WORKSHEETS

FOR
TEACH YOURSELF HINDI
Rupert Snell
HINDI URDU FLAGSHIP, UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
rupertsnell@mail.utexas.edu
These worksheets are designed to complement the second edition of Teach Yourself
Hindi (2000), units 115. They can be used simply as additional exercise or homework
material when working through the units; but they have been designed primarily for
revision work, and are best done some time after the particular unit has been completed.
For example, an ideal time to do the worksheet for Unit 6 would be after completing
Unit 7.
Each worksheet ranges fairly freely over the grammar of the unit. Any vocabulary that
hasnt appeared before will be found in the Glossary at the end of the book.
A very good way of coming to grips with new grammar is for the learner to try to analyse
and explain it for his or herself: the student becomes the teacher. With this in view,
several exercises involve identifying the grammatical construction of given sentences.
Its a good idea to translate all the Hindi sentences, even when not specifically asked to
do so in a particular exercise.
2
UNIT ONE
Explain the difference in meaning between the following two sentences :
+, =r r-r , yah pankh purn hai.
- +, r-r =r , yah purn pankh hai.
Translate:
+, == +r , yah mez ba hai.
+, +r == , yah ba mez hai.
+, +=r =r , yah kurs acch hai.
+, =r +=r , yah acch kurs hai.
7 These houses are very old.
8 These are very old houses.
9 Those cars are beautiful.
10 Those are beautiful cars.
Now go through the entry from Prataps diary in Exercise 1b (p. 27), and identify the
subject(s)and verb(s) in each sentence.
Answer the questions on dialogues 1a and 1b:
r= +=r , Rj kais hai?
- +r +r += , ky Pratp angrez hai?
+r +rr =rr-r , ky g jpn hai?
+r += =r , ky kamre choe ha?
+r ==rr =r=r , ky almr kh l hai?
+r =+r =rr , ky khik cho hai?
+r +=r ,+rr , ky kamr havdr hai?
Explain how the following adjectives would show agreement with the nouns
==rr almr (f.). ==r+r almriy (f.pl.). +=r kamr (m.), and += kamre (m.pl.).
=rr cho
=r= sf
- =r=r kh l
- =- sundar
-- +r ba
3
Change the following from += tum to r p:
- +r += ,--+r-r ,r ky tum hindustn ho?
- += +,+ =- ,r tum bahut sundar ho.
- += =r+ =r+ ,r tum log hk ho?
and from r p to += tum:
- r r+-+r-r , p pkistn ha.
- +r r =rr-r , ky p jpn ha?
- +r r =r+ += , ky p log angrez ha?
Now go through sentences 23 to 28, making them all negative.
4
UNIT TWO
Explain the different functions of the word +r ky in the following two sentences :
+r +, =+r= , ky yah abdko hai?
- +, +r , yah ky hai?
Translate:
+, r=r +r- , vah dm kaun hai?
r= =r== +,+ =- , j mausam bahut sundar hai.
+,r ++- =r+ , yah kitne log ha?
+ ++r+ +r=r =,+r , ye kitb kf mahg ha.
7 How many letters are there?
8 How are you today?
9 Are Pratap and Sangeeta both tall?
10 They are not very happy today.
Re-read Prataps postcard on page 35, then answer these questions:
==r=r += r=r , arm j kaise dm ha?
- ++- +rr , kitne vidyrth ha?
++-r =rr-r =++r , kitn jpn lakiy ha?
+r + =rr , ky ve mo ha?
-=r +=r =, , dill kais ahar hai?
r= =r== +=r , j mausam kais hai?
Following the format of Prataps postcard, write one of your own about your class,
and the town where you are at the moment.
5
UNIT THREE
Explain the grammatical case of the underlined words in the following sentences :
+r +r r= = , ky Pratp j ghar par hai?
- += = ++- =r+ , kamre m kitne log ha?
:= + += = r == , is bae kamre m do mez ha.
+-,rr ==rr = +: =r= , : tumhr almr m ka cz ha!
+-,r + = += = , tumhre kape mere kamre m ha.
Give answers in Hindi to the following questions in English:
6 How many chairs are there in your room?
7 Are Prakashs glasses in the bathroom?
8 Are there pictures on your walls?
9 How are you today?
Answer the following questions about the illustration on page 29:
r+r ++-r +-+r , dvr par kitn tasvr ha?
=r +-+r = +r , dsr tasvr m ky hai?
- +-+r = ++- =r+ , + +r- , tasvr m kitne log ha? ve kaun ha?
== +r +r , mez par ky ky hai?
[Repeat of +r ky indicates what different things?]
Choose the correct pronoun, explaining your choices:
mera/mere r-+ s/vh += = , mer/mere dost us/vah kamre m hai.
yh/^s =+r +,+ ,r=+r , yah/is lak bahut hoiyr hai.
mera/mere +r=r mera/mere += = , mer/mere pitj mer/mere kamre m ha.
vh/s r= = +r +r , vah/us darz m ky ky hai?
ye/^n =r+ +r=r =- , : ye/in log kf sundar ha!
Translate:
:= r= ,+- = +: =+= =r= , is ph (yni) m ka mukil cz ha.
- :- ==r+r = +r +r , in almriy m ky ky hai?
- +rr==r += = = , vras kis prade m hai? [= prade m. state]
-- +r=r += = = , karc kis de m hai ? [= de m. country]
- = +r+ = ++- = , us gv m kitne ghar ha?
6
24 In our country there are many big cities.
25 There are chairs in all the rooms.
26 How many people are there in your room?
27 How many states are there in India?
28 How many books are there on your table?
7
UNIT FOUR
Rewrite Dialogue 3a (p. 39) in the past tense, removing the word + ab from the last line.
Identify the possible implications of the word +r to in the following:
= +r =r+ , ma to hk h.
- += =r+ +r ,r tum hk to ho?
+= +r == = r kal to Rame ghar par th.
== +r = r Rame to ghar par th.
,-r +r +r=r r=r- , hind to k sn hai.
Answer the questions:
+r =r+ := = +rr +r ,
+ (if youre male) +r r - =+= = r-+ = =+ ,
= (if youre female) +r r -r =+= =r =,=r = =+r ,
+r +r= =,= r+ = = +rr r-r ,
+r r+r = +r= =,= = +rr =- ,
r+ +r = =+= ,r=+r += +r- ,
6 ky bhrat inglai se zyd ba hai?
7.a (if youre male) ky p apne sabse acche dost se lambe ha?
7.b (if youre female) ky p apn sabse acch sahel se lamb ha?
8 ky tj mahal pke ghar se zyd purn hai?
9 ky pk ghar tj mahal se zyd sundar hai?
10 pke parivr m sabse hoiyr vyakti kaun hai?
Identify the grammatical subject of each verb in the following:
==+r =+r= , [transliterations for 11-16 on next page]
- rr +r +=r r
rr =r +r + -: =-= +,+ = ,
+=+r =r== , + r= +r-=r - ,
-+r ==r r + r+r ,--+r-r =r-r = ,
,=+r +, +r+ =r== -,r r + + =r+ ++- =,-+r ,
11 mujhko zukm hai.
12 pp ko bu kh r th.
13 dd j ko ye na film bahut pasand ha.
14 kisko mlm hai ki j kauns din hai?
15 unko kh u th ki pko hindustn khn pasand hai.
16 hamko yah bt mlm nah th ki ye log kitne mehnt ha.
8
UNIT FIVE
What is the grammatical difference between these two sentences?
=r. := += +r =r= +r Cho, is kamre ko sf karo.
- =r. +, +=r =r= +r Cho, yah kamr sf karo.
Translate each of the following sentences in the same two ways as above:
3 Rishi, read this letter and then clean Sangitas room.
4 Please write his name in that book.
5 Close the door.
6 Make the food ready [use ++r +-r taiyr karn].
Why does +r ko have to be used in these two sentences?
+ +r +, ++= -r kutte ko yah kambal den.
=,r= +r ++rr + =+r+r rr -rr= , Suhs ko bato ki Sangt tho nrz hai.
Translate:
9 Tell me that mans name.
10 Give these books to my teacher.
From which of the following sentences can +r ko be removed, and why? What else
changes as a result?
=r+ =r +r +, ++r+ r=|+r Amrk j ko yah kitb djieg.
- := + +r | is patr ko pahie.
+r +r - =rr : Pratp ko na mro!
:- =+ =r=r +r =r=| in sab cz ko ljie.
Translate:
15 Give this milk to Raj.
16 Drink this tea.
17 Clean the windows.
18 Write a letter to my father.
Explain the meaning and grammar (case, gender, number, agreement etc.) of the
underlined words:
EXAMPLE: = =r: +r =rr-r =r-r = -,r , mere bh ko jpn khn pasand nah hai .
= mere my: 1st person possessive pronoun, agrees with =r: bh
=r: bh brother: type 2 masculine noun, in oblique case before postposition +r ko
, hai is: 3rd person singular of ,r-r hon: agrees with the subject =r-r khn
9
=+r+r r + +r ==r , + +==r =r r= = -,r ,
- r= +r+ =r = , +r+ -, rr +=r ,
- += +r := =r += = -r =r+ += =+- r= == + =r +,r += ,
-- +=r . =r=r +r =r++r =r :-, -+r r
- = =+r= = +=r = = + =+= ,r=+r ,
19 Sangt aur Ri ko kh u hai ki Kaml j j ghar par nah ha.
20 j adhypak j ghar par ha kyki unh tho bukhr hai.
21 kal to is choe kamre m nau log baihe the lekin j sirf pait j baihe ha.
22 bacco, cc k cbiy lo. inh unko do.
23 mere khyl m bacc m se Ri sabse hoiyr hai.
Translate:
24 My father is pleased that these books werent very expensive.
25 Your uncle was angry because he didnt know that my brother was here.
26 Both the students are at home today because they have a fever.
27 The teachers didnt know that you were ill too.
28 Read this book attentively and then write the answers to the questions.
Isolate the embedded question in each of the following sentences:
EXAMPLE: + = =| + r= +,r , (embedded question r= +,r ,
- == -,r =r== + r= +r-=r - ,
+r= +r =r== , + +==r +r =+r= +r ,
+r +r =r== -,r r + + +r =+=+ +r ,
- r= = =r + + +r ++= +r-=r ,
+=+r =r== , + =r =r+ +,r ,
Embed each of the following questions into a sentence of the type given above:
++= +r =+=+ +r ,
:+ r +,r = +r =+ ,
:= -r +r =+=+ +r ,
r= =+r+r = +r -,r ,
+r-=r =+r- r+r ,
10
UNIT SIX
Fill the gap with an appropriate subject (noun or pronoun):
+=+ + r= ,+ ,
- =+ -,r r+r
+,r ,+ ,r
+,+ =-+r ,r+r ,
=r== ,r+r , + ,-r =r =r-+r ,
Fill the gap with the appropriate form of the given verb:
=r== ,,r-r} + + =r+ ==+r +r -,r ,r-r}
-r r+r = =+r+r ,==-r} + = =,r= = +r ,+-r}
=+ r-r =r: -+= = ,-r}
=+r+r +r =,=r ,=r--r} + =+r+r -r =r = ,-r}
=+r+r ,+,-r}. +r=r -r ++++ +r +r- -,r ,=-r}
Explain why -r is used in the following sentences:
= = -r =,=r +r =+ ==+r ,
- -r =r-r =rr r = -r =r=r- ++r +r
r-r =+ - r-+r + =r =r+ r+ ,
rr=r - + = +,+r , + r= -r =r-r =r+ = -,r =r+r
= =r-+r , + +, -r +r= +,+ +r- = ++r ,
Explain why -r is not used in the following sentences:
,= =r-+ , + ,=rr +r +r ++r ,
+ =+r , + =r =r: +,r , =+- =+r r-+ =+r+ -,r +r
= =r-+r , + = =r=+ =r,+ +,+ = r=r ,
r= r =+r =r: r-r =-=r =r+ ,
- =r=r=r +r -,r =r== r + -+r =r++r +,r ,
11
Translate, taking care when to use -r and when not to:
21 Suhas lives in his friends house.
22 I speak my language but I dont speak yours.
23 My friend and my brother both drink.
24 I work in my brothers company.
25 I often think about my childhood but I dont tell my children about it.
Translate:
== + -r= = +r += =r += +=+ =| -+ =r
+= + +r = =r +, ,=rr +, +-,r =| - =|
+ r+ = + r= + +,r = +,r r= + ,=
Translate:
for you ,r} for you ,+=} about this after me after tomorrow
towards you for them near her inside the house outside the door
about them behind him under this under the blanket towards the door
12
UNIT SEVEN
Change the tense from past to present or vice versa:
+r =,=r = =r: = +r ++r ,
- =r =r=+r r + +=r =r+ =r+ = -,r -,r+
+, ++ = +,+r r + ,r. +r+ =r ,-r + r=r ,
=r== ,r+r , + += +=r- +,+ =,== ++r ,r
+r +r ,-r r+r r. +, ,==r -r -r= +-r+r = ==+r r
Translate:
6 I dont know where your friend and his wife live.
7 At [say in] that age we used to like samosas a lot.
8 I used to ask the most difficult questions and he used to reply.
9 He reads a lot of books but he doesnt think much.
10 Grandmother always used to say that theres a big difference between good and bad.
Explain the following uses of += and +r:/ +=r. noting function, case and number :
+r: r-r +r-r +r:|
- =r := +r=r ==rr = += -,r ,
,=r + = +r: =+r, ====r-
+=r = =r + +-,r r=+ =- +r =+=+ +r ,
=r + + +r, +r: +rr =r r =+- =+ +r: -,r r
+r+ = =r += +r- , -,r. := +r+ = +r +r: +r- -,r ,
Translate:
17 He knows about five or six languages.
18 Some foreigner is sitting in that other room.
19 She says she doesnt know anybody.
20 In todays dream some woman was sitting outside the gate of heaven.
21 After some time someone or other always asks me this question.
22 Nobody understands my Hindi.
13
Identify the grammatical subject in each of the following sentences:
- r+ =r +r -+r ==r =r,|
- =+r +r += -| +r +r ==+ r
- +r += =r = =r,|
- =r+ +r +r ,r r +r -: ++r+ -,r =r,| r
- == |-- +r =+ ==+ ,
Translate, using =r,| :
28 Who needs this newspaper?
29 Do you need something, my old friend?
30 No, I dont need anything at all.
31 Did you need something yesterday?
32 Yes, I needed all three books but I didnt know where they were.
33 I need these things right now because the shops shut at six oclock.
Translate, using +r ==+ :
34 I needed some clean clothes.
35 They say they need both cars today.
36 Some of my friends [say my some friends] used to say that they needed some help [= f.].
37 The door is open, so we dont need the key.
38 Even in the summer you need a light blanket.
39 Who needs heavy clothes in this weather?
xabax
14
UNIT EIGHT
Change the verb from imperfective to continuous:
= =r =r +=r+r ,
- = -r +rr -,r. - =r: +r +rr ==r+r r
r-r =r: == +,+ +rr ++ ++ ,
=r= +r ,= =r+ +r, =r+ ,
r= += =r = +r =r+ ,r
Change the verb from continuous to imperfective:
= ,--+r-r =r-r +-r ,r ,
,r= +r r-+ +=r +=r +-r = +r= + ,r r
+r -r =r + +r +r =+r+ ,r ,
rr=r -++ + =- = ,r ,
+r += =r ,-r ,
Translate:
11 Your uncle was saying that Sangeeta dislikes me.
12 How do you know what Khanna ji is doing today?
13 My parents were asking us about Prataps friends.
14 Some mechanic was fixing someones car outside our house (mechanic =-+r m; to fix =r+ +-r).
15 We used to live in Delhi but these days were living in Uttaranchal (r== m).
Explain the choice of possession expression in the following:
+=r + r= r= + . +=r + r= =
=r +r: =r: -,r =+- =r +r- +,- ,
= r= +,+ =rr ++r+ , =+- +-,rr ,-r +r ++r+ -,r ,
= r-+ + =r: + + +r == |+ r= ,
- = r-r +r- + -=r+ ,=rr =r |+ +r- r
Translate into Hindi, then answer in Hindi:
21 How many brothers and sisters do you have?
22 Do you have a car?
23 Do you have a cold today?
15
24 How many hands does Shiva have? [answer: 4]
25 Where do you live these days?
26 What time do you usually get up?
27 Whats todays date? And what was yesterdays?
28 What do you do in the afternoon?
16
UNIT NINE
Change the verb from present to future:
,= -, += =r ==+ ,
- = +-,r =| += =r-r ++r ++r ,
=r +,- =+ -,r r+r
,= - + = +r+ ,
+= =+, +r - +=r +r ++- += =+r+r ,r
Complete the following sentences with a future-tense verb:
=+r+r =,r= +r r++ = -,r , +=r-r }
+r =+r+r +r + +r +r , ,=r--r }
+ r r= r-r =-=r +r- , +r-r }
+r -,r. rr =r =,r= +r = , +-r } + -,r
= =+r+r r =,r= +r - = , +=r-r }
Translate:
11 Rishis very lazy, he wont shift from his chair.
12 Pinki says that her family will bore Sangeeta.
13 You will reach home by ten oclock. [Translate using + , += and r]
14 We will tell you what we need.
15 Someone will be coming by train tomorrow morning.
16 They must/will be opening our letters.
17 You must be thinking that Im crazy.
18 The children must be asking for new toys.
Complete the following in such a way as to bring out the emphasis that ,r brings to each
sentence:
= ,r +=r ===+r ,. -,r ===+r
- = +=r ,r ===+r ,. -,r ===+r
- = +=r ===+r ,r ,. -,r
17
Translate:
22 Whats the point in telling me this?
23 Were going to Germany to make money.
24 Theres no need to bring any food, well all go to eat at Rams place.
25 I can drive a car but I cant swim.
26 Tomorrow night well all go to see some film.
18
UNIT TEN
Change the imperative verb to a subjunctive verb:
r += r+ ++ +r= r:|
- ,=r =| =r += =r-r ++r +r=|
+rr +,+ =r++r-r = ==r:|
-r +r= +,+ +r- = +r
:= r+r += - ==-r
Complete the following sentences with a subjunctive verb:
==+ , + += r+ ++ +r =r +r= , r-r }
= +r+ =r,+ , + = -, + ,-r = , ==-r }
+r = +-,r =| + -: ++r+ :- = , =++r-r }
==+- , + = + =r , , ,r-r }
= =r,+r , + += === -=- ,r , ==-r }
Translate, using subjunctives for all the italicised verbs:
11 May I go with you too?
12 Please dont sit on that old chair.
13 Why does she want us to eat with a fork?
14 You are requested not to smoke.
15 If Suhas comes here today, tell him I love him.
Complete the following:
+ ==r+r=r r|. +r
+ += =r +r+ -,r ===+r ,r
+ rr =r =r ,r ,r
+ +r=+r=r +-+r +-, = ,
- + +, =r =r-+r=r ,r
Translate the following pairs of sentences:
21 I want to go home. She wants me to go home.
22 She wants to work today. They want her to work today.
23 We want to talk to you. Do you want us to talk to you? [ Use +r+ +-r ]
24 They want to give you this money. She doesnt want them to give you this money.
25 You [ += ] want to rest. I dont want you to rest.
19
UNIT ELEVEN
What do the verbs agree with in the following sentences?
EXAMPLE: =,r= - =+r+r +r =_r r Suhas read Sangeetas letter
feminine singular r agrees with feminine singular =_r.
=+r+r - - =r:+r + +r = =+r++ +r
- +r r =+r+r r++ + - =-=r =- +: r
,= =r,+ , + r +- + =r = =r=
+=r - == ++r+r r + +-, =+r +r ,
+= = - =r- + =| =- - +=r = =r=r =r+r
+= =r r :==| =+r+r - =r=r + = ,
=- + +r =- r= + r += + =+rr +r r
r- ,-r ++ =r=r
Complete the following sentences with a perfective verb:
=- + ,-r =r=- = ,= +,+ r- , +,-r. r-r }
r+ r-+ - ,= - +r + +r = +: ==- +r+ , ++r-r }
+, +r,=r =r- + =| =- +=r = += = +r , =-r }
- =+r+r - +r = + +-, + =r +r,= +=- , =-r. -r }
=- + r= =r +rr =r+ ==+ , , =-r. r-r }
==+r= - === +: - == = =- + +, =-r ++ r
,=-r. =-r. ,r-r }
Translate:
15 What time did you get up this morning?
16 Who gave you those clothes?
17 Rishi asked his father about Suhas.
18 I have bought some things for you.
19 I asked her why she arrived late yesterday but she didnt answer.
20 Someone sent me a letter about this.
21 Who told you that I needed money?
22 I read both books very carefully.
23 They have brought some friends to meet us.
24 I saw that your brothers had taken my money.
20
UNIT TWELVE
Connect the paired sentences with a conjunctive (jakr etc.), as in the example.
Explain the form of all the verbs, both before and after the conversion.
EXAMPLE: = =rr =r-r ++r +r > = =r+ =r-r ++r +r
=r +r+ =r-| == =r= +r=|
- =- -r +rr +=r =- -: =r:+= =r =r
,=- == ,+ +r r= == ++r ,= =-=r =- +|
-,r- == +r r + +,r == ,r =r +:
+r-r - -r =r=r- -+r=r =- ,= += = =+ =r|
+-, == + r= =r-r =r,| +-, =+r++ +-r =r,|
+ +r +r- + r= +r| =-r =+ +r r +-r
+= rr r+ +-, +r: =r -r+r =-r =r,|
,= =+r +r =r=-r =r,+ , ,= +r, =-r =r,+ ,
= =r-r +-r * = rr r rr =r +r +=r= *[Drop compound in conjunctive.]
Answer the questions:
=r ++- += ,
- r= r ++- += = / =r
r= r+ +r r ++- += =r =r|+ / =r =r|+r
,=rr =r=+r +r =r= ++- += == ,r+r ,. r r ++- += ,=+ , / ,=+r ,
- = r ++- = r: +r +r= ++ , / ++r , ++ = ++ ++
=r ++- += ,
Make the underlined verb into a compound verb, choosing jana, dena or lena to suit the context;
and explain any changes of meaning and grammar ( e.g. regarding ne construction!).
=- += = += r= ==r= =r|
=+r+r - +=r +r ++r+r ,r+r + =,r= +r- ,
r rr ,-r ===+ ,
- := +=r= +r + =r r == +, +r+= r
- =- =r +r -+=r+ r:-= r ++ =r+r
21
-- r= +r r= =r=r r =+ +r - += +r =r= +r
- =- -, +r: +r,=r -,r +r [ Why is no compound possible here? ]
24-29 Make up three sentences using skna and three using pana, in various tenses.
22
UNIT THIRTEEN
Complete the sentences:
=+ =r =r =rr =r: ,=r +,r r+r ,
- =+ ++ += =,-+ -,r +r+
=+ r r+ +r +, +r=+ ,
+= ,r +r +r +r += = r+r
++ ++ +-, = ,r ,-r =r,|
++ = -+r +r: =_r -,r r: ,
What does the verb agree with?
=+ r ,--+r- =r|+ +r r+r -r ++++ +r +r- =-r =r,|
r= == + +r= +- , =-, =- += -,r ++r =r-r +-r-r ,. =++r =r= +-r ,.
rr =r + =| +r-r =r-r ,
+-, := +, +r +r =r-r -,r =r-r =r,| ==r ,r =r-r =r,|
,=- rr r= + =r , =+ ,= -,r =r== + =r +r +-r =r,|
+=r - = ++r+r ,r+r + = =r = +r ==r: +-r ,
Translate:
12 You should not sleep here, you should go home.
13 Do you think we should complain about this?
14 You shouldnt open the windows when its raining.
15 Youll have to work hard tomorrow.
16 They called me so I had to run.
17 We have to learn at least 80 words every week.
Complete the sentences:
=r r=r +-,r = + r+ +=r ,.
=- =r+r + r= +-+ -,r ,. -,
- =r + =- r+r +r- =r.
- -+ =| =r =r-r ++r +-r =r,|
-- + = =r -r= r|
- -+ +r = +=- +r +,r
23
Explain all verb agreements, and answer the questions:
- +r =-- = =r ,--+r-r =r-r ==+r , +,r
- == += = r += ,. +, r+r +=r =++r ,
- == - r+r -+= +r +r== -,r r-r +r. r +r ++ / ++r ,
- +r r+r ,-r = +r+ +- +r =r+r [chance, opportunity] ==+r , ++
- r+r +, r= +- = ++-r ==+ =+r
- +r r + +| , / + +: , r+r =r rr= +- +r =r+r ==+r
24
UNIT FOURTEEN
Explain the form of the verb:
+, r= = ==r =r ,r ,
- :=+ +r = =+r++ +r =r ,r ,
:=+ +r = += ++r =r-r =r,|
=r ==r=r =- += +r r. =+r +,r =r ++r ,
+r +r+r=r +r =+r ++r= ++r =r =++r ,
= =r=r =r +r -r= == +r =r ,r ,
Translate:
7 Hindi is understood wherever Urdu is spoken.
8 People who cross the road here will be killed.
9 Lots of new books are being written about Hinduism these days.
10 These new buildings were built (made) last year by some rich shopkeepers.
11 Where should the luggage be put?
12a The students were told that they should complete this lesson by Monday.
12b The students will be told that . . .
12c The students are being told that . . .
12d The students should be told that . . .
Re-work the sentences in the passive, dropping the doer, as in the example:
EXAMPLE =- = ++r+r = ++r+r ++r
=+r - - =r+r +r -+r = =r- +r =r+r +r r
+, ++r+ =- == =r= ==r r
+=r - +=r +r rr ,r+r
r= =+, ,=- +r=r =r+ +r=r ==r =r r
=+r :=+ +r = ++r r [use subjunctive to give the sense should be told]
+r+ - ,= +r- = +=r +r
Replace the passive transitive verb with an active intransitive verb (see page 180):
:= +r- = , +, +r ++r+ +=r =r+r ,
- =,r ,= =- =r r +,r -| == +-r| =r|+
- +r= +r =+, + =+r r= += =r=r =r+r ,
-- =rr =++r +rr =r|+r
25
- ,=r + +r+r ,r +r|+r
Add a Let me/us... sentence, as in the example:
EXAMPLE = =r +-,r =r =-= =-r =r,+r , muJe deKne do
- ,= r+ =r ++ r-r =r,+ ,
- +rr. = =r + =r +r=r =r-r =r,+r ,
- ,= =r+ =r =r=-r =r,+ ,
- +r. = =+r+r = +r+ +-r =r,+r ,
- ,= - =r+r +r += =r -r =r,+ ,
Complete the sentence with a began to expression, using the indicated verb + =+-r :
- =+ =- =+r =,r =r +r = ,,=-r}
== ,r =+r+r - =r- =r =+r += ,r +r ,=-=r-r}
=+ =r = r-r =r: +, +r-r =-+ , +r + ,r-r}
- +r,r = = = -+=+ -=- +r += ==- =+r +r r-r ,-r}
=+ r +r +r + ++ +r rr =r ,=+r++ +-r}
26
UNIT FIFTEEN
Convert to keep on doing construction by adding rhna or jana, as in the example:
EXAMPLE + == +r=+r +r , + == +r=+r +r =r+r ,
=+r+r =r++r =r+r ,
- +r , =r= + +r = =+r++ ++r r
=r +r -,r +r , + =r =r +r =-=r+r ,
=+r =r r+r +r=r - +r +r== ++ ,r+
-+r :- =rr +r+r + +r = =r=r
Convert to the habitual past construction (perfective participle + krna), as in the example:
EXAMPLE +=r ==+ =,r= =- = ,+r r +=r ==+ =,r= =- = ,r ++r r
- -r rr =r +=r- +,+ =,== ++r r
= =+r =r +r +r: - +r: r-r +r-r +r+r r r + =-+r r
=+ =r +, += - +,r +=r+r r +r + =r- = :-+r ++r r
= +r +r== + +,+ r= ,+r r :==| r= = =r+r r
=r=+r +r =--r =r +r = ,==r =r+ ,r+r r
Translate:
11 He keeps looking at me [say in my direction]. What should I do?
12 If you go on making this mistake I wont forgive you! You should think about this.
13 They told me that they used to live in London. [Use perf. participle + krna]
14 My house was far from my office so I used to go to work by train. [ditto for go]
15 Whenever you get the chance do come to our house. [ditto for come]
Explain all the grammatical constructions in these varied sentences:
=r + + r =+ =r: = += +r=r - ++r
=+r r+ =r |+ =r r-+ -,r ,
== + = +: +r +, =+r ,. +=+r +=r = + + = =r+- =r,|
+-,r == =r r=r + =| = =r- = +r: =r= =+= -,r ,r-r =r,|
- -+r += +r =r +r+r +r =-+ = =r=- =+r + +, r=r +r r+==r =++r ,
- ,=rr |+ +rr , =r =r+ =r+ +=r =+r +r |=|=| + =r +r= +-r =r,+r ,
-- ,== := +, +r =r-r -,r =r+r =r|+r. -r+ +r +,r + +, +r=r =r-r +-r+ =r|
- r-r = ,+ =+ = + -,r +-r =r,| =+ = +r =+ -,r , : === - +r ==+ -,r :
- =+ ++ += :- =r =r +r -,r =r=r+ ++ ++ =r+ = +r=-r +-,r =| ==+ ,r+r
- =+ =- =r + ,= ++-r +r= +r =r ,r , +r = r= + ++ =++r- = -+- +-
=+r + , =++r- : =r = + ,r + =++r , :