Methods of production 1. Job production 2. Batch production 3.

Flow method Job production One-off product for a specific customer or small batch of work in quantities Handles by a single worker or group of workers

Advantages 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Provide emergency parts or services Work is of a high quality High level of customization Flexibility Workers motivation

Disadvantages 1. 2. 3. 4. Higher cost of production Re-engineering Requires use of specialist labor Slow

Batch production Object created stage by stage over a series of workstations Each operation is completed through the whole batch before the next operation is performed Specialization of labor

Advantages 1. Reduce initial capital outlay 2. Useful for a factory that makes seasonal items Disadvantages 1. Inefficiencies

Flow method No idle time or downtime Task is worked on continuously

Organizational structure hierarchical arrangement of lines of authority, communications, rights and duties of an organization 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Functional Matrix Product Line Line and staff Market geographic

Significance 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Clear cut authority relationships Pattern of communication Decision centers Proper balancing Stimulating creativity Encouraging growth Making us of technical improvements

Functional structure Report to the top management Contain personnel with various but related skills grouped by similarities

Matrix structure Report to functional manager and project manager Skills of talented employees could be shared between the functional and project management teams

Product structure Organized on the basis of the different types of products

Line structure Superior-subordinate relationship

Line and staff structure Staff managers have no authority over line managers and their subordinates

Market structure Group employees on the basis of specific market the company sells in

Geographic structure Grouped based on geographic locations of offices or businesses

Special challenges by SMEs 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Lack of IT support Lack of IT literacy Lack of formal procedure and discipline Uneven IT awareness and management skills Lack of financial resources Lack of human resources Lack of experience with consultants Fatigue

Profit VS non-profit PROFIT Profits distributed to shareholders Exists to earn money Remaining assets are distributed to shareholders Goal is to earn money NON-PROFIT Not distributed Exists for educational and charitable reasons Remaining assets must go to another non-profit Goal is to help the community

Mission statement - organizations purpose and primary objectives Vision statement gives employees the direction about how they are expected to behave and inspires them to give their best

Evaluation of programs 1. 2. 3. 4. Evaluation research involves scientific methodology Assessment more limited process with a more specific purpose Needs assessment first stage in program implementation Outcome evaluation addresses effectiveness

Characteristics 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Stages 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Goals and objectives Activity standardization Statistical model design Data collection Data analysis Explanation of success level Recommendations Systematic Empirical Logical Explanatory Specific Replicable and valid