BASIC of MATERIALS SCIENCE

Steel

Material Content of a Car

Most cars weigh between 400 kg to 2500 kg. Contributors to the weight of car

Fe: Iron
Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe (Latin: ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. Like other group 8 elements, it exists in a wide range of oxidation states. Iron and iron alloys (steels) are by far the most common metals and the most common ferromagnetic materials in everyday use. Fresh iron surfaces appear lustrous silvery-gray, but oxidize in air.
wikipedia

Steel Making

El Fe es un material alotrpico
Cambios alotrpicos
1538

BCC: body centered cubic

1394

austenite
912

770

FCC: fase centered cubic

ferrite

Exothermic reactions when cooling

Phase Diagrams

WATER PHASE DIAGRAM

Cooling Curve solidification of pure metals

Cooling curve for the solidification of pure metals. Note that freezing takes place at a constant temperature; during freezing the latent heat of solidification is given off.

Nickel-Copper Alloy Phase Diagram

Phase diagram for nickel-copper alloy system obtained at a slow rate of solidification. Note that pure nickel and pure copper each has one freezing or melting temperature. The top circle on the right depicts the nucleation of crystals. The second circle shows the formation of dendrites (see Section 10.2). The bottom circle shows the solidified alloy, with grain boundaries.

Lead-Tin Phase Diagram

The lead-tin phase diagram. Note that the composition of the eutectic point for this alloy is 61.9% Sn-38.1% Pb. A composition either lower or higher than this ratio will have a higher liquidus temperature.

Diagrama Hierro-Carbono
Nombres comunes de las fases

Austenita

Aceros Hipoeutectoides

Microstructuras

Aceros Hipereutectoides
Microstructuras

Diagrama Hierro-Carbono
Hierro puro y Fe3C (6.67%C en Fe)-compuesto intersticial. Fe3C es una fase metastable (se descompondra en Fe y grafito)

Extended Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram

Figure 4.12 Phase diagram for the iron-carbon system with graphite (instead of cementite) as the stable phase. Note that this figure is an extended version of Fig. 4.8.

Microstructures for Cast Irons

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure. Microstructure for cast irons. Magnification: 100X. (a) Ferritic gray iron with graphite flakes. (b) Ferritic Ductile iron (nodular iron), with graphite in nodular form. (c) Ferritic malleable iron; this cast iron solidified as white cast iron, with the carbon present as cementite, and was heat treated to graphitize the carbon. Source: ASM International.

Tensile-Test Specimen and Machine

(b)

(a) A standard tensile-test specimen before and after pulling, showing original and final gage lengths. (b) A typical tensile-testing machine.

Stress-Strain Curve
A typical stress- strain curve obtained from a tension test, showing various features.

Mechanical Properties of Various Materials at Room Temperature

TABLE 2.2 Mechanical Properties of Various Materials at Room Temperature
Metals (Wrought)
Aluminum and its alloys Copper and its alloys Lead and its alloys Magnesium and its alloys Molybdenum and its alloys Nickel and its alloys Steels Titanium and its alloys Tungsten and its alloys

E (GPa)
6979 105150 14 4145 330360 180214 190200 80130 350400

Y (MPa)
35550 761100 14 130305 802070 1051200 2051725 3441380 550690

UTS (MPa)
90600 1401310 2055 240380 902340 3451450 4151750 4151450 620760

Elongation in 50 mm (%)
454 653 509 215 4030 605 652 257 0

Nonmetallic materials
Ceramics 701000 1402600 0 Diamond 8201050 Glass and porcelain 70-80 140 Rubbers 0.010.1 Thermoplastics 1.43.4 780 10005 Thermoplastics, reinforced 250 20120 101 Thermosets 3.517 35170 0 Boron fibers 380 3500 0 Carbon fibers 275415 20003000 0 Glass fibers 7385 35004600 0 Kevlar fibers 62117 2800 0 Note: In the upper table the lowest values for E, Y, and UTS and the highest values for elongation are for pure metals. Multiply gigapascals (GPa) by 145,000 to obtain pounds per square in. (psi), megapascals (MPa) by 145 to obtain psi.

Loading and Unloading of Tensile-Test Specimen

Figure Schematic illustration of the loading and the unloading of a tensiletest specimen. Note that, during unloading, the curve follows a path parallel to the original elastic slope.

Hardness Tests
General characteristics of hardness-testing methods and formulas for calculating hardness. The quantity P is the load applied. Source: H. W. Hayden, et al., The Structure and Properties of Materials, Vol. III (John Wiley & Sons, 1965).

Hardness Conversion Chart

Chart for converting various hardness scales. Note the limited range of most scales. Because of the many factors involved, these conversions are approximate.

Demostration of various materials

http://www.wiley.com/college/callister/04701 25373/vmse/index.htm

Intro: Advanced High Strength Steels: DP-Dual Phase Steels

Intro: Advanced High Strength Steels Ultra Light Steel Auto Body Project (ULSAB)

Intro: Advanced High Strength Steels

Ultra Light Steel Auto Body Project (ULSAB)

Intro: Advanced High Strength Steels