Chapter 3: Anatomy and Physiology

The Cell- is the fundamental unit of Life and the Body. 7 Major functions of the cell Movement Conductivity Metabolic absorption Secretion Excretion respiration Reproduction Tissues- a group of cells that perform a similar function. Epithelial tissue- the protective tissue that lines internal and external body tissues. Ex; Skin, mucous membranes, the lining of the intestinal tract. Muscle tissue Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Skeletal muscle- is the most abundant muscle in the body. Connective tissue-is the most abundant tissue in the body. Nerve tissue- tissue that transmits electrical impulses throughout the body. Organs- a group of tissues functioning together. Ex; Heart, liver, brain, ovary, eye. Organ system- a group of organs that work together. Ex; cardiovascular system Homeostasis- the natural tendency of the body to maintain a steady and normal internal environment. Metabolism- is the term used to refer to the building up (anabolism) and breaking down (catabolism) of biochemical substances to produce energy. Hydration Body fluid components: o Intracellular fluid 75% of TBW (Total Body Water) o Extra cellular fluid 25% of TBW - Interstitial fluid 17.5% of TBW - Intravascular fluid 7.5% of TBW = 25% of Extra cellular fluid Causes of Dehydration Vomiting Diarrhea Perspiration Peritonitis Malnutrition Burns

 Open wounds Electrolytes- a substance that, in water, separates into electrically charged particles. Ions- is a charged particle. Cation- an ion w/ a positive charge (+). Sodium (NA+)- is the most prevalent cation in the extracellular fluid. Hypernatremia- increase in NA+ Hyponatremia- decrease in NA+ Potassium (K+)- is the most prevalent cation in the intracellular fluid. Hyperkalemia Hypokalemia Calcium (CA++)- plays a major role in muscle contraction as well as nervous impulse transmission. Hypercalcemia Hypocalcemia Magnesium (Mg++)- is necessary for several biochemical processes that occur in the body and is closely associated w/ phosphate in many processes. Hypermagnesemia Hypomagnesemia Anion- an ion w/ a negative charge (-). Chloride (Cl-)- its negative charge balances the positive charge associated w/ the cations. It also plays a major role in fluid balance and renal function and has a close association w/ sodium (NaCl). Bicarbonate (HCO3-)- is the principle buffer of the body. It neutralizes the highly acidic H+. Phosphate (HPO4-)- is closely associated w/ magnesium in renal function.

Osmosis & Diffusion Isotonic- equal in concentration of solute molecules. Hypertonic- having a greater concentration of solute molecules. Hypotonic- having a lesser concentration of solute molecules Osmosis- is the (passive) passage of a solvent such as water through a membrane. Active transport- is the movement (requires energy) of a substance through a cell membrane against the osmotic gradient. Diffusion- is the movement of molecules through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration. Facilitated diffusion- diffusion of a substance such as glucose through a cell membrane that requires the assistance of a helper or carrier protein. Acid-Base Balance PH- (Potential of Hydrogen). A measure of relative acidity or alkalinity.

Acid 0-------------------7.4-----------------14 Alkaline Normal pH = 7.35 - 7.45 a variation of .4 of this can be lethal.