1. What is thermodynamics ?

Thermodynamics :

(a) Macroscopic : above (b) Microscopic : molecular interactions -> generate (consume) energy -> converted into other types of energy.

Intermolecular distance

U : Intermolecular potential energy for a pair of structureless, neutral molecules Intermolecular potential energy : associated with collections of molecules, the form of energy that reflects the existence of such forces

2. problems to solve Power plant analysis Refrigeration system analysis

Phase equilibrium analysis

Water(g)+EthOH (g)

Water(l)+EthOH (l)

What if water + benzene?

(a) the 1st law of thermodynamics Etotal = constant (b) the 2nd law of thermodynamics - Quality of energy Example) 100 kJ of chemical E --conversion into different types of E--> less than 100 kJ of mechanical E + more than 0 kJ of heat E (c) thermodynamic property/interaction estimation (as a function of T, P, molecular structure)

3. The goals of this course (a)Understand the basic principles of the first and second laws of thermodynamics and their applications to thermodynamic processes. (b) Learn to apply energy balances for systems associated with sensible and/or latent heat effects. (c) Learn how to calculate compressibility factors and residual thermodynamic properties from equations of state and the generalized correlations. (d) Learn to apply thermodynamic principles for flow processes involving turbines and compressors; including power and refrigeration cycles. (e) Learn to perform efficiency calculations for Rankine and other practical power plant cycles. (f) Understand the calculation of thermodynamic properties of mixtures, including partial molar properties, fugacities, property changes of mixing and excess properties. (g) Understand the basic principles of phase equilibria and their applications to thermodynamic systems. (h) Learn to perform efficiency calculations for Rankine and other practical cycles. 4. Why do chemical engineers care about thermodynamics? C:desired product, D:undesired product

1 kg mole A 1 kg mole B

Reactor (A+B C+D)

1 kg mole C 1 kg mole D

What have to be considered to Max (C) 1. delivery/mixing of A & B -> fluid mechanics 2. Design of reactors reaction engineering 3. Addition or removal of energy for optimization of temperatures for reaction and purification

Chapter 1 UNITS AND CONVERSIONS SI units. The basic SI units are ( Appendix A.1 (page 678). ) for length, ( ) for mass, and ( ) for time.

FORCE is mass x acceleration. SI unit is ( The SI unit of (absolute) TEMPERATURE is t oC = T K 273.15 t oF =1.8* t oC +32

), representing 1 kg m/s2., ( ).

Another absolute temperature is Rankine (R) : T R = t oF +459.67 = 1.8*T K. Always use ( ) temperatures in thermodynamic calculations.

PRESSURE is representing

force per unit area.

2

In SI units

the

pressure unit is (
5

),

(N/m ). Other pressure units are bar (SI unit, 10 Pa) and atmosphere (1.01325

bar or 101.325 kPa). absolute pressure = gauge pressure + surrounding pressure. WORK is force x distance and has the unit of energy. In SI units, the unit of work energy is ( calorie. Energy: capacity of a body for doing work. So, part of energy can be converted into work and vice versa. Other forms of ENERGY include HEAT, KINETIC ENERGY, and POTENTIAL ), representing a Newton meter (N m). Some other units for energy are BTU and

ENERGY, which all have the units of Joules Question 1) (Table A.2) R=8.314 Jmol-1K-1 = 1,986 (Btu)lbmole-1R-1 = 82.06cm3(atm)mol-1K-1