our Milky Way Galaxy. Over 55 million years ago, the star emerged in an extremely wild environment, surrounded by intensely hot plasma (a million degrees centigrade) and amidst raging cyclone winds blowing at four million kilometres per hour.This star is in small IC 3418 Milky Way Galaxy and it is about 5.5 billion light-years away from Earth. Worlds First 3D Printed Gun Successfully Fired On 4 May The worlds first gun made with 3D printer technology has been successfully fired in the US.The anti-gun campaigners criticised this project, while the law enforcement of Europe is monitoring the developments of this project.All 16 parts of the controversial gun, called the Liberator, are made from a tough, heat-resistant plastic used in products such as musical instruments, kitchen appliances and vehicle bumper bars. The new Navy patrol ship Rani Avantibayi Indian Coast Guard Ship Rani Avantibai, the second Inshore Patrol Vessel (IPV) built by the Hindustan Shipyard Ltd for the Coast Guard. This was commissioned into Indian Navy in Visakhapatnam on 9 May 2013 by Minister of State for Defence Jitendra Singh in the presence of Director-General of Indian Coast Guard Vice-Admiral Anurag G. Viranari Rani Avantibayi is the inshore patrol vessels (IPV) in Madhya Pradesh for Ramgadh Coast Guard.This is used in Tracking thieves, coastal conservation, marine disaster relief efforts.This is the first in the series of five inshore patrol vessels (IPV) built by the Hindustan Shipyard Limited for the Coast Guard. MiG-29K fighter planes commissions into Navy On May 11,Defence Minister AK Antony commissioned warfare aircraft MiG-29K Black Panther squadron into the Indian Navy.The commissioning was held at INS Hansa which would be the base for Black Panther squadron along with other fighter aircraft squadrons of Indian Navy. The squadron initially comprising 16 aircraft would be known as IANS 303. Rotavirus Vaccine Developed in India India developed a Rotavac Vaccine to eradicate the Rotavirus diarrhoea in infants.The Government of Indias Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and Bharat Biotech announced positive results from a Phase III clinical trial of a rotavirus vaccine.

First Boeing P-8I Aircraft joins Indian Navy Indian Naval Aviation received a major fillip with the arrival of the first of eight Boeing P-8I Long Range Maritime Reconnaissance and Anti Submarine Warfare aircraft at Naval Air Station Rajali, Arakkonam, Tamil Nadu on 15 May 13. The P-8I aircraft, based on the Boeing 737-800(NG) airframe, is the Indian Naval variant of the P-8A Poseidon of the US Navy. The aircraft is equipped with both foreign as well as indigenous sensors for Maritime Reconnaissance, Anti Submarine operations and for Electronic Intelligence missions.

Scientists Converted Human Skin Cells Into Embryonic Stem Cells On 15 May In a major medical breakthrough, researchers at the Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC) have for the first time ever successfully converted human skin cells into embryonic stem cells , via a technique called nuclear transfer.Scientists for the first time converted human skin cells into embryonic stem cells.These embryonic stem cells are capable of transforming into any other cell type in the human body.This technique involves transplanting the nucleus of one cell, containing an individuals DNA, into an egg cell that has had its genetic material removed. Lightest Alien Planet Outside Solar System On 3 June European scientists have discovered a new alien planet orbiting a young star about 300 light years from Earth.The exoplanet, HD 95086 b , was observed directly by the European Southern Observatorys (ESO) Very Large Telescope in Chile.Nearly 1,000 exoplanets have been detected indirectly through various means such as radical velocity and transmit method.Of the 12 exoplanets ,the newly discovered HD 95086 b is the least massive planet to have been directly observed outside the solar system .HD 95086 b orbiting its parent star, HD 95086, is estimated to have a mass of four to five times that of Jupiter. India and US Launched Space Solar Power Initiative In the month of June India and a top US science body have forged an international organisation to develop space solar power ,an initiative that has the potential of solving humanitys energy needs and greatly mitigating climate change.In his Address to the 2013 National Space Societys International Space Development Conference (ISDC 2013) Mark Hopkins asserted to include specific mechanisms such as the Global Space Knowledge Platform, the International Virtual Laboratory, and the International Advisory Committee that Abdul Kalam has elaborated through discussion papers.

China Super Computer Tianhe-2 Named Worlds Fastest Computer On 17 June Chinas National University of Defense Technology developed worlds fastest supercomputer Tianhe-2. The Tianhe-2 has a peak performance speed of 54.9 quadrillion operations per second.Tianhe -2 means Milky Way-2.This Chinese supercomputer Tianhe-2 and it replaced US machine called Titan, which was earlier said to be the fastest computer of the world. World Bank Released Global Warming In India Report On 19 June According to the World Bank new report prepared by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Climate Analytics, the report warns that global warming could lead to more extreme droughts across large parts of India,over the next few decades.The impact of a possible global temperature rise of 2 degrees Celsius in the next few decades threatened to trap millions of people in poverty.Depicting life in a nottoo-distant future shaped by already present warming trends, the new report warns that by the 2040s, India will see a significant reduction in crop yields because of extreme heat.The warming will impact significant reduction in crop yields and some 63 million people may no longer be able to meet their caloric demand.

Scientists Created 3D Bionic Ear With 3D Printer On 4 July Princeton University scientists , including an Indian-origin researcher Naveen Varma,have created a 3D-printed bionic ear that can hear radio frequencies far beyond the range of normal human capability.Using off-the-shelf printing tools, the scientists at Princeton University explored 3D printing of cells and nanoparticles followed by cell culture to combine a small coil antenna with cartilage, creating a bionic ear.This is the first time that researchers have demonstrated that 3D printing is a convenient strategy to interweave tissue with electronics. ISRO, Tata Motors Developed Indias First Fuel Cell Bus On 28 July Tata Motors Limited (TML) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), in collaboration, developed the first Hydrogen-powered automobile bus of India.The hydrogen fuel-fitted bus was demonstrated at Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, an ISRO facility in Mahendragiri in Tamil Nadu.According to Honorary Adviser of ISRO V Gnana Gandhi, who led the technical team in this project, ISRO and TML entered into an MoU in 2006 to design and develop an automobile bus using hydrogen as a fuel through fuel cell route. HAL Delivers Lakshya-1 To Indian Army On 26 July the first Lakshya-1, a fully indigenous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) developed for the Indian Army by Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. (HAL) was delivered to Bharat Dynamics Ltd. (Hyderabad).Lakshya-1 has been designed and developed by the Aero Engine Research & Development Centre, a HAL facility in Bangalore.It is powered with PTAE-7 Engine, an aero gas turbine engine that was also designed and developed by the Aero Engine Research & Development Centre.

Recent Developments Some of the recent developments in Indian science and technology sector are: The Department of Space/ Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has established an endowed fellowship at the Graduate Aerospace Laboratories of the California Institute of Technology, California, USA ISRO plans to launch the country's first navigation satellite - Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System-1A (IRNSS-1A), on July 1, 2013 The ISRO Navigation Centre (INC), established at Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) complex at Byalalu, about 40 km from Bengaluru, was inaugurated by Mr V Narayanasamy, Minister of State in the Prime Minister's Office, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Government of India Tata Industries and Ramot at Tel Aviv University (TAU) have entered into a strategic memorandum of understanding (MoU) to fund and generate leading-edge technologies. The MoU will fund technologies in fields like engineering and exact sciences, environment and clean technology, pharmaceuticals and healthcare

Ahmedabad has launched a first-of-its-kind Heat Action Plan, making it the first city in South Asia to create a comprehensive early warning system and preparedness plan for extreme heat events fueled by climate change Karnal-based National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) has produced the world's second cloned male calf. The calf, named Swaran, was born through the new and advanced 'hand-guided cloning technique' Koppert, a Dutch company specialising in biological crop protection, has partnered with Namdhari Fresh to develop crop protection solutions suitable to Indian conditions

Growth in Information Technology: The Information Technology (IT) sector in India is amongst the fastest growing in the country and the world. It is expected that by the year 2008, IT software and services industry will account for 7 per cent of Indias GDP and 35 per cent of total exports. The Indian domestic IT market grew by 29% in the financial year 2007-08 to report revenues of Rs 288, 810 crore. The revenue of the information technology sector has grown from 1.2 per cent of the gross domestic product (GDP) in FY 1998 to an estimated 5.5 per cent in FY 2008. The net value added by this sector, to the economy, is estimated to be 3.3 to 3.9 per cent for FY 2008. The Indian IT-BPO sector grew by 33 per cent in FY 2008 to reach US$ 64 billion in aggregate revenue (including hardware). Of this, the software and services segment accounted for US$ 52 billion, growing by 28 per cent over FY 2007. Software and services exports (including exports of IT services, BPO, engineering services and R&D and software products) reached US$ 40.4 billion, contributing nearly 63 per cent to the overall IT-BPO revenue aggregate. IT-BPO exports (including hardware exports) grew by 28 per cent from US$ 31.8 billion in FY 2007 to US$ 40.9 billion in FY 2008. 1234567890-Domestic IT market (including hardware) reached US$ 23.1 billion in FY 2008 as against US$ 16.2 billion in FY 2007, a growth of 43 per cent. Hardware remained the largest segment of the domestic market with a growth rate of 44 per cent in FY 2008. Software and services spending grew by over 41 per cent during the year. The Indian IT services market is estimated to remain the fastest growing in the Asia-Pacific region with a CAGR of 18.6 per cent.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Policy:

100% FDI is permitted in the Electronic hardware sector and the Software development sector under the automatic approval route. Industrial Licensing has been virtually abolished in the Electronics and Information Technology sector except for manufacturing electronic a erospace and defence equipment 2007 Domestic IT/ ITeS Market IT/ IteS Exports Revenue India IT/ ITeS Industry Size 90,014 2008 110,177 2009 133,100 2010 158,053 2011 182,991 2012 209,698 CAGR 07-12 18.4%

156,594

186,142

218,107

250,087

284,666

320,278

15.4%

246,609

296,319

351,207

408,139

467,657

529,976

16.5%

Key Players: The following are Indias Tier 1 companies in the IT sector: Tata Consultancy Services Ltd. Wipro Technologies Ltd. Infosys Technologies Ltd. Satyam Computer Services Ltd. The other key players include the following: IBM HCL Patni Polaris Cisco KPIT Cummins Kanbay I-Flex Solutions Cognizant Sapient Mphasis

Global I.T Players in India:

There are a large number of multi-national IT enterprises operating in India in sectors such as: Integrated Chip Design, System Software, Communication Software, R&D Centres, Technology Support Sector, Captive Support Sector, BPO Sector etc reaping the cost and quality advantages. These multinationals include Siemens, Philips, Intel, Texas Instruments etc. (Chip Design); Siemens, Motorola, Lucent Technologies, Sony, Nortel etc. (Communication Software); Microsoft, Oracle, Sun Microsystems, HP, Compaq etc. (Systems Software); Google, Yahoo etc. (R&D Centres); Axa Business

Services, Swiss Shared Services, Siemens Shared Services etc. (BPO Sector); Accenture, DELL, HSBC, GE Capital, Fidelity etc. (Captive Support Sector).

Abundant investment opportunities exist in the following thrust areas in India: Communication Infrastructure Optic Fiber Cable Gateways Satellite based Communication Wireless Software Development IT-enables Services IT-enabled education Data Centers & Server Farms

Hence IT sector is attracting considerable interest not only as a vast market but also as potential production base by international companies. And it is one of the fastest growing segments of the Indian industry both in terms of production and exports.

Science and Technology Division:

The Science and Technology Division of the Planning Commission is the nodal division for all matters relating to Science and Technology Plan formulation ( both Five Year Plans and Annual Plans) and appraisal of the S&T programmes of six major S&T agencies/Departments, viz.

Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)- R&D Sector Department of Space (DOS) Department of Science and Technology (DST) Department of Biotechnology (DBT) Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) including the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES)

The Division has been maintaining a close liaison with these S&T agencies/departments for smooth information flow and provides them important suggestions/inputs in the formulation of various S&T plans and programmes at various stages of plan formulation, implementation and half yearly reviews. The Division has also been providing important inputs in the formulation of S&T Policy.

In order to promote Science and Technology in the States/UTs, create scientific awareness among the masses through popularization of S&T and technology dissemination for improving the quality of life of the people, the Division undertakes detailed discussions with the representatives of the States/UTs and provides important inputs/suggestions for the formulation of their Five Year Plans and Annual Plans in respect of the Science and Technology Sector.

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY:

CONTENTS: A - Preamble B - Policy Objectives C - Strategy and Implementation Plan 1. Science and Technology Governance and Investments 2. Optimal Utilization of Existing Infrastructure and Competence 3. Strengthening of the Infrastructure for Science and Technology in Academic Institutions 4. New Funding Mechanisms for Basic Research

5. Human Resource Development 6. Technology Development, Transfer and Diffusion 7. Promotion of Innovation 8. Industry and Scientific R&D 9. Indigenous Resources and Traditional Knowledge 10. Technologies for Mitigation and Management of Natural Hazards 11. Generation and Management of Intellectual Property 12. Public Awareness of Science and Technology 13. International Science and Technology Cooperation 14. Fiscal Measures 15. Monitoring 16. The New Vision

A - PREAMBLE Science and technology have profoundly influenced the course of human civilization. Science has provided us remarkable insights into the world we live in. The scientific revolutions of the 20th century have led to many technologies, which promise to herald wholly new eras in many fields. As we stand today at the beginning of a new century, we have to ensure fullest use of these developments for the well being of our people. Science and technology have had unprecedented impact on economic growth and social development. Knowledge has become a source of economic might and power. This has led to increased restrictions on sharing of knowledge, to new norms of intellectual property rights, and to global trade and technology control regimes. Scientific and technological developments today also have deep ethical, legal and social implications. There are deep concerns in society about these. The ongoing globalisation and the intensely competitive environment have a significant impact on the production and services sectors. Because of all this, our science and technology system has to be infused with new vitality if it is to play a decisive and beneficial role in advancing the well being of all sections of our society. The nation continues to be firm in its resolve to support science and technology in all its facets. It recognizes its central role in raising the quality of life of the people of the country, particularly of the disadvantaged sections of society, in creating wealth for all, in making India globally competitive, in utilizing natural resources in a sustainable manner, in protecting the environment and ensuring national security.

B - POLICY OBJECTIVES Recognizing the changing context of the scientific enterprise, and to meet present national needs in the new era of globalisation, Government enunciates the following objectives of its Science and Technology Policy: To ensure that the message of science reaches every citizen of India, man and woman, young and old, so that we advance scientific temper, emerge as a progressive and enlightened society, and make it possible for all our people to participate fully in the development of science and technology and its application for human welfare. Indeed, science and technology will be fully integrated with all spheres of national activity. To ensure food, agricultural, nutritional, environmental, water, health and energy security of the people on a sustainable basis. To mount a direct and sustained effort on the alleviation of poverty, enhancing livelihood security, removal of hunger and malnutrition, reduction of drudgery and regional imbalances, both rural and urban, and generation of employment, by using scientific and technological capabilities along with our traditional knowledge pool. This will call for the generation and screening of all relevant technologies, their widespread dissemination through networking and support for the vast unorganized sector of our economy. It is recognized that these objectives will be best realized by a dynamic and flexible Science and Technology Policy, which can readily adapt to the rapidly changing world order. This Policy, reiterates India's commitment to participate as an equal and vigorous global player in generating and harnessing advances in science and technology for the benefit of all humankind.

C - STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Keeping in view these broad objectives, it is essential to spell out an implementation strategy that will enable identification of specific plans, programmes and projects, with clearly defined tasks, estimates of necessary resources, and time targets. Some of the key elements of the implementation strategy will be as follows: 1. Science and Technology Governance and Investments Suitable mechanism will be evolved by which independent inputs on science and technology policy and planning are obtained on a continuous basis from a wide cross section of scientists and technologists. It will utilize the academies and specialized professional bodies for this purpose. These inputs will form an integral part of the planning and implementation of all programmes relating to science and technology, as also in government decision making and formulation of policies in socio-economic sectors. A greater integration of the programmes in socio-economic sectors with R&D activities will go a long way in ensuring a wider, more visible and tangible impact. This will call for a certain percentage of the overall allocation of each of the socio-economic ministries to be devoted for relevant programmes and activities in science and technology. The States will also be encouraged and assisted in the use of science and technology for developmental purposes through mechanisms set up for this, and in establishing linkages with national institutions for solving their regional and locale-specific problems.

Government will make necessary budgetary commitments for higher education and science and technology. It will, through its own resources and also through contribution by industry, raise the level of investment to at least 2% of GDP on science and technology by the end of the Tenth Plan. For this, it is essential for industry to steeply increase its investments in R&D. This will enable it to be competitive, achieve greater self-reliance and self-confidence, and fulfill national goals.

2. Optimal Utilization of Existing Infrastructure and Competence Science and technology is advancing at a very fast pace, and obsolescence of physical infrastructure, as also of skills and competence, take place rapidly. Steps will be taken to network the existing infrastructure, investments and intellectual strengths, wherever they exist, to achieve effective and optimal utilization, and constantly upgrade them to meet changing needs. 3. Strengthening of the Infrastructure for Science and Technology in Academic Institutions A major initiative to modernize the infrastructure for science and engineering in academic institutions will be undertaken. It will be ensured that all middle and high schools, vocational and other colleges will have appropriately sized science laboratories. Science, engineering and medical departments in academic institutions and universities and colleges will be selected for special support to raise the standard of teaching and research. To begin with, a significant number of academic institutions, specially the universities, as also engineering and medical institutions, would be selected for this support to make an impact. Flexible mechanisms for induction of new faculty in key areas of science would be developed. Constancy of support and attention will be ensured over at least a ten-year period.

4. New Funding Mechanisms for Basic Research The setting up of more efficient funding mechanisms will be examined, either by creating new structures or by strengthening or restructuring the existing ones, for promotion of basic research in science, medical and engineering institutions. In particular, administrative and financial procedures will be simplified to permit efficient operation of research programmes in diverse institutions across the country. Creation of world class facilities in carefully selected and nationally relevant fields will be undertaken, to enhance our international competitiveness in areas where we have strengths, opportunities or natural advantages. Indigenous expertise will be used to the maximum extent possible. This would help in nurturing high quality talent and expertise in experimental science and engineering. 5. Human Resource Development The number of scientists and technologists, while being large in absolute numbers, is not commensurate with the requirements in quality and when measured on a per capita basis. The demand is bound to increase in the coming years with more intensive activities involving science and technology. There is need to progressively increase the rate of generation of high quality skilled human resource at all levels. This process would naturally entail reversing the present flow of talent away from science, by initiating new and innovative schemes to attract and nurture young talent with an aptitude for research, and by providing assured career

opportunities in academia, industry, Government or other sectors. In order to encourage quality and productivity in science and technology, mobility of scientists and technologists between industry, academic institutions and research laboratories will be ensured. 6. Technology Development, Transfer and Diffusion A strong base of science and engineering research provides a crucial foundation for a vibrant programme of technology development. Priority will be placed on the development of technologies which address the basic needs of the population; make Indian industries - small, medium or large - globally competitive; make the country economically strong; and address the security concerns of the nation. Special emphasis will be placed on equity in development, so that the benefits of technological growth reach the majority of the population, particularly the disadvantaged sections, leading to an improved quality of life for every citizen of the country. These aspects require technology foresight, which involves not only forecasting and assessment of technologies but also their social, economic and environmental consequences. The growth rate in productivity of the Indian economy has been below its true potential, and the contribution to it of technological factors is inadequate. Similarly, Indian exports today derive their comparative advantage through resource and labour rather than through the power of technological innovation. The transformation of new ideas into commercial successes is of vital importance to the nation's ability to achieve high economic growth and global competitiveness. Accordingly, special emphasis will be given not only to R&D and the technological factors of innovation, but also to the other equally important social, institutional and market factors needed for adoption, diffusion and transfer of innovation to the productive sectors. 7. Promotion of Innovation Innovation will be supported in all its aspects. A comprehensive national system of innovation will be created covering science and technology as also legal, financial and other related aspects. There is need to change the ways in which society and economy performs, if innovation has to fructify. 8. Industry and Scientific R&D Every effort will be made to achieve synergy between industry and scientific research. Autonomous Technology Transfer Organizations will be created as associate organizations of universities and national laboratories to facilitate transfer of the know-how generated to industry. Increased encouragement will be given, and flexible mechanisms will be evolved to help, scientists and technologists to transfer the know-how generated by them to the industry and be a partner in receiving the financial returns. Industry will be encouraged to financially adopt or support educational and research institutions, fund courses of interest to them, create professional chairs etc. to help direct S&T endeavours towards tangible industrial goals. There has to be increased investments by industry in R&D in its own interest to achieve global competitiveness to be efficient and relevant. Efforts by industry to carry out R&D, either in-house or through outsourcing, will be supported by fiscal and other measures. To increase their investments in R&D, innovative mechanisms will be evolved.

9. Indigenous Resources and Traditional Knowledge

Indigenous knowledge, based on our long and rich tradition, would be further developed and harnessed for the purpose of wealth and employment generation. Innovative systems to document, protect, evaluate and to learn from India's rich heritage of traditional knowledge of the natural resources of land, water and bio-diversity will be strengthened and enlarged. Development of technologies that add value to India's indigenous resources and which provide holistic and optimal solutions that are suited to Indian social-cultural-economic ethos will be developed.A concerted plan to intensify research on traditional systems of medicine, so as to contribute to fundamental advances in health care, and leading to commercialisation of effective products will be undertaken; appropriate norms of validation and standardization will be enforced. A purposeful programme to enhance the Indian share of the global herbal product market will be initiated. 10. Technologies for Mitigation and Management of Natural Hazards Science and technology has an important role in any general strategy to address the problems of mitigation and management of the impacts of natural hazards. A concerted action plan to enhance predictive capabilities and preparedness for meeting emergencies arising from floods, cyclones, earthquakes, drought, landslides and avalanches will be drawn up. Measures will be undertaken to promote research on natural phenomena that lead to disasters and human activities that aggravate them. This will be with a view to developing practical technological solutions for pre-disaster preparedness, and mitigation and management of post- disaster situations. 11. Generation and Management of Intellectual Property Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), have to be viewed, not as a self-contained and distinct domain, but rather as an effective policy instrument that would be relevant to wide ranging socio-economic, technological and political concepts. The generation and fullest protection of competitive intellectual property from Indian R&D programmes will be encouraged and promoted.

The process of globalisation is leading to situations where the collective knowledge of societies normally used for common good is converted to proprietary knowledge for commercial profit of a few. Action will be taken to protect our indigenous knowledge systems, primarily through national policies, supplemented by supportive international action. For this purpose, IPR systems which specially protect scientific discoveries and technological innovations arising out of such traditional knowledge will be designed and effectively implemented. Our legislation with regard to Patents, Copyrights and other forms of Intellectual Property will ensure that maximum incentives are provided for individual inventors, and to our scientific and technological community, to undertake large scale and rapid commercialization, at home and abroad. The development of skills and competence to manage IPR and leveraging its influence will be given a major thrust. This is an area calling for significant technological insights and legal expertise and will be handled differently from the present, and with high priority. 12. Public Awareness of Science and Technology There is growing need to enhance public awareness of the importance of science and technology in everyday life, and the directions where science and technology is taking us. People must be able to consider the

implications of emerging science and technology options in areas which impinge directly upon their lives, including the ethical and moral, legal, social and economic aspects. In recent years, advances in biotechnology and information technology have dramatically increased public interest in technology options in wide ranging areas. Scientific work and policies arising from these have to be highly transparent and widely understood. 13. International Science and Technology Cooperation Scientific research and technology development can benefit greatly by international cooperation and collaboration. Common goals can be effectively addressed by pooling both material and intellectual resources. International collaborative programmes, especially those contributing directly to our scientific development and security objectives, will be encouraged between academic institutions and national laboratories in India and their counterparts in all parts of the world, including participation in mega science projects as equal partners. Special emphasis will be placed on collaborations with other developing countries, and particularly neighbouring countries, with whom India shares many common problems. International collaboration in science and technology would be fully used to further national interests as an important component of foreign policy initiatives. 14. Fiscal Measures Innovative fiscal measures are critical to ensure successful implementation of the policy objectives. New methods are required for incentivising R&D activities, particularly in industry. New strategies have to be formulated for attracting higher levels of public and private investments in scientific and technological development. A series of both tax and non-tax fiscal instruments have to be evolved to ensure a leap-frogging process of development. The formulation of a focused strategy and the designing of new methods and instruments requires inputs from economists, financial experts and management experts and scientists. For this purpose, the apex S&T advisory body will constitute a dedicated task-force to suggest appropriate fiscal measures to subserve the policy objectives.

15. Monitoring Effective, expeditious, transparent and science-based monitoring and reviewing mechanisms will be significantly strengthened, and wherever not available will be put in place. It will be ensured that the scientific community is involved in, and responsible for, smooth and speedy implementation. 16. The New Vision To build a new and resurgent India that continues to maintain its strong democratic and spiritual traditions, that remains secure not only militarily but also socially and economically, it is important to draw on the many unique civilizational qualities that define the inner strength of India; this has been intrinsically based on an integrated and holistic view of nature and of life. The Science and Technology Policy 2003 will be implemented so as to be in harmony with our world view of the larger human family all around. It will ensure that science and technology truly uplifts the Indian people and indeed all of humanity.